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01823 Low enthalpy geothermal energy utilisation schemes for greenhouse and district heating at Traianoupolis Evros, Greece
07 located close to the recharge areas, waters are fresh or nearly fresh and their temperatures are influenced by surface waters. Favourable conditions for the financial investment in geothermal energy in the Mesozoic Basin of this region are associated with the low mineralization (allowing for exploitation with a single well) and shallowness of the aquifers (i.e. low drilling costs). The paper presents results of analyses of the temperature characteristics of the Mesozoic formation, yields from existing wells and the energy potential of geothermal waters from the point of view of future geothermal projects.
03/01821 Lowlands
Geothermal-energy and the possibility
resources in the Polish of their industrial utilization
Gorecki, W. er al. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2), 53-64. Increasing participation of alternative energy sources (including geothermal energy) in the domestic sector will improve the natural environment of Poland. Also current recognition of geothermal energy reserves and conditions of their occurrence in the Polish Lowlands point to possibilities for their industrial-scale utilization. This, is confirmed by detailed cost-effectiveness analyses based upon the standard assessment methods for investment projects (NPV, IRR) made for some tens of towns in the Polish Lowlands. An example of the possible localization of cost-effective geothermal installation is the Czarnkdw project.
03/01822 Heat-flow characteristics of one-hole hole systems for winning geothermal heat
and two-
Kujawa, T. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2). 21-31. Using computational models for the behaviours of one-hole and twohole systems, their relative characteristics have been deduced. The characteristics apply for maximum geothermal-heat extraction at different temperatures of geothermal water at only one given temperature of injected water. Exemplary characteristics at selected temperatures for the geothermal water, but at different temperatures of the injected water, were also worked out.
03/01823 Low enthalpy geothermal energy utilisation schemes for greenhouse and district heating at Traianoupolis Evros, Greece Karytsas, C. et al. Geofhermics, 2003, 32, (1), 69-78. A socio-economic study has been made of the possible use of low enthalpy geothermal resources for district and greenhouse heating in the Traianoupolis Evros region. The thermal energy potential of the Aristino-Traianoupolis geothermal field has been estimated at 10.8 MW,,, (discharge temperature of 25°C). Geothermal wellhead water temperatures range from 53 to 92°C from 300 m deep wells yielding over 250 m”/h. The conclusions show, amongst the different scenarios examined and on the basis of a market study, that utilization of this geothermal energy capacity for district heating of nearby villages, and/ or greenhouse heating directed at serving local vegetable markets, would be an attractive investment.
03/01824 Low enthalpy geothermal energy utilisation schemes for greenhouse and district heating at Traianoupolis Evros, Greece Karytsas, C. et al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (I), 69-78. A socio-economic study has been made of the possible use of low enthalpy geothermal resources for district and greenhouse heating in the Traianoupolis Evros region. The thermal energy potential of the Aristino-Traianoupolis geothermal field has been estimated at 10.8 MW,k (discharge temperature of 25°C). Geothermal wellhead water temperatures range from 53 to 92°C from 300 m deep wells yielding over 250 m3/h. The conclusions show, amongst the different scenarios examined and on the basis of a market study, that utilization of this geothermal energy capacity for district heating of nearby villages, and/ or greenhouse heating directed at serving local vegetable markets, would be an attractive investment.
03/01825 Low-enthalpy geothermal groundwater in fluvioglacial gravels
energy resources of buried valleys
from
Allen, A. and Milenic, D. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2), 9-19. Low-enthalpy geothermal energy can be generated from groundwater in gravels infilling buried valleys formed during the Pleistocene glaciation, when the sea level was significantly lower than at present. Where buried valleys underlie floodplains of present-day rivers, flowing through major cities, a ‘heat island’ effect can generate slightly enhanced temperatures in shallow groundwater. This groundwater can be utilized for space heating buildings by passing it through a heat pump, and the chilled water then used as a heat exchanger to satisfy cooling requirements of the building. For flow rates of 20 1 s-‘, and a temperature reduction of 8°C in the heat pump, a 672 kW heatin resource can be generated, sufficient to heat buildings of 11000 m floor area. A cooling resource of 336 kW is also available. Potentially, this geothermal resource could be utilized without the ‘heat island’ effect. Cost of the development is minimal and long-term economic benefits are significant.
