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01977 A technical, economic, and environmental assessment of amine-based CO2 capture technology for power plant greenhouse gas control
15 Environment
(pollution,
health
protection.
safety)
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety 03/01977 A technical, economic, and environmental assessment of amine-based COz capture technology power plant greenhouse gas control
for
Rao, A. B. and Rubin, E. S. Environnwntcd Scimw and Teho/oe,-. 2002, 36, (20) 446774475. CO2 capture and sequestration from fossil fuel power plants is gaining widespread interest as a potential method to control greenhouse gas emissions. Performance and cost models of an amine (MEA)-based CO2 absorption system for post-combustion flue gas applications were developed and integrated with an existing power plant model framework which includes multi-pollutant control technologies for other regulated emissions. This integrated model was used to study the feasibility and cost of C capture and sequestration at new and existing coal-burning power plants. The cost of C avoidance depends strongly on assumptions about the ref. plant design, details of the COz capture system design, interactions with other pollution control systems, and method of CO2 storage. CO* avoidance cost for retrofit systems was generally higher than for new plants, mainly due to the higher energy penalty resulting from less efficient heat integration and site-specific difficulties typically encountered in retrofit applications. For all cases. a small reduction in CO1 capture cost was afforded by the SO* emission trading credits generated by amine-based capture systems. Efforts arc underway to model a broader suite of C capture and sequestration technologies for more comprehensive assessments in the context of multi-pollutant environmental management.
03/01978 Abatement of volatile organic compounds: oxidation of ethanai over niobium oxide-supported palladium-based catalysts Brayner, R. rl al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 78, (l--4), 419-432. Niobium-supported palladium-based catalysts (Pd, Pd-Cu and Pd-Au) were employed in the oxidation of ethanal. The catalysts were prepared according to original methods by either multi-stqu (anchoring of complexes, calcination and reduction) or one-step (photo-assisted reduction) procedures. The oxidation of ethanal was carried out in gas phase in a dynamic-differential reactor at 300°C at atmospheric pressure. The activity/selectivity of the catalysts depend on (i) the catalyst preparation; (ii) the presence of a second metal. Addition of Au or Cu decreases the catalysts deactivation and the best performance in total oxidation was obtained with Pd-Au,‘NbzOS prepared by photoassisted reduction. As shown by in situ IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, this peculiarity may be ascribed to Au ---t Pd electron donation. which prevents the surface oxidation of palladium particles.
03/01979 Adsorption particle surfaces
of a non-ionic
dispersant
on lignite
gasification proce\s of wastes, partrcularly removal 01 ti?S. I‘he u\c’~l adsorbent is not rccyclcd, but incinerated in the furnace without ;I desorption process to decomposition adsorbed dioxin or to oxidire H:S for a sequential denulfurization process of SO?. Dry pellets of cludpc were carbonized in a quartz tube reactor under various atmosphcrcs. The micro pore structure and the adsorption pcrformancc of the cokes produced without activation process wcrc examined. ‘The macro par-I: structure was influenced by the temper-uturc. the sort ot flow gas (N :. COc and steam) .md carhoni~ation time. and the active cokes produced under the condition of the temperature X23 K for 60 min in the steam atmosphere had a largest sp. surface area in the diameter less than 5 nm. The amount of benzene adsorption a\ an alternative substance 01 dioxin into the active coke5 had a Gmilar quality to a con,. active char produced from coal it it was c~~duated by ad\orptron per ;I unit sp. surface area. I’ht\ fundamental knowicdge must I-cflcctcd to ,111 optimum design for development of 3 simple continuous proceb\ Lo produce the active cokes hy a tluidized bed type of the carboniration furnace.
03/01981 Afforestation and reforestation in the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol: implications for forests and forest people.
Smith, J. Intrmr~tionalJorr~~uI of Giohol DI~;IV~VWII lww~. 1002. 2. (3-4). 322-343. The social and environmental implications of plantations in the CDM are analysed under a hypothetical laissez faire approach and a proactive approach to Sustainable Development (SD), bounded by existing COP7 agreements and efficiency and equity considerations. Implications for timber rich, timber depleted and inherently timber poor regions are assessed. The social risks of industrial plantations cannot be fully addressed under COP7 rules and are likely to he highest in timber rich regions under repressive regimes or where politics dominate the forestry sector. Risks could, however. be reduced through minimum standards for stakeholder consultation and favourable legal institutions. Low cost opportunities with multiple benefits exist and require information dissemination, but some opportunities for biodiversity benefits will need financial support. Reduction of transaction costs would increase the participation of small holder plantations hut their role is likely to remain limited. inclusion of assisted natural regeneration opens up opportunities for- options with multiple benefit\.
