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02088 Method and device for production of fertilizer from organic wastes
18 Energy conversion and recycling 03/02085
Gaseous
products
from solid wastes
Caglar,
A. Energy, Education, Science and Technology, 2003, 10, (1 & 2), 107-I 10. A review of recent efforts to manufacture fuel gas by gasification of various biomass materials. The pyrolysis products divided into a volatile fraction, consisting of gases, vapours, and tar-components, and a carbon-rich solid residue. The gasification of biomass is a thermal treatment, which results in a high production of gaseous products and small quantities of char and ash. The total volume and the yield of gas from both pyrolysis increase with increasing temperature. Hydrogen gas can be produced from the waste material by direct- and catalytic pyrolysis while the final pyrolysis temperature was generally increased from 775 to 1025 K.
03/02088 Hydrogen HyPr-RING method
production
from mixed wastes by the
Lin, S. et a/. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 2002, 28, (5), 626-630. (In Japanese) Hydrogen production from organic wastes and metal wastes by absorbing COz during pyrolysis and gasification (HyPr-RING method) was studied experimentally. Experiments were performed by using an autoclave at 973 K and 25 MPa. From organic wastes, such as wood, salad oil, styrene foam, PET bottles, black rubber, benzene, graphite, sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride, Hz was the major product gas, while the remainder was CH4. COP was completely absorbed by the sorbent of Ca(OH)z. CO was not detected in the product gas. These wastes had high conversion to gas phase, except styrene form, benzene and graphite. Only 40 ppm NHs was detected in the product gas of sewage sludge. Others harmful gases, such as NO,, HCN, HzS and HCI were not detected in the product gases of sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride. Powders of Al and Fe could be completely converted to Ha by reaction with HzO. However, with increasing sample size, the conversion of Fe fell rapidly.
03/02087 Method and apparatus for energy gasified waste-derived combustible gas
recovery
from
Shoji, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 305,016 (Cl. HOlM8/ 06), 18 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/108,350. (In Japanese) The title process comprises separating COz from a combustible gas obtained by gasification of a waste and then supplying the gas to a fuelcell anode by pressing. Energy is recovered from a waste with high efficiency.
03/02088 Method and device for production from organic wastes
of fertilizer
Shono, N. and Takewaki, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 308,688 (Cl. C05F17/00), 23 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/110,358. (In Japanese) The method comprises liquefying organic wastes such as municipal wastes and night soil by hydrothermal reaction under subcritical water condition, oxidizing the liquefied material by the wet process under the treatment condition of difficult decomposition of NHs, and recovering the oxidized material as a liquid fertilizer. In the recovery process, the oxidized material is concentrated and Clz is simultaneously removed from the oxidized material using a Clz-permeable filtration film. In the recovery process, optionally the oxidized material is heated, and the resulting gas is condensed to recover NHs. The device is also claimed.
03102089 Method and device for production from wastes
of hot charcoal
Yamane, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285,368 (Cl. ClOB53/02), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 20011130,368. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by detecting temperature of the wastes to be treated (e.g. waste wood, biomass) in the central section by a thermocouple, drying the waste, thermal decomposition of the dried waste, forming charcoal, carbonation, refining, and forced cooling by cooling gas and cooling water via nozzle spray, based on the temperature change, to obtain high-quality charcoal, and introducing the combustion flue gas and air/steam during carbonation and refining into a gasification furnace to generate combustible gas, then recycling the combustible gas into the carbonization furnace to obtain hot charcoal.
03lO2090 exchanger Wangnipparnto,
Performance analysis under electric field S. et al. Energy
of thermosyphon
Conversion
heat
and Management,
2003, 44,
(7), 1163-1175.
This paper presents a numerical method to analyse the thermosyphon heat exchanger with and without the presence of electrohydrodynamics (EHD). The proposed model is capable of handling both balanced and unbalanced thermosyphon heat exchangers. For the balanced thermosyphon heat exchanger, the calculated results of heat transfer rate for water and R-134a agree well with experimental data. For the unbalanced thermosyphon heat exchangers, it is found that the performance improvement increases with the ratio of tic/t& when EHD is applied at the condenser alone. Conversely, the performance improvement decreases with the ratio of fife/& when EHD is applied at the evaporator alone.
03/02091
Production
of glass from coal fly ash
Sheng, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82. (2), 181-185. The coal fly ash from a Chinese thermal power plant was vitrified after the addition of ~10 wt% NazO. The glass products have suitable viscosity at 1200°C and displayed a good chemical durability. The heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn were successfully immobilized into the glass as determined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure method. Results indicate an interesting potential for the coal fly ash recycling to produce useful materials.