03/01826 migration
Alternative
energy
sources
(solar
energy)
Seismic reflector imaging by prestack time in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan
Matsushima, J. et al. Georhermics, 2003, 32, (1) 79-99. We show that a prestack migration method improves the S/N ratio of seismic reflection profiling in the Kakkonda geothermal field where seismic reflection data are of poor quality. Non-iterative prestack time migration (PSTM) was used, which does not require multiple iterations to determine the velocity structure for prestack time migration. The optimum constant migration velocity can be determined at each image point from a migration velocity analysis based on primary diffraction patterns. The results delineate a strong reflector beneath a zone of high seismicity. According to the correspondence between the fracture distribution, the distribution of microearthquakes, and geothermal structure, this reflector is interpreted to be a zone of low-angle fractures saturated with hydrothermal fluids, and to be strongly controlled by the geothermal structure.
03/01827 The spatial economics of geothermal district energy in a small, low-density town: a case study of Mammoth Lakes, California Sommer, C. R. e/ al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (1), 3-19. This research focuses on the spatial economics of geothermal district energy (DE) systems that distribute hot fluids through a pipeline network to multiple thermal customers. It is argued here that DE is held back by uncertainty about its economic feasibility when implemented in real places. DE works best with high urban densities, but in the US the best geothermal resources are in the less-populated west. Economic geography theory suggests that the optimal size of a DE firm’s service area should depend on the trade-off between the economies of scale inherent in a large service area and the greater network development costs and heat loss involved in serving a large area. The HEATMAP software program developed by Washington State University was used to study the feasibility of numerous scenarios for a proposed DE system in Mammoth Lakes, California. Results indicate that the core area of the town is large enough, dense enough, and in close enough proximity to the resource for profitable DE development. Proposed ski village developments would increase the thermal load density and significantly enhance its ability to remain competitive with other fuels, even in pessimistic sensitivity analyses regarding geothermal heat input costs, public participation, and retrofitting costs.
Solar energy 03/01828 Advances in monocrystalline cells by layer transfer
Si thin film solar
Bergmann, R. B. et a/. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2002,74, (l-4), 213-218. The transfer of monocrystalline Si films enables the fabrication of efficient thin film solar cells on glass or plastic foils. Chemical vapor deposition serves to epitaxially deposit Si on quasi-monocrystalline Si films obtained from thermal crystallization of a double-layer porous Si film on a Si wafer. A separation layer that forms during this crystallization process allows one to separate the epitaxial layer on top of the quasi-monocrystalline film from the starting Si wafer after solar cell processing. Independently confirmed thin film solar cell efficiencies are 15.4% and 16.6% for thin film solar cells transferred to a glass superstrate with a total Si film thickness of 24.5 and 46.5 pm, respectively, and a cell area of 4 cm’. Device simulations indicate an efficiency potential above 20%.
;W($829
Coal gasification
furnace
with utilization
of solar
Ooka, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285,175 (Cl. ClOJ3/50), 3 Octl 2002, Appl. 2001184,844. (In Japsnece) The furnace-includes a gas-tight chamber-having a gas-tight inlet; a quantity feeder; and a gas-tight outlet, a high-temperature conveyer arranged inside the chamber for loading coal, a window arranged middle of the conveyer ceiling along the moving direction for taking in sun light for radiation on the loading surface of the conveyer, a pipe for spraying steam to the chamber for generating product gas from coal in the presence of steam under sun lighting, and a gas nozzle for discharging the product gas from the chamber.
