- Email: [email protected]
01787 Experimental and simulation studies on a single pass, double duct solar air heater
07 Alternative energy sources (bioconversion 03101785 biomass
Europe’s
largest cogeneration
scheme
based on
Nickull, S. VGB PowerTech, 2002, 82, (6), 62-65. Alholmens Kraft Ltd. has constructed the world’s largest biomass-fired power plant in Jakobstad/Pietarsaari (Finland), which started commercial operation in Oct. 2001. This pro-environmental and costeffective power plant has the capacity to produce 240 MW of electricity, 100 MW of process steam, and 60 MW of district heat. The new plant introduces and biomass/fossil fuel co-fired power plant concept with extremely diverse fuel selection, such as wood based fuels from pulp and paper mill as well as sawing and forest residues.
03/01786 anaerobic Dong,
Evaluation of Anammox and denitrification digestion of poultry manure
X. and Tollner,
E. W. Bioresource
Technology,
2003,
during 86, (2),
139-145.
Two approaches based on new process development and biological nitrogen transformation were investigated in a bench study for removing nitrogen as Nl gas from poultry waste while stabilizing the wastes. The process, known as ‘Anammox’, was explored in batch anaerobic culture using serum bottles. The Anammox process involves the use of nitrite as an electron acceptor in the bacterially mediated oxidation of ammonia to yield Nz. Studies are described wherein nitrite was added to poultry waste and the effects on ammonium levels were monitored. About 13-22% ammonium removal was observed with the inoculation of returned activated sludge, and the total ammonium reduction was not proportional to the reduction of nitrite, thereby suggesting that Anammox was less competitive under the conditions in the studies. The addition of nitrite and nitrate was not inhibitory to the process based on gas generation and COD reduction. The classical nitrogen removal process of nitrification followed with denitrification offers a more reliable basis for nitrogen removal from poultry wastes.
03/01787 Experimental and simulation pass, double duct solar air heater
studies
study of a solar still with sponge
Abu-Hijleh, B. A. and Rababa’h, H. M. Energy Conversion und Management, 2003, 44, (9) 141 l-1418. The performance of a solar still with different size sponge cubes placed in the basin was studied experimentally. The increase in distillate production of the still ranged from 18% to 273% compared to an identical still without sponge cubes under the same conditions. The effects of sponge cube size, percent volume of sponge, water depth, water salinity and the use of black coal and black steel cubes were also investigated. The study showed that the daily production of such a still can be greatly enhanced using sponge cubes.
03/01789 Furnace be clean fuel gas
and method
for biomass
gasification
to
Ichinose, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 185,171 (Cl. CIOJ3,‘OO). 3 Ott 2002, JP Appl. 2001/l 1,528. (In Japanese) The furnace includes a means for supplying pulverized biomass (at certain particle size) via the top of the furnace made of refractory material, a means for supplying combustion oxidizer (e.g. Oz air), and a means for supplying steam at several locations, for steam reforming to have CO and Hz.
03/01790 hydrogen
Future prospects from biomass
for production
Accounting for the lower energy quality of fuel compared to electricity, once-through concepts perform better than the concepts aimed for fuel only production. Hot gas cleaning can contribute to a better performance. Systems of 400 MWih input produce biofuels at US$S12/GJ, this is above the current gasoline production price of US@-61 GJ. This cost price is largely dictated by the capital investments. The outcomes for the various system types are rather comparable, although concepts focusing on optimized fuel production with little or no electricity co-production perform somewhat better. Hydrogen concepts using ceramic membranes perform well due to their higher overall efficiency combined with modest investment. Long-term (2020) cost reductions reside in cheaper biomass, technological learning, and application of large scales up to 2000 MW,,,. This could bring the production costs of biofuels in the US$5-7/GJ range. Biomass-derived methanol and hydrogen are likely to become competitive fuels tomorrow.