03/01982 Automotive and some perspectives
catalytic
converters:
current
status
Kaspar. J. CI al. Crrtrr/,vsi.s Todu~~. 2003, 77. (4). 419 449. Automotive three-way catalysts (TWCs) have represented over the last 25 years one of the most successful stories in the deveIopment of catalysts. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the technology for abatement of exhaust emissions by analysing the current understanding of TWCs. the specific role of the various components, the achievements and the limitations. The challenges in the development of new automotive catalysts, which can meet future highly demanding pollution abatement requirements, are also discussed.
03/01983 Biomarkers and community complementary tools for environmental
indices as safety
Karatepe, N. Emvgv Conwr.sio~~ crnd ,Marrug~mcwt. 2003. 44, (X), 12751284. The concentration and viscosity of the slurry are related to each other. and they have a unique importance in the case of industrial application of the slurry. It is well known that the fluidity of a coal-water slurry with a high coal concentration is largely affected by the nature of the dispersing agent. Therefore, there are good reasons for seeking an understanding of the adsorption behavior of the dispersants on the coal particle surfaces. The aim of this investigation is to determine the adsorption behavior of a non-ionic dispersant, polyoxyethlene sorbitan monooleate, on Turkish lignite samples. The effects of the dispersant concentration, temperature, time and pH on dispersant adsorption were investigated systematically. The results are also analysed by a two level factorial design matrix to explain the effects of the parameters on the adsorption, and multilinear mathematical models representing the adsorption behavior of the dispersant used within the experimental conditions are proposed for each coal sample used.
Vasseur, P. (‘I r/l Cossu-Leguille. (’ Efirir0rrmenl Iflnrc~rr~~l/ionrr/. 2003. 28. (8). 711 717. Research on hiomarkers as early bioindicators of perturbation in populations and individuals has been gaining ground over the last decade. This ecotoxicological approach relies on the fact that changes occur at low levels of organization before the community is affected and thus they can be monitored to assess environmental safety. Changes may concern behavior, physiology, biochemistry, or genomic structure and functioning, and may impair population dynamics in the long-term. Ecotoxicity studies based on biomarkers allow us to measure the impact of environmental stressors and to easily follow the evolution of the systems towards degradation or restoration. Over and above their use as simple indices of cxposurc to specific pollutants, biomarkers can give an insight into ecosystem health. The results of these field studies involving ecotoxicologists and ecologists will be presented in order to illustrate the relevance of such an integrating strategy for environmental quality assessment.
WO1980 produced wastes
03/01984 Exposure
Adsor tion removal of pollutants by active cokes from s Pudge in the energy recycle process of
Kojima, N. et crl. Waste Managemenf. 2002, 22, (4) 399-404. This study proposes a recycling system of sludge into active cokes and the fundamental examination for the application were carried out. In the system, active cokes were produced by carbonizing pellets of sludge in a steam stream. Pyrolysis gas yielded by carbonization can be available as a fuel for a steam generation boiler. The exhaust heat from the boiler is used sequentially for drying of sludge. The active cokes are applied to the adsorbent for dioxin removal in exhaust gas from incinerators of wastes, or for purification of gas obtained in :I 330
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
BiOMarkers for Occu ationai Diesel exhaust Monitoring (BIOMODE & ) - a study in underground
%$ptrs. P. T. J. cr crl. ro.~rcolog.r Letters. 2002. 134. (l-3). 305-3 17 Methods for the assessment of exposures to diesel exhaust gas were evaluated, including various biomarkers of internal exposure and early boil. effects. The impact of possible biomarkers of susceptibility was also explored. Underground workers (drivers of diesel-powered excavators) at an oil shale mine in Estonia were compared with surface workers. Personal exposures to particle-associated I-nitropyrene (NP) were some eight times higher underground than on the surface. Underground miners were also occupationally exposed to benzene and
(pollution,
health
protection.
