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02080 Catalysis and sustainable (green) chemistry
18 Energy
conversion
and recycling
Fuel reformulation has been seeded by the growing consciousness of the potential damages mankind was causing to the ecosystem and to itself. Fuel reformulation means that fuels are defined on a chemical composition base with additional engine-technology related standards rather than on pure performance bases. These standards, which are getting more and more stringent, can be met hy different leverages, mainly catalysts and processes operating conditions. This survey reviews the contribution of catalytic materials to the production of cleaner fuel components through some significant examples selected from scientific and technical literature. Having described the trends in automotive fuels quality, production of gasoline and diesel pool components i\ discussed relating the required properties to the material active site configuration, i.e. acidityibasicity, structural parameters. physical constraints. While distinctions are made between pathways leading to gasoline and those leading to diesel, sulfur removal is faced on a more generalized approach.
03102077 Three types of decline in energy intensity-an explanation for the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries Sun, J. W. Frre~g,r Policy, 2003, 31. (6), 519-526. This study proposes a hypothesis that there are three types of decline in energy intensity, and one of the declines in energy intensity may be due to the restricted utilization of combustible renewables and wastes. This study uses this hypothesis to explain the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries. Finally a model for sustainable energy consumption is suggested.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 03lO2078 A critical in the USA
assessment
of renewable
energy
usage
Klass, D. L. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (4), 353-367. The displacement of non-renewable fossil fuels by renewable energy resources has occurred at a low rate in the USA. But a large number of drivers is expected to cause significant expansion of the US renewable energy industry in the near future. Included among the extrinsic drivers, or those that are not directly related to renewable energy resources, are reductions in natural gas and crude oil supplies and the OPEC Effect. An assessment of petroleum crude oil and natural gas consumption and reserves supports the position that supply problems and significant cost increases will start to occur in the first and second quarters of this century. Among the intrinsic drivers, or those that are directly related to renewable energy resources, are global warming and specific government incentives and mandates such as Renewable Portfolio and Fuel Standards that require the commercial use of renewable energy resources. The increasing US dependence on imported crude oil and environmental and political issues will drive the growth of the renewable energy industry and result in the gradual phase-out of what can be called the Fossil Fuel Era. By the end of this century, the dominant commercial energy mix in the USA is projected to include major contributions by renewable energy resources to help satisfy energy and fuel demands. Practical solutions to the problems of disposing of spent nuclear fuels and the development of clean coal applications will enable these energy resources to afford major contributions also.
03tO2079 Carbonization useful materials
furnace
for waste treatment
to be
Kobavashi. Y. Jun. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 309,263 (Cl. ClOB531 00), 23 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/1i4,118, 12 Apr 2001. 7. (In Japanese) The furnace includes furnace wall to form a carbonization chamber with closed space, an inlet for charging the organic materials (e.g. wood chips, waste plastic, residual rice) into the chamber, an ignition opening, an outlet for discharging flue gas from its top, an outlet for discharging carbonized materials from its bottom for uses, and a means for supplying gas (e.g. air, superheated steam) to the organic materials in the chamber at moving locations via several branched pipes.
03/02080
Catalysis
and sustainable
(green) chemistry
Centi, G. and Perathoner, S. Catalysis Today, 2003, 77, (4), 287-297. Catalysis is a key technology to achieve the objectives of sustainable (green) chemistry. After introducing the concepts of sustainable (green) chemistry and a brief assessment of new sustainable chemical technologies, the relationship between catalysis and sustainable (green) chemistry is discussed and illustrated via an analysis of some selected and relevant examples. Emphasis is also given to the concept of catalytic technologies for scaling-down chemical processes, in order to 342
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
develop sustainable production processes which reduce the Impact the environment to an acceptable level that allows \elt-depuration processes of the living environment.
03/02081 Cogeneration approach combustion power plants applied
on
for near shore internal to seawater desalination
Hung, T. C. er N/. f+r:lner,er~ Conwrvirm rind Mmn,qenmt. 2003. 44. (XI. 1259-1273. The present study utilizes the waste heat streams, jacket water and exhaust gas from a Diesel engine as the heat source for desalination of seawater. The seawater is preheated to a saturated state, and then. throttling and heat exchange processes are alternately employed for generation of fresh water. The exit brine is eventually crystallized to salt via the wind. In the evaluation the temperature differences among the stages of the evaporator significantly influence the generation rate of fresh water. Accompanying the use of plastic heat exchangers, the brine related dirt problem could he avoided. The appropriate arrangement of the waste heat utilization could not only omit installation of the warm water discharge system but also prevent damage to the underwater ecology. The study successfully shows the feasibility of application of waste heat from combustion engines in the desalination of seawater.