03/01830
Development
of large-area
GIGS modules
Powalla, M. and Dimmler, B. Solar Energy Mnterials and Solar Cells, 2003, 75, (I-2). 27-34. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (GIGS)-based PV modules, which have the highest efficiency potential among thin-film technologies, a productive industrial process technology has been not demonstrated up to now. In the ZSW line, the maximum efficiency for 30 cm x 30 cm was close Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
311
03/01821 Lowlands
Geothermal-energy and the possibility
resources in the Polish of their industrial utilization
Gorecki, W. er al. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2), 53-64. Increasing participation of alternative energy sources (including geothermal energy) in the domestic sector will improve the natural environment of Poland. Also current recognition of geothermal energy reserves and conditions of their occurrence in the Polish Lowlands point to possibilities for their industrial-scale utilization. This, is confirmed by detailed cost-effectiveness analyses based upon the standard assessment methods for investment projects (NPV, IRR) made for some tens of towns in the Polish Lowlands. An example of the possible localization of cost-effective geothermal installation is the Czarnkdw project.
03/01822 Heat-flow characteristics of one-hole hole systems for winning geothermal heat
and two-
Kujawa, T. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2). 21-31. Using computational models for the behaviours of one-hole and twohole systems, their relative characteristics have been deduced. The characteristics apply for maximum geothermal-heat extraction at different temperatures of geothermal water at only one given temperature of injected water. Exemplary characteristics at selected temperatures for the geothermal water, but at different temperatures of the injected water, were also worked out.
03/01823 Low enthalpy geothermal energy utilisation schemes for greenhouse and district heating at Traianoupolis Evros, Greece Karytsas, C. et al. Geofhermics, 2003, 32, (1), 69-78. A socio-economic study has been made of the possible use of low enthalpy geothermal resources for district and greenhouse heating in the Traianoupolis Evros region. The thermal energy potential of the Aristino-Traianoupolis geothermal field has been estimated at 10.8 MW,,, (discharge temperature of 25°C). Geothermal wellhead water temperatures range from 53 to 92°C from 300 m deep wells yielding over 250 m”/h. The conclusions show, amongst the different scenarios examined and on the basis of a market study, that utilization of this geothermal energy capacity for district heating of nearby villages, and/ or greenhouse heating directed at serving local vegetable markets, would be an attractive investment.
03/01824 Low enthalpy geothermal energy utilisation schemes for greenhouse and district heating at Traianoupolis Evros, Greece Karytsas, C. et al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (I), 69-78. A socio-economic study has been made of the possible use of low enthalpy geothermal resources for district and greenhouse heating in the Traianoupolis Evros region. The thermal energy potential of the Aristino-Traianoupolis geothermal field has been estimated at 10.8 MW,k (discharge temperature of 25°C). Geothermal wellhead water temperatures range from 53 to 92°C from 300 m deep wells yielding over 250 m3/h. The conclusions show, amongst the different scenarios examined and on the basis of a market study, that utilization of this geothermal energy capacity for district heating of nearby villages, and/ or greenhouse heating directed at serving local vegetable markets, would be an attractive investment.
03/01825 Low-enthalpy geothermal groundwater in fluvioglacial gravels
energy resources of buried valleys
from
Allen, A. and Milenic, D. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (l-2), 9-19. Low-enthalpy geothermal energy can be generated from groundwater in gravels infilling buried valleys formed during the Pleistocene glaciation, when the sea level was significantly lower than at present. Where buried valleys underlie floodplains of present-day rivers, flowing through major cities, a ‘heat island’ effect can generate slightly enhanced temperatures in shallow groundwater. This groundwater can be utilized for space heating buildings by passing it through a heat pump, and the chilled water then used as a heat exchanger to satisfy cooling requirements of the building. For flow rates of 20 1 s-‘, and a temperature reduction of 8°C in the heat pump, a 672 kW heatin resource can be generated, sufficient to heat buildings of 11000 m floor area. A cooling resource of 336 kW is also available. Potentially, this geothermal resource could be utilized without the ‘heat island’ effect. Cost of the development is minimal and long-term economic benefits are significant.