safety)
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety 03/01977 A technical, economic, and environmental assessment of amine-based COz capture technology power plant greenhouse gas control
for
Rao, A. B. and Rubin, E. S. Environnwntcd Scimw and Teho/oe,-. 2002, 36, (20) 446774475. CO2 capture and sequestration from fossil fuel power plants is gaining widespread interest as a potential method to control greenhouse gas emissions. Performance and cost models of an amine (MEA)-based CO2 absorption system for post-combustion flue gas applications were developed and integrated with an existing power plant model framework which includes multi-pollutant control technologies for other regulated emissions. This integrated model was used to study the feasibility and cost of C capture and sequestration at new and existing coal-burning power plants. The cost of C avoidance depends strongly on assumptions about the ref. plant design, details of the COz capture system design, interactions with other pollution control systems, and method of CO2 storage. CO* avoidance cost for retrofit systems was generally higher than for new plants, mainly due to the higher energy penalty resulting from less efficient heat integration and site-specific difficulties typically encountered in retrofit applications. For all cases. a small reduction in CO1 capture cost was afforded by the SO* emission trading credits generated by amine-based capture systems. Efforts arc underway to model a broader suite of C capture and sequestration technologies for more comprehensive assessments in the context of multi-pollutant environmental management.
03/01978 Abatement of volatile organic compounds: oxidation of ethanai over niobium oxide-supported palladium-based catalysts Brayner, R. rl al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 78, (l--4), 419-432. Niobium-supported palladium-based catalysts (Pd, Pd-Cu and Pd-Au) were employed in the oxidation of ethanal. The catalysts were prepared according to original methods by either multi-stqu (anchoring of complexes, calcination and reduction) or one-step (photo-assisted reduction) procedures. The oxidation of ethanal was carried out in gas phase in a dynamic-differential reactor at 300°C at atmospheric pressure. The activity/selectivity of the catalysts depend on (i) the catalyst preparation; (ii) the presence of a second metal. Addition of Au or Cu decreases the catalysts deactivation and the best performance in total oxidation was obtained with Pd-Au,‘NbzOS prepared by photoassisted reduction. As shown by in situ IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO, this peculiarity may be ascribed to Au ---t Pd electron donation. which prevents the surface oxidation of palladium particles.
03/01979 Adsorption particle surfaces
of a non-ionic
dispersant
on lignite
gasification proce\s of wastes, partrcularly removal 01 ti?S. I‘he u\c’~l adsorbent is not rccyclcd, but incinerated in the furnace without ;I desorption process to decomposition adsorbed dioxin or to oxidire H:S for a sequential denulfurization process of SO?. Dry pellets of cludpc were carbonized in a quartz tube reactor under various atmosphcrcs. The micro pore structure and the adsorption pcrformancc of the cokes produced without activation process wcrc examined. ‘The macro par-I: structure was influenced by the temper-uturc. the sort ot flow gas (N :. COc and steam) .md carhoni~ation time. and the active cokes produced under the condition of the temperature X23 K for 60 min in the steam atmosphere had a largest sp. surface area in the diameter less than 5 nm. The amount of benzene adsorption a\ an alternative substance 01 dioxin into the active coke5 had a Gmilar quality to a con,. active char produced from coal it it was c~~duated by ad\orptron per ;I unit sp. surface area. I’ht\ fundamental knowicdge must I-cflcctcd to ,111 optimum design for development of 3 simple continuous proceb\ Lo produce the active cokes hy a tluidized bed type of the carboniration furnace.
03/01981 Afforestation and reforestation in the clean development mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol: implications for forests and forest people.
Smith, J. Intrmr~tionalJorr~~uI of Giohol DI~;IV~VWII lww~. 1002. 2. (3-4). 322-343. The social and environmental implications of plantations in the CDM are analysed under a hypothetical laissez faire approach and a proactive approach to Sustainable Development (SD), bounded by existing COP7 agreements and efficiency and equity considerations. Implications for timber rich, timber depleted and inherently timber poor regions are assessed. The social risks of industrial plantations cannot be fully addressed under COP7 rules and are likely to he highest in timber rich regions under repressive regimes or where politics dominate the forestry sector. Risks could, however. be reduced through minimum standards for stakeholder consultation and favourable legal institutions. Low cost opportunities with multiple benefits exist and require information dissemination, but some opportunities for biodiversity benefits will need financial support. Reduction of transaction costs would increase the participation of small holder plantations hut their role is likely to remain limited. inclusion of assisted natural regeneration opens up opportunities for- options with multiple benefit\.
