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01941 Analysis of energy saving using natural ventilation in a traditional Italian building
13 Space heating and cooling control system. The results from this study provide some operational and energy performance data, which would be useful and applicable to other interior spaces with similar architectural designs.
03/01944 B&ding form for cdd climatic zones related to building envelope from heating energy conservation point of view Oral,
G. K. and Yilmaz,
Z. Energy
and Buildings,
2003,
35, (4), 383-
388.
03101941 ventilation
Analysis of energy saving using natural in a traditional Italian building
Cardinale, N. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2), 153-159. In summer natural ventilation is the most effective passive cooling system of the Mediterranean area. The correct exposure of the buildings and of the urban morphology to prevailing winds allows reducing the cooling loads also in non-bioclimatic buildings, without any cost. This paper points out the cooling capacity and the possibilities of energy saving offered by a correct natural ventilation by means of the simulation of a non-bioclimatic building, that is, a building having common characteristics as for construction materials and technologies.
tI;;I;z2 Balen,
Analysis
of the coil energy
I. et al. International
Journal
of Energ?,
recovery Research,
loop 2003, 21, (4),
363-376.
In this paper, both the energy and efficiency analyses of the coil energy recovery loop system for various operating conditions were performed. A coil energy recovery loop system operates for sensible heat recovery only, with seasonally reversible energy transfer. It consists of two finned tube air-to-water heat exchangers, placed in the supply and exhaust air streams and connected in a closed loop via counterflow piping through which an intermediate heat transfer fluid (typically water or freeze-preventive solution) is pumped. For the purpose of analysis, the original simulation model of the system was developed. This model enables the analysis of the system operation, together with monitoring of both use and recovery of heating or cooling energy, electricity consumption of the electrical appliances, and also determination of the system efficiency value for various operating conditions in the unsaturated area of moist air. It is also possible to integrate this model in the simulation model of a comnlex air-conditioning system. Besides the simulation model developed,.the extensive meas;rements on the coil energy recovery loop system with 12 tube rows in the flow direction were performed to determine heating, i.e. cooling capacity in different operating points. For this purpose, the experimental rig was designed and installed in order to conduct the measurements on the system in its true dimensions, placed in the air-conditioning unit. Based on the measurement results, the system efficiencies were determined for the measured set of operating points. With the developed simulation model of the coil energy recovery loop system, consistent and stable results were obtained, and their reliability was proven by comparison with the measurement results. The differences between the simulation and measurement results were in the range of f3%. The influences of the air streams volumes, the air streams velocities, the water flow mass and the operation seasons on the system efficiency were presented in the diagrams. The obtained results are the base for forming the set of parametric curves for determining the system characteristics at diverse operating points.
03/01943 handling
Automation-assisted unit; implementing
One of the most important functions of a building by human beings is to provide thermally comfortable spaces for the users. Therefore, a great deal of artificial energy is consumed for heating to satisfy thermal requirements in cold zones. In order to satisfy thermal comfort and reduce heating energy consumption at the same time, building parameters affecting indoor climate should be determined properly during the design stage. Building form and building envelope are the most important parameters affecting indoor climate. Building form is an important determinant of total heat loss through the whole building envelope in cold climates. Therefore in this paper, a methodology to determine building form which provides minimum heat loss through the whole building envelope is introduced with its application for Erzurum region that representative city of Turkey for cold climatic zones.
fault detection of an airthe method in a real building
Pakanen, J. E. and Sundquist, T. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2), 193-202. Building automation systems (BASS) are extensively utilized in fault detection and isolation (FDI) of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) processes. Usually a BAS, which is directly interfaced to the process only monitors or collects data for the FDI algorithm. Rarely both control and monitoring actions of the automation system are harnessed for FDI. However, in buildings such a diagnostic approach is possible and illustrated in this paper. The fault detection is based on an on-line diagnostic test (ODT), which is a series of control and monitoring actions applied to a process. Performing an ODT means exciting the automated process by using prescribed input signals, supervising responses and comparing results with a process model. All operations are performed on-line, during normal up state of the process and controlled by the automation system. The fault detection method is outlined for an air-handling unit (AHU) and implemented for its preheating process. The approach is demonstrated in a real building by programming the diagnostic algorithms in a BEMS, installed in a college building and further performing test runs. Faults are detected by comparinggathered data with a- statistical model. Due to the difficulties in generating natural faults, a few artificial faults were introduced. The test runs show that the ODT is an uncomplicated diagnostic method for finding distinct and abrupt changes in a process but not for detection of slow degradations and gradual faults. Moreover, the ODT seems to be generic over faults and processes, requires no additional instrumentation and no more than domain knowledge for initiation.
03/01945 Development and application of an indoor air quality audit to an air-conditioned tertlary institutional building in the tropics Cheona.
K. W. D. and Lau,
H. Y. T. Building
and Environment,
2003,
38. /41:605-616 ’ \
“.