03/01826 migration
Alternative
energy
sources
(solar
energy)
Seismic reflector imaging by prestack time in the Kakkonda geothermal field, Japan
Matsushima, J. et al. Georhermics, 2003, 32, (1) 79-99. We show that a prestack migration method improves the S/N ratio of seismic reflection profiling in the Kakkonda geothermal field where seismic reflection data are of poor quality. Non-iterative prestack time migration (PSTM) was used, which does not require multiple iterations to determine the velocity structure for prestack time migration. The optimum constant migration velocity can be determined at each image point from a migration velocity analysis based on primary diffraction patterns. The results delineate a strong reflector beneath a zone of high seismicity. According to the correspondence between the fracture distribution, the distribution of microearthquakes, and geothermal structure, this reflector is interpreted to be a zone of low-angle fractures saturated with hydrothermal fluids, and to be strongly controlled by the geothermal structure.
03/01827 The spatial economics of geothermal district energy in a small, low-density town: a case study of Mammoth Lakes, California Sommer, C. R. e/ al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (1), 3-19. This research focuses on the spatial economics of geothermal district energy (DE) systems that distribute hot fluids through a pipeline network to multiple thermal customers. It is argued here that DE is held back by uncertainty about its economic feasibility when implemented in real places. DE works best with high urban densities, but in the US the best geothermal resources are in the less-populated west. Economic geography theory suggests that the optimal size of a DE firm’s service area should depend on the trade-off between the economies of scale inherent in a large service area and the greater network development costs and heat loss involved in serving a large area. The HEATMAP software program developed by Washington State University was used to study the feasibility of numerous scenarios for a proposed DE system in Mammoth Lakes, California. Results indicate that the core area of the town is large enough, dense enough, and in close enough proximity to the resource for profitable DE development. Proposed ski village developments would increase the thermal load density and significantly enhance its ability to remain competitive with other fuels, even in pessimistic sensitivity analyses regarding geothermal heat input costs, public participation, and retrofitting costs.
Solar energy 03/01828 Advances in monocrystalline cells by layer transfer
Si thin film solar
Bergmann, R. B. et a/. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2002,74, (l-4), 213-218. The transfer of monocrystalline Si films enables the fabrication of efficient thin film solar cells on glass or plastic foils. Chemical vapor deposition serves to epitaxially deposit Si on quasi-monocrystalline Si films obtained from thermal crystallization of a double-layer porous Si film on a Si wafer. A separation layer that forms during this crystallization process allows one to separate the epitaxial layer on top of the quasi-monocrystalline film from the starting Si wafer after solar cell processing. Independently confirmed thin film solar cell efficiencies are 15.4% and 16.6% for thin film solar cells transferred to a glass superstrate with a total Si film thickness of 24.5 and 46.5 pm, respectively, and a cell area of 4 cm’. Device simulations indicate an efficiency potential above 20%.
;W($829
Coal gasification
furnace
with utilization
of solar
Ooka, Y. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285,175 (Cl. ClOJ3/50), 3 Octl 2002, Appl. 2001184,844. (In Japsnece) The furnace-includes a gas-tight chamber-having a gas-tight inlet; a quantity feeder; and a gas-tight outlet, a high-temperature conveyer arranged inside the chamber for loading coal, a window arranged middle of the conveyer ceiling along the moving direction for taking in sun light for radiation on the loading surface of the conveyer, a pipe for spraying steam to the chamber for generating product gas from coal in the presence of steam under sun lighting, and a gas nozzle for discharging the product gas from the chamber.
03/01830
Development
of large-area
GIGS modules
Powalla, M. and Dimmler, B. Solar Energy Mnterials and Solar Cells, 2003, 75, (I-2). 27-34. For Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (GIGS)-based PV modules, which have the highest efficiency potential among thin-film technologies, a productive industrial process technology has been not demonstrated up to now. In the ZSW line, the maximum efficiency for 30 cm x 30 cm was close Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
311