03/01791
Generation
of hydrogen
and energy from biomass
Lightner, G. E. US. Pat. Appt. Publ. US 2002 155,062 (Cl. 423-652; COlB3/26), 24 Ott 2002, Appt. 841,504. A producer gas containing CO, water vapour, volatile hydrocarbons and methane, which is generated by partial combustion of biomass, is subjected to a steam reforming catalyst to convert the volatile hydrocarbons and methane to Hz and CO. The resulting gas is subjected to a steam shifting catalyst to convert water vapour and CO to Hz and CO*. The biomass can be wood, waste paper, or municipal waste. The partial combustion of the biomass leaves a residue which is combusted completely by air generating a residue of inorganic solids and a flue gas containing thermal energy used to heat the air for combustion and the catalysts. The flue gas is also used within a dryer to remove water from the biomass. The produced hydrogen is purified and can be used in fuel cells.
on a single
Forson, F. K. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44. (S), 1209-1227. A mathematical model of a single pass, double duct solar air heater (SPDDSAH) is described. The model provides a design tool capable of predicting: incident solar radiation, heat transfer coefficients, mean air flow rates, mean air temperature and relative humidity at the exit. Results from the simulation are presented and compared with experimental ones obtained on a full scale air heater and a small scale laboratory one. Reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured values is demonstrated. Predicted results from a parametric study are also presented. It is shown that significant improvement in the SPDDSAH performance can be obtained with an appropriate choice of the collector parameters and the top to bottom channel depth ratio of the two ducts. The air mass flow rate is shown to be the dominant factor in determining the overall efficiency of the heater.
03/01788 Experimental cubes in basin
energy)
of methanol
and
Hamelinck, C. N. and Faaij, A. P. C. Journal of Powr Sources. 2002, I1 1, (l), l-22. Technical and economic prospects of the future production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass have been evaluated. A technology review, including promising future components, was made, resulting in a set of promising conversion concepts. Flowsheeting models were made to analyse the technical performance. Results were used for economic evaluations. Overall energy efficiencies are around 55% HHV for methanol and around 60% for hydrogen production.
03/01792 Grid-interpolation data pre-processor basis function network solar cell model AbdulHadi,
M. et al. International
Journal
of Energy
for radial Research,
2003,
27, (6), 615-624.
In this work, a radial basis function network model of solar cells is developed and validated against measured data. A grid-interpolation based data pre-processor is developed to prepare the training data from non-uniformly distributed measured data obtained via normal operation of the solar cells. Simulation results show that the preprocessor facilitates training, and that the resulting model is accurate under conditions sufficiently represented by the training data. The model matches measured data more accurately compared to conventional solar cell models.
03/01793 biomass evaluation technology Morris,
Increased power generation from sugarcane the results of a technical and economic of the benefits of using advanced gasification in a typical Brazilian sugar mill
M. et al. International
Sugar
Journal,
2002,
104, (1242),
243%
244, 247-248.
A huge potential for power generation from waste fuels exists within the sugarcane industry - 1200 million tonnes of sugarcane is harvested annually, which corresponds to a worldwide electricity production potential of 40000 MW or 300 TWh/annum in the 80 countries where sugar cane is grown on a significant basis. This paper outlines work on the cultivation and recovery of sugarcane byproduct fuels and provides an overview of the evaluation and development work on an advanced gasification system applied to these fuels. Integration of such a system with a sugar mill in Brazil, and conceptual engineering and costing of a large-scale demonstration plant is also described. Availability of future agricultural residues from the main producing areas of Brazil was showed to be approximately 40 million dry tonnes, most of it nowadays burned before harvesting. Based on the assumption that the majority of the sugarcane production will be harvested in the future without burning and, taking into account the recovery factors of cane trash, approximately 20 million tonnes of biomass will be available. This is in addition to the 40 million dry tonnes of bagasse available. Tests in a 2 MW gasification pilot plant showed that bagasse and cane trash could be used as feedstock to the gasification process. On the basis of these tests, conceptual engineering of a bagasse and cane trash-fuelled combined-cycle power plant integrated into a typical sugar mill in Brazil was performed. When a gasification plant, based on a General Electrical LM 2500 gas turbine, is integrated with a typical mill in Brazil, the net exported power will be 28 MW (or more than 160 kWh/ tonne cane), and when a gasification plant twice the size is integrated, the net exported power will be 290 kWh/tonne. As a result of the increased amount of agricultural residues available for power production, the higher efficiencies in conversion and, to a lesser extent,, the avoided emissions as a result of less sugarcane burning, the emisstons of COz, greenhouse gases and particulates will be significantly reduced. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
307
Europe’s
largest cogeneration
scheme
based on
Nickull, S. VGB PowerTech, 2002, 82, (6), 62-65. Alholmens Kraft Ltd. has constructed the world’s largest biomass-fired power plant in Jakobstad/Pietarsaari (Finland), which started commercial operation in Oct. 2001. This pro-environmental and costeffective power plant has the capacity to produce 240 MW of electricity, 100 MW of process steam, and 60 MW of district heat. The new plant introduces and biomass/fossil fuel co-fired power plant concept with extremely diverse fuel selection, such as wood based fuels from pulp and paper mill as well as sawing and forest residues.