Good Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools and tertiary institutions provides a comfortable and healthy environment for the students and staff to learn and work in, respectively. Hence, it is important to ascertain the IAQ status in the learning environment. This paper nresents the develonment and auulication of an IAQ audit methodhlogy for the tertiaj institutional buildings. A staff room and a typical lecture theatre in a tertiary institution were selected for this study to present the IAQ status in-premises with different occupancy pattern and internal loads. The IAQ audit consists of monitoring of thermal comfort parameters, microbial counts, dust particles and the concentrations of carbon dioxide (COs), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Air exchange rate, ventilation effectiveness and age of air were also investieated. In addition. , auestionnaires were comnleted bv the staff n and students in order to provide a subjective assessment of the indoor air qualitv. The IAQ results collated in this study will be used to develop an IAQ database for institutional buildings in Singapore. This will be beneficial to the development of guidelines for good indoor air quality in institutional buildings.
OWO1946 Effect of magnetic new refrigerant mixtures Sami, S. M. and Aucoin, 2003,
field on the performance
S. International
Journal
of Energy
of Research,
27, (3), 203-214.
Performance test results of new alternative refrigerant mixtures such as R-410A, R-507, R-407C, and R-404A under various conditions of magnetic field are discussed, analysed and presented. The test results were obtained using an air-source heat pump set-up with enhanced surface tubing under various magnetic field conditions. Performance tests were conducted according to the ARI/ASHRAE Standards. The test results demonstrated that as magnetic field force increases, compressor head pressure and discharge temperature slightly increase as well as less liquid refrigerant is boiling in the compressor shell. This has a positive effect in protecting the compressor. The effect of magnetic field on mixture behaviour varies from one mixture to another depending upon the mixture’s composition and its boiling point. Furthermore, the use of magnetic field appears to have a positive influence on the system COP as well as thermal capacities of condenser and evaporator.
03lO1947 Effect of thermal greenhouse Din,
M. et al. International
storage
Journal
on the performance
of Energy
Research,
2003,
of 21, (I),
19-92.
In this communication, thermal model of a greenhouse has been developed by incorporating the effect of water wall in the north side. Various temperatures, namely plant, water wall and room temperatures as a function of climatic and design parameters have been obtained by solving coupled single-order differential equation using Runge-Kutta method. Numerical methods have been carried out for a typical day of winter for Delhi condition. It has been observed that there is significant effect in the plant, room air and water temperatures due to change in fraction of solar radiation incident on north wall (F,) and heat capacity of water wall. Experimental validation of the proposed model for a greenhouse with brick north wall has also been carried out. It has been observed that there is a fair agreement between experimental and theoretical values. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
325
03/01944 B&ding form for cdd climatic zones related to building envelope from heating energy conservation point of view Oral,
G. K. and Yilmaz,
Z. Energy
and Buildings,
2003,
35, (4), 383-
388.
03101941 ventilation
Analysis of energy saving using natural in a traditional Italian building
Cardinale, N. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2), 153-159. In summer natural ventilation is the most effective passive cooling system of the Mediterranean area. The correct exposure of the buildings and of the urban morphology to prevailing winds allows reducing the cooling loads also in non-bioclimatic buildings, without any cost. This paper points out the cooling capacity and the possibilities of energy saving offered by a correct natural ventilation by means of the simulation of a non-bioclimatic building, that is, a building having common characteristics as for construction materials and technologies.
tI;;I;z2 Balen,
Analysis
of the coil energy
I. et al. International
Journal
of Energ?,
recovery Research,
loop 2003, 21, (4),
363-376.
In this paper, both the energy and efficiency analyses of the coil energy recovery loop system for various operating conditions were performed. A coil energy recovery loop system operates for sensible heat recovery only, with seasonally reversible energy transfer. It consists of two finned tube air-to-water heat exchangers, placed in the supply and exhaust air streams and connected in a closed loop via counterflow piping through which an intermediate heat transfer fluid (typically water or freeze-preventive solution) is pumped. For the purpose of analysis, the original simulation model of the system was developed. This model enables the analysis of the system operation, together with monitoring of both use and recovery of heating or cooling energy, electricity consumption of the electrical appliances, and also determination of the system efficiency value for various operating conditions in the unsaturated area of moist air. It is also possible to integrate this model in the simulation model of a comnlex air-conditioning system. Besides the simulation model developed,.the extensive meas;rements on the coil energy recovery loop system with 12 tube rows in the flow direction were performed to determine heating, i.e. cooling capacity in different operating points. For this purpose, the experimental rig was designed and installed in order to conduct the measurements on the system in its true dimensions, placed in the air-conditioning unit. Based on the measurement results, the system efficiencies were determined for the measured set of operating points. With the developed simulation model of the coil energy recovery loop system, consistent and stable results were obtained, and their reliability was proven by comparison with the measurement results. The differences between the simulation and measurement results were in the range of f3%. The influences of the air streams volumes, the air streams velocities, the water flow mass and the operation seasons on the system efficiency were presented in the diagrams. The obtained results are the base for forming the set of parametric curves for determining the system characteristics at diverse operating points.