03/02092 Semi-dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: focusing on the start-up phase Bolzonella, D. et a/. Bioresource Technology. 2003, 86, (2), 123-129. The paper concerns the results of a pilot-scale study of the simulation of the start-up phase of the thermophilic semi-dry anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. The aim of the study was to aid and shorten the start-up phase of the full-scale plant (500 ti day) in Verona-Ca’ de1 Bue, where the semi-dry anaerobic digestion process is being used. The substrate used in the experimentation was the mechanically sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSOFMSW) enriched with the putrescent fraction from the source sorted OFMSW in order to simulate the substrate which is dealt with in the Verona plant. The results of the pilot scale study agreed with literature data and previous work of the authors: it showed a specific gas production of 0.23 m3/kg TVSrced and a gas production rate of 2.1 m3/ m3 day when operating at a specific organic loading rate of 0.135 kg day. No problems regarding process stability TVS.e& ~Sreactor were encountered in the gradual acclimation of the biomass. The design organic loading rate of 9 kg TVSfeed/m3reactor day was reached in about 30 days, during which the total solids content in the feed was increased. Only a partial comparison with the full scale start-up, which is now in progress, is possible: this shows an initial general concordance with the results found in previous work.
03/02093 Technical assessment of fuel cell operation landfill gas at the Groton, CT, landfill
on
Spiegel, R. J. and Preston, J. L. Energy, 2003, 28, (5), 397-409. This paper summarizes the results of a seminal assessment conducted on a fuel cell technology that generates electrical power from landfill waste gas. This assessment at Groton, Connecticut was the second such project conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the first being conducted at the Penrose Power Station near Los Angeles, California. The main objective was to demonstrate the suitability of the landfill gas energy conversion equipment at Groton with different conditions and gas compositions than at Penrose. The operation of the landfill gas cleanup system removed contaminants from the gas stream with essentially the same efficacy as at Penrose, even though the quantity and kinds of contaminants were somewhat different. The fuel cell power plant’s maximum output power improved from 137 kW at Penrose to 165 kW at Groton, due to a 31% increase in the heating value of the Groton landfill gas.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2003
343
Gaseous
products
from solid wastes
Caglar,
A. Energy, Education, Science and Technology, 2003, 10, (1 & 2), 107-I 10. A review of recent efforts to manufacture fuel gas by gasification of various biomass materials. The pyrolysis products divided into a volatile fraction, consisting of gases, vapours, and tar-components, and a carbon-rich solid residue. The gasification of biomass is a thermal treatment, which results in a high production of gaseous products and small quantities of char and ash. The total volume and the yield of gas from both pyrolysis increase with increasing temperature. Hydrogen gas can be produced from the waste material by direct- and catalytic pyrolysis while the final pyrolysis temperature was generally increased from 775 to 1025 K.
03/02088 Hydrogen HyPr-RING method
production
from mixed wastes by the
Lin, S. et a/. Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, 2002, 28, (5), 626-630. (In Japanese) Hydrogen production from organic wastes and metal wastes by absorbing COz during pyrolysis and gasification (HyPr-RING method) was studied experimentally. Experiments were performed by using an autoclave at 973 K and 25 MPa. From organic wastes, such as wood, salad oil, styrene foam, PET bottles, black rubber, benzene, graphite, sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride, Hz was the major product gas, while the remainder was CH4. COP was completely absorbed by the sorbent of Ca(OH)z. CO was not detected in the product gas. These wastes had high conversion to gas phase, except styrene form, benzene and graphite. Only 40 ppm NHs was detected in the product gas of sewage sludge. Others harmful gases, such as NO,, HCN, HzS and HCI were not detected in the product gases of sewage sludge and polyvinyl chloride. Powders of Al and Fe could be completely converted to Ha by reaction with HzO. However, with increasing sample size, the conversion of Fe fell rapidly.
03/02087 Method and apparatus for energy gasified waste-derived combustible gas
recovery
from
Shoji, Y. ef al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 305,016 (Cl. HOlM8/ 06), 18 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/108,350. (In Japanese) The title process comprises separating COz from a combustible gas obtained by gasification of a waste and then supplying the gas to a fuelcell anode by pressing. Energy is recovered from a waste with high efficiency.