03/01786 anaerobic Dong,
Evaluation of Anammox and denitrification digestion of poultry manure
X. and Tollner,
E. W. Bioresource
Technology,
2003,
during 86, (2),
139-145.
Two approaches based on new process development and biological nitrogen transformation were investigated in a bench study for removing nitrogen as Nl gas from poultry waste while stabilizing the wastes. The process, known as ‘Anammox’, was explored in batch anaerobic culture using serum bottles. The Anammox process involves the use of nitrite as an electron acceptor in the bacterially mediated oxidation of ammonia to yield Nz. Studies are described wherein nitrite was added to poultry waste and the effects on ammonium levels were monitored. About 13-22% ammonium removal was observed with the inoculation of returned activated sludge, and the total ammonium reduction was not proportional to the reduction of nitrite, thereby suggesting that Anammox was less competitive under the conditions in the studies. The addition of nitrite and nitrate was not inhibitory to the process based on gas generation and COD reduction. The classical nitrogen removal process of nitrification followed with denitrification offers a more reliable basis for nitrogen removal from poultry wastes.
03/01787 Experimental and simulation pass, double duct solar air heater
studies
study of a solar still with sponge
Abu-Hijleh, B. A. and Rababa’h, H. M. Energy Conversion und Management, 2003, 44, (9) 141 l-1418. The performance of a solar still with different size sponge cubes placed in the basin was studied experimentally. The increase in distillate production of the still ranged from 18% to 273% compared to an identical still without sponge cubes under the same conditions. The effects of sponge cube size, percent volume of sponge, water depth, water salinity and the use of black coal and black steel cubes were also investigated. The study showed that the daily production of such a still can be greatly enhanced using sponge cubes.
03/01789 Furnace be clean fuel gas
and method
for biomass
gasification
to
Ichinose, T. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 185,171 (Cl. CIOJ3,‘OO). 3 Ott 2002, JP Appl. 2001/l 1,528. (In Japanese) The furnace includes a means for supplying pulverized biomass (at certain particle size) via the top of the furnace made of refractory material, a means for supplying combustion oxidizer (e.g. Oz air), and a means for supplying steam at several locations, for steam reforming to have CO and Hz.
03/01790 hydrogen
Future prospects from biomass
for production
Accounting for the lower energy quality of fuel compared to electricity, once-through concepts perform better than the concepts aimed for fuel only production. Hot gas cleaning can contribute to a better performance. Systems of 400 MWih input produce biofuels at US$S12/GJ, this is above the current gasoline production price of US@-61 GJ. This cost price is largely dictated by the capital investments. The outcomes for the various system types are rather comparable, although concepts focusing on optimized fuel production with little or no electricity co-production perform somewhat better. Hydrogen concepts using ceramic membranes perform well due to their higher overall efficiency combined with modest investment. Long-term (2020) cost reductions reside in cheaper biomass, technological learning, and application of large scales up to 2000 MW,,,. This could bring the production costs of biofuels in the US$5-7/GJ range. Biomass-derived methanol and hydrogen are likely to become competitive fuels tomorrow.