03/01943 handling
Automation-assisted unit; implementing
One of the most important functions of a building by human beings is to provide thermally comfortable spaces for the users. Therefore, a great deal of artificial energy is consumed for heating to satisfy thermal requirements in cold zones. In order to satisfy thermal comfort and reduce heating energy consumption at the same time, building parameters affecting indoor climate should be determined properly during the design stage. Building form and building envelope are the most important parameters affecting indoor climate. Building form is an important determinant of total heat loss through the whole building envelope in cold climates. Therefore in this paper, a methodology to determine building form which provides minimum heat loss through the whole building envelope is introduced with its application for Erzurum region that representative city of Turkey for cold climatic zones.
fault detection of an airthe method in a real building
Pakanen, J. E. and Sundquist, T. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (2), 193-202. Building automation systems (BASS) are extensively utilized in fault detection and isolation (FDI) of heating, ventilating and air-conditioning (HVAC) processes. Usually a BAS, which is directly interfaced to the process only monitors or collects data for the FDI algorithm. Rarely both control and monitoring actions of the automation system are harnessed for FDI. However, in buildings such a diagnostic approach is possible and illustrated in this paper. The fault detection is based on an on-line diagnostic test (ODT), which is a series of control and monitoring actions applied to a process. Performing an ODT means exciting the automated process by using prescribed input signals, supervising responses and comparing results with a process model. All operations are performed on-line, during normal up state of the process and controlled by the automation system. The fault detection method is outlined for an air-handling unit (AHU) and implemented for its preheating process. The approach is demonstrated in a real building by programming the diagnostic algorithms in a BEMS, installed in a college building and further performing test runs. Faults are detected by comparinggathered data with a- statistical model. Due to the difficulties in generating natural faults, a few artificial faults were introduced. The test runs show that the ODT is an uncomplicated diagnostic method for finding distinct and abrupt changes in a process but not for detection of slow degradations and gradual faults. Moreover, the ODT seems to be generic over faults and processes, requires no additional instrumentation and no more than domain knowledge for initiation.
03/01945 Development and application of an indoor air quality audit to an air-conditioned tertlary institutional building in the tropics Cheona.
K. W. D. and Lau,
H. Y. T. Building
and Environment,
2003,
38. /41:605-616 ’ \
“.
Good Indoor air quality (IAQ) in schools and tertiary institutions provides a comfortable and healthy environment for the students and staff to learn and work in, respectively. Hence, it is important to ascertain the IAQ status in the learning environment. This paper nresents the develonment and auulication of an IAQ audit methodhlogy for the tertiaj institutional buildings. A staff room and a typical lecture theatre in a tertiary institution were selected for this study to present the IAQ status in-premises with different occupancy pattern and internal loads. The IAQ audit consists of monitoring of thermal comfort parameters, microbial counts, dust particles and the concentrations of carbon dioxide (COs), carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde (HCHO) and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs). Air exchange rate, ventilation effectiveness and age of air were also investieated. In addition. , auestionnaires were comnleted bv the staff n and students in order to provide a subjective assessment of the indoor air qualitv. The IAQ results collated in this study will be used to develop an IAQ database for institutional buildings in Singapore. This will be beneficial to the development of guidelines for good indoor air quality in institutional buildings.
OWO1946 Effect of magnetic new refrigerant mixtures Sami, S. M. and Aucoin, 2003,
field on the performance
S. International
Journal
of Energy
of Research,
27, (3), 203-214.
Performance test results of new alternative refrigerant mixtures such as R-410A, R-507, R-407C, and R-404A under various conditions of magnetic field are discussed, analysed and presented. The test results were obtained using an air-source heat pump set-up with enhanced surface tubing under various magnetic field conditions. Performance tests were conducted according to the ARI/ASHRAE Standards. The test results demonstrated that as magnetic field force increases, compressor head pressure and discharge temperature slightly increase as well as less liquid refrigerant is boiling in the compressor shell. This has a positive effect in protecting the compressor. The effect of magnetic field on mixture behaviour varies from one mixture to another depending upon the mixture’s composition and its boiling point. Furthermore, the use of magnetic field appears to have a positive influence on the system COP as well as thermal capacities of condenser and evaporator.
03lO1947 Effect of thermal greenhouse Din,
M. et al. International
storage
Journal
on the performance
of Energy
Research,
2003,
of 21, (I),
19-92.
In this communication, thermal model of a greenhouse has been developed by incorporating the effect of water wall in the north side. Various temperatures, namely plant, water wall and room temperatures as a function of climatic and design parameters have been obtained by solving coupled single-order differential equation using Runge-Kutta method. Numerical methods have been carried out for a typical day of winter for Delhi condition. It has been observed that there is significant effect in the plant, room air and water temperatures due to change in fraction of solar radiation incident on north wall (F,) and heat capacity of water wall. Experimental validation of the proposed model for a greenhouse with brick north wall has also been carried out. It has been observed that there is a fair agreement between experimental and theoretical values. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
325