03/02088 Method and device for production from organic wastes
of fertilizer
Shono, N. and Takewaki, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 308,688 (Cl. C05F17/00), 23 Ott 2002, Appl. 2001/110,358. (In Japanese) The method comprises liquefying organic wastes such as municipal wastes and night soil by hydrothermal reaction under subcritical water condition, oxidizing the liquefied material by the wet process under the treatment condition of difficult decomposition of NHs, and recovering the oxidized material as a liquid fertilizer. In the recovery process, the oxidized material is concentrated and Clz is simultaneously removed from the oxidized material using a Clz-permeable filtration film. In the recovery process, optionally the oxidized material is heated, and the resulting gas is condensed to recover NHs. The device is also claimed.
03102089 Method and device for production from wastes
of hot charcoal
Yamane, K. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2002 285,368 (Cl. ClOB53/02), 3 Ott 2002, Appl. 20011130,368. (In Japanese) The method is carried out by detecting temperature of the wastes to be treated (e.g. waste wood, biomass) in the central section by a thermocouple, drying the waste, thermal decomposition of the dried waste, forming charcoal, carbonation, refining, and forced cooling by cooling gas and cooling water via nozzle spray, based on the temperature change, to obtain high-quality charcoal, and introducing the combustion flue gas and air/steam during carbonation and refining into a gasification furnace to generate combustible gas, then recycling the combustible gas into the carbonization furnace to obtain hot charcoal.
03lO2090 exchanger Wangnipparnto,
Performance analysis under electric field S. et al. Energy
of thermosyphon
Conversion
heat
and Management,
2003, 44,
(7), 1163-1175.
This paper presents a numerical method to analyse the thermosyphon heat exchanger with and without the presence of electrohydrodynamics (EHD). The proposed model is capable of handling both balanced and unbalanced thermosyphon heat exchangers. For the balanced thermosyphon heat exchanger, the calculated results of heat transfer rate for water and R-134a agree well with experimental data. For the unbalanced thermosyphon heat exchangers, it is found that the performance improvement increases with the ratio of tic/t& when EHD is applied at the condenser alone. Conversely, the performance improvement decreases with the ratio of fife/& when EHD is applied at the evaporator alone.
03/02091
Production
of glass from coal fly ash
Sheng, J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82. (2), 181-185. The coal fly ash from a Chinese thermal power plant was vitrified after the addition of ~10 wt% NazO. The glass products have suitable viscosity at 1200°C and displayed a good chemical durability. The heavy metals of Pb, Zn, Cr and Mn were successfully immobilized into the glass as determined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure method. Results indicate an interesting potential for the coal fly ash recycling to produce useful materials.
03/02092 Semi-dry thermophilic anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste: focusing on the start-up phase Bolzonella, D. et a/. Bioresource Technology. 2003, 86, (2), 123-129. The paper concerns the results of a pilot-scale study of the simulation of the start-up phase of the thermophilic semi-dry anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes. The aim of the study was to aid and shorten the start-up phase of the full-scale plant (500 ti day) in Verona-Ca’ de1 Bue, where the semi-dry anaerobic digestion process is being used. The substrate used in the experimentation was the mechanically sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSOFMSW) enriched with the putrescent fraction from the source sorted OFMSW in order to simulate the substrate which is dealt with in the Verona plant. The results of the pilot scale study agreed with literature data and previous work of the authors: it showed a specific gas production of 0.23 m3/kg TVSrced and a gas production rate of 2.1 m3/ m3 day when operating at a specific organic loading rate of 0.135 kg day. No problems regarding process stability TVS.e& ~Sreactor were encountered in the gradual acclimation of the biomass. The design organic loading rate of 9 kg TVSfeed/m3reactor day was reached in about 30 days, during which the total solids content in the feed was increased. Only a partial comparison with the full scale start-up, which is now in progress, is possible: this shows an initial general concordance with the results found in previous work.
03/02093 Technical assessment of fuel cell operation landfill gas at the Groton, CT, landfill
on
Spiegel, R. J. and Preston, J. L. Energy, 2003, 28, (5), 397-409. This paper summarizes the results of a seminal assessment conducted on a fuel cell technology that generates electrical power from landfill waste gas. This assessment at Groton, Connecticut was the second such project conducted by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the first being conducted at the Penrose Power Station near Los Angeles, California. The main objective was to demonstrate the suitability of the landfill gas energy conversion equipment at Groton with different conditions and gas compositions than at Penrose. The operation of the landfill gas cleanup system removed contaminants from the gas stream with essentially the same efficacy as at Penrose, even though the quantity and kinds of contaminants were somewhat different. The fuel cell power plant’s maximum output power improved from 137 kW at Penrose to 165 kW at Groton, due to a 31% increase in the heating value of the Groton landfill gas.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September
2003
343