03/01791
Generation
of hydrogen
and energy from biomass
Lightner, G. E. US. Pat. Appt. Publ. US 2002 155,062 (Cl. 423-652; COlB3/26), 24 Ott 2002, Appt. 841,504. A producer gas containing CO, water vapour, volatile hydrocarbons and methane, which is generated by partial combustion of biomass, is subjected to a steam reforming catalyst to convert the volatile hydrocarbons and methane to Hz and CO. The resulting gas is subjected to a steam shifting catalyst to convert water vapour and CO to Hz and CO*. The biomass can be wood, waste paper, or municipal waste. The partial combustion of the biomass leaves a residue which is combusted completely by air generating a residue of inorganic solids and a flue gas containing thermal energy used to heat the air for combustion and the catalysts. The flue gas is also used within a dryer to remove water from the biomass. The produced hydrogen is purified and can be used in fuel cells.
on a single
Forson, F. K. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44. (S), 1209-1227. A mathematical model of a single pass, double duct solar air heater (SPDDSAH) is described. The model provides a design tool capable of predicting: incident solar radiation, heat transfer coefficients, mean air flow rates, mean air temperature and relative humidity at the exit. Results from the simulation are presented and compared with experimental ones obtained on a full scale air heater and a small scale laboratory one. Reasonable agreement between the predicted and measured values is demonstrated. Predicted results from a parametric study are also presented. It is shown that significant improvement in the SPDDSAH performance can be obtained with an appropriate choice of the collector parameters and the top to bottom channel depth ratio of the two ducts. The air mass flow rate is shown to be the dominant factor in determining the overall efficiency of the heater.
03/01788 Experimental cubes in basin
energy)
of methanol
and
Hamelinck, C. N. and Faaij, A. P. C. Journal of Powr Sources. 2002, I1 1, (l), l-22. Technical and economic prospects of the future production of methanol and hydrogen from biomass have been evaluated. A technology review, including promising future components, was made, resulting in a set of promising conversion concepts. Flowsheeting models were made to analyse the technical performance. Results were used for economic evaluations. Overall energy efficiencies are around 55% HHV for methanol and around 60% for hydrogen production.
03/01792 Grid-interpolation data pre-processor basis function network solar cell model AbdulHadi,
M. et al. International
Journal
of Energy
for radial Research,
2003,
27, (6), 615-624.
In this work, a radial basis function network model of solar cells is developed and validated against measured data. A grid-interpolation based data pre-processor is developed to prepare the training data from non-uniformly distributed measured data obtained via normal operation of the solar cells. Simulation results show that the preprocessor facilitates training, and that the resulting model is accurate under conditions sufficiently represented by the training data. The model matches measured data more accurately compared to conventional solar cell models.
03/01793 biomass evaluation technology Morris,
Increased power generation from sugarcane the results of a technical and economic of the benefits of using advanced gasification in a typical Brazilian sugar mill
M. et al. International
Sugar
Journal,
2002,
104, (1242),
243%
244, 247-248.
A huge potential for power generation from waste fuels exists within the sugarcane industry - 1200 million tonnes of sugarcane is harvested annually, which corresponds to a worldwide electricity production potential of 40000 MW or 300 TWh/annum in the 80 countries where sugar cane is grown on a significant basis. This paper outlines work on the cultivation and recovery of sugarcane byproduct fuels and provides an overview of the evaluation and development work on an advanced gasification system applied to these fuels. Integration of such a system with a sugar mill in Brazil, and conceptual engineering and costing of a large-scale demonstration plant is also described. Availability of future agricultural residues from the main producing areas of Brazil was showed to be approximately 40 million dry tonnes, most of it nowadays burned before harvesting. Based on the assumption that the majority of the sugarcane production will be harvested in the future without burning and, taking into account the recovery factors of cane trash, approximately 20 million tonnes of biomass will be available. This is in addition to the 40 million dry tonnes of bagasse available. Tests in a 2 MW gasification pilot plant showed that bagasse and cane trash could be used as feedstock to the gasification process. On the basis of these tests, conceptual engineering of a bagasse and cane trash-fuelled combined-cycle power plant integrated into a typical sugar mill in Brazil was performed. When a gasification plant, based on a General Electrical LM 2500 gas turbine, is integrated with a typical mill in Brazil, the net exported power will be 28 MW (or more than 160 kWh/ tonne cane), and when a gasification plant twice the size is integrated, the net exported power will be 290 kWh/tonne. As a result of the increased amount of agricultural residues available for power production, the higher efficiencies in conversion and, to a lesser extent,, the avoided emissions as a result of less sugarcane burning, the emisstons of COz, greenhouse gases and particulates will be significantly reduced. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
307