03102082 Cost analysis of energy conversion novel resource-based quantifier
systems via a
Sciubba, E. Enrr~y. 2003, 28, (5). 457-477. The paper presents a new formalism for the costing of production chains, with special emphasis on energy conversion systems. From a mathematical point of view, this method can be described as a standard Leontiev-type input-output technique, in the formulation commonly adopted by most costing theories, including Thermoeconomica. Any complex production chain can he decomposed into modules, to each one of which mass and energy balances are applied. The resulting flow diagram is then examined from an exergetic point of view. and a cost analysis is performed. The costing paradigm is the novel feature here: rather than monetary units. a resource-based quantifier, called ‘extended exergy’. is employed. It is argued that both labour and financial costs can be properly linked to an equivalent resource consumption through a back-to-resource accounting procedure that expresses the total exergy consumption required to ‘generate’ one manhour of work or one monetary unit of currency circulation. Environmental remediation costs are similarly taken into account by computing the equivalent cumulative exergy expenditures required to achieve zero impact. It is argued, and discussed on the basis of an example of application to a cogeneration plant, that the new technique, called Extended Exergy Accounting (EEA), is a substantial improvement with respect to current engineering economic techniques, including Thermoeconomics. It is shown that EEA calculates the real, resource-based ‘value’ of a commodity (which is not necessarily equal to its monetary cost) thus enabling Analysts and Energy Planners to perform a more complete and meaningful assessment of an Engineering Complex System. The decisive advantage of EEA consists in its being entirely and uniformly resource-based: in this respect, it owes some of its structural formalism both to the economic theory of production of commodities, which it extends by accounting for the unavoidable energy dissipation in the productive chain, and to resource-oriented economics, It must be acknowledged as well that EEA follows a path originally proposed by Szargut in his Cumulative Exergy Consumption’ method, which it extends by providing a rational and uniform treatment for all non-externalities.
03102083 Energy conservation in the Japanese paper industry: current and future
pulp and
Hijiya, N. Kcrmi Parupu Gijutsu Taimusu, 2002, 45, (3), %l6. (In Japanese) From 1990 to 1099, the Japanese pulp and paper industry has reduced specific energy consumption by 7.2%. In western countries, natural gas is the main paper industry fuel because of its low cost and low COz emission. But in Japan, gas is so expensive that coal is generally used. The Japanese climate is suitable for wood and two-thirds of the land is forest, and since the government intends to grow conifer trees for housing exclusively, little waste wood for pulp and fuel will be available. It is hoped that the government will change its policy, making waste wood more available in the future. This article also shows the current list of energy conservation technologies and their effects.
03102084 operation operating
Ener y-saving technologies - production and of dry n chambers of thermal power plants on wo!I wastes
Anon., Derevoohrnhnt?‘sn~u.Fhch(t.~tr Prom.vshknnost. (In Russian) A portable thermal plant of 150-3000 kW capacity waste as a fuel is described. The thermal power plant of lumber and space heating.
2002. (2). 12-~13. that uses wood is used for drying
conversion
and recycling
Fuel reformulation has been seeded by the growing consciousness of the potential damages mankind was causing to the ecosystem and to itself. Fuel reformulation means that fuels are defined on a chemical composition base with additional engine-technology related standards rather than on pure performance bases. These standards, which are getting more and more stringent, can be met hy different leverages, mainly catalysts and processes operating conditions. This survey reviews the contribution of catalytic materials to the production of cleaner fuel components through some significant examples selected from scientific and technical literature. Having described the trends in automotive fuels quality, production of gasoline and diesel pool components i\ discussed relating the required properties to the material active site configuration, i.e. acidityibasicity, structural parameters. physical constraints. While distinctions are made between pathways leading to gasoline and those leading to diesel, sulfur removal is faced on a more generalized approach.
03102077 Three types of decline in energy intensity-an explanation for the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries Sun, J. W. Frre~g,r Policy, 2003, 31. (6), 519-526. This study proposes a hypothesis that there are three types of decline in energy intensity, and one of the declines in energy intensity may be due to the restricted utilization of combustible renewables and wastes. This study uses this hypothesis to explain the decline of energy intensity in some developing countries. Finally a model for sustainable energy consumption is suggested.
18 ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING 03lO2078 A critical in the USA
assessment
of renewable
energy
usage
Klass, D. L. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (4), 353-367. The displacement of non-renewable fossil fuels by renewable energy resources has occurred at a low rate in the USA. But a large number of drivers is expected to cause significant expansion of the US renewable energy industry in the near future. Included among the extrinsic drivers, or those that are not directly related to renewable energy resources, are reductions in natural gas and crude oil supplies and the OPEC Effect. An assessment of petroleum crude oil and natural gas consumption and reserves supports the position that supply problems and significant cost increases will start to occur in the first and second quarters of this century. Among the intrinsic drivers, or those that are directly related to renewable energy resources, are global warming and specific government incentives and mandates such as Renewable Portfolio and Fuel Standards that require the commercial use of renewable energy resources. The increasing US dependence on imported crude oil and environmental and political issues will drive the growth of the renewable energy industry and result in the gradual phase-out of what can be called the Fossil Fuel Era. By the end of this century, the dominant commercial energy mix in the USA is projected to include major contributions by renewable energy resources to help satisfy energy and fuel demands. Practical solutions to the problems of disposing of spent nuclear fuels and the development of clean coal applications will enable these energy resources to afford major contributions also.