03/01982 Automotive and some perspectives
catalytic
converters:
current
status
Kaspar. J. CI al. Crrtrr/,vsi.s Todu~~. 2003, 77. (4). 419 449. Automotive three-way catalysts (TWCs) have represented over the last 25 years one of the most successful stories in the deveIopment of catalysts. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the technology for abatement of exhaust emissions by analysing the current understanding of TWCs. the specific role of the various components, the achievements and the limitations. The challenges in the development of new automotive catalysts, which can meet future highly demanding pollution abatement requirements, are also discussed.
03/01983 Biomarkers and community complementary tools for environmental
indices as safety
Karatepe, N. Emvgv Conwr.sio~~ crnd ,Marrug~mcwt. 2003. 44, (X), 12751284. The concentration and viscosity of the slurry are related to each other. and they have a unique importance in the case of industrial application of the slurry. It is well known that the fluidity of a coal-water slurry with a high coal concentration is largely affected by the nature of the dispersing agent. Therefore, there are good reasons for seeking an understanding of the adsorption behavior of the dispersants on the coal particle surfaces. The aim of this investigation is to determine the adsorption behavior of a non-ionic dispersant, polyoxyethlene sorbitan monooleate, on Turkish lignite samples. The effects of the dispersant concentration, temperature, time and pH on dispersant adsorption were investigated systematically. The results are also analysed by a two level factorial design matrix to explain the effects of the parameters on the adsorption, and multilinear mathematical models representing the adsorption behavior of the dispersant used within the experimental conditions are proposed for each coal sample used.
Vasseur, P. (‘I r/l Cossu-Leguille. (’ Efirir0rrmenl Iflnrc~rr~~l/ionrr/. 2003. 28. (8). 711 717. Research on hiomarkers as early bioindicators of perturbation in populations and individuals has been gaining ground over the last decade. This ecotoxicological approach relies on the fact that changes occur at low levels of organization before the community is affected and thus they can be monitored to assess environmental safety. Changes may concern behavior, physiology, biochemistry, or genomic structure and functioning, and may impair population dynamics in the long-term. Ecotoxicity studies based on biomarkers allow us to measure the impact of environmental stressors and to easily follow the evolution of the systems towards degradation or restoration. Over and above their use as simple indices of cxposurc to specific pollutants, biomarkers can give an insight into ecosystem health. The results of these field studies involving ecotoxicologists and ecologists will be presented in order to illustrate the relevance of such an integrating strategy for environmental quality assessment.
WO1980 produced wastes
03/01984 Exposure
Adsor tion removal of pollutants by active cokes from s Pudge in the energy recycle process of
Kojima, N. et crl. Waste Managemenf. 2002, 22, (4) 399-404. This study proposes a recycling system of sludge into active cokes and the fundamental examination for the application were carried out. In the system, active cokes were produced by carbonizing pellets of sludge in a steam stream. Pyrolysis gas yielded by carbonization can be available as a fuel for a steam generation boiler. The exhaust heat from the boiler is used sequentially for drying of sludge. The active cokes are applied to the adsorbent for dioxin removal in exhaust gas from incinerators of wastes, or for purification of gas obtained in :I 330
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
BiOMarkers for Occu ationai Diesel exhaust Monitoring (BIOMODE & ) - a study in underground
%$ptrs. P. T. J. cr crl. ro.~rcolog.r Letters. 2002. 134. (l-3). 305-3 17 Methods for the assessment of exposures to diesel exhaust gas were evaluated, including various biomarkers of internal exposure and early boil. effects. The impact of possible biomarkers of susceptibility was also explored. Underground workers (drivers of diesel-powered excavators) at an oil shale mine in Estonia were compared with surface workers. Personal exposures to particle-associated I-nitropyrene (NP) were some eight times higher underground than on the surface. Underground miners were also occupationally exposed to benzene and