03tO2079 Carbonization useful materials
furnace
for waste treatment
to be
Kobavashi. Y. Jun. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 309,263 (Cl. ClOB531 00), 23 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/1i4,118, 12 Apr 2001. 7. (In Japanese) The furnace includes furnace wall to form a carbonization chamber with closed space, an inlet for charging the organic materials (e.g. wood chips, waste plastic, residual rice) into the chamber, an ignition opening, an outlet for discharging flue gas from its top, an outlet for discharging carbonized materials from its bottom for uses, and a means for supplying gas (e.g. air, superheated steam) to the organic materials in the chamber at moving locations via several branched pipes.
03/02080
Catalysis
and sustainable
(green) chemistry
Centi, G. and Perathoner, S. Catalysis Today, 2003, 77, (4), 287-297. Catalysis is a key technology to achieve the objectives of sustainable (green) chemistry. After introducing the concepts of sustainable (green) chemistry and a brief assessment of new sustainable chemical technologies, the relationship between catalysis and sustainable (green) chemistry is discussed and illustrated via an analysis of some selected and relevant examples. Emphasis is also given to the concept of catalytic technologies for scaling-down chemical processes, in order to 342
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
September
2003
develop sustainable production processes which reduce the Impact the environment to an acceptable level that allows \elt-depuration processes of the living environment.
03/02081 Cogeneration approach combustion power plants applied
on
for near shore internal to seawater desalination
Hung, T. C. er N/. f+r:lner,er~ Conwrvirm rind Mmn,qenmt. 2003. 44. (XI. 1259-1273. The present study utilizes the waste heat streams, jacket water and exhaust gas from a Diesel engine as the heat source for desalination of seawater. The seawater is preheated to a saturated state, and then. throttling and heat exchange processes are alternately employed for generation of fresh water. The exit brine is eventually crystallized to salt via the wind. In the evaluation the temperature differences among the stages of the evaporator significantly influence the generation rate of fresh water. Accompanying the use of plastic heat exchangers, the brine related dirt problem could he avoided. The appropriate arrangement of the waste heat utilization could not only omit installation of the warm water discharge system but also prevent damage to the underwater ecology. The study successfully shows the feasibility of application of waste heat from combustion engines in the desalination of seawater.
03102082 Cost analysis of energy conversion novel resource-based quantifier
systems via a
Sciubba, E. Enrr~y. 2003, 28, (5). 457-477. The paper presents a new formalism for the costing of production chains, with special emphasis on energy conversion systems. From a mathematical point of view, this method can be described as a standard Leontiev-type input-output technique, in the formulation commonly adopted by most costing theories, including Thermoeconomica. Any complex production chain can he decomposed into modules, to each one of which mass and energy balances are applied. The resulting flow diagram is then examined from an exergetic point of view. and a cost analysis is performed. The costing paradigm is the novel feature here: rather than monetary units. a resource-based quantifier, called ‘extended exergy’. is employed. It is argued that both labour and financial costs can be properly linked to an equivalent resource consumption through a back-to-resource accounting procedure that expresses the total exergy consumption required to ‘generate’ one manhour of work or one monetary unit of currency circulation. Environmental remediation costs are similarly taken into account by computing the equivalent cumulative exergy expenditures required to achieve zero impact. It is argued, and discussed on the basis of an example of application to a cogeneration plant, that the new technique, called Extended Exergy Accounting (EEA), is a substantial improvement with respect to current engineering economic techniques, including Thermoeconomics. It is shown that EEA calculates the real, resource-based ‘value’ of a commodity (which is not necessarily equal to its monetary cost) thus enabling Analysts and Energy Planners to perform a more complete and meaningful assessment of an Engineering Complex System. The decisive advantage of EEA consists in its being entirely and uniformly resource-based: in this respect, it owes some of its structural formalism both to the economic theory of production of commodities, which it extends by accounting for the unavoidable energy dissipation in the productive chain, and to resource-oriented economics, It must be acknowledged as well that EEA follows a path originally proposed by Szargut in his Cumulative Exergy Consumption’ method, which it extends by providing a rational and uniform treatment for all non-externalities.
03102083 Energy conservation in the Japanese paper industry: current and future
pulp and
Hijiya, N. Kcrmi Parupu Gijutsu Taimusu, 2002, 45, (3), %l6. (In Japanese) From 1990 to 1099, the Japanese pulp and paper industry has reduced specific energy consumption by 7.2%. In western countries, natural gas is the main paper industry fuel because of its low cost and low COz emission. But in Japan, gas is so expensive that coal is generally used. The Japanese climate is suitable for wood and two-thirds of the land is forest, and since the government intends to grow conifer trees for housing exclusively, little waste wood for pulp and fuel will be available. It is hoped that the government will change its policy, making waste wood more available in the future. This article also shows the current list of energy conservation technologies and their effects.
03102084 operation operating
Ener y-saving technologies - production and of dry n chambers of thermal power plants on wo!I wastes
Anon., Derevoohrnhnt?‘sn~u.Fhch(t.~tr Prom.vshknnost. (In Russian) A portable thermal plant of 150-3000 kW capacity waste as a fuel is described. The thermal power plant of lumber and space heating.
2002. (2). 12-~13. that uses wood is used for drying