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02157 Influence of temperature and steam on the products form the flash pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale
02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovew) gas cracking at 1.3%Rfli. The reconsidered ‘oil window’ between 0.85-1.8%R,mi has significant implications for evaluating the prospectivity of basins dominated by terrestrial organic matter, such as coals.
03/02152 An investigation Egyptian oil-shale
on solvent extraction
of oil from
Ebrahiem, E. I. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2002.41.(j). 579 5X6. In the oresent work a studv of the extraction of oil from oil shale supplied by Red-See Phosp’hate-company, using methylene chloride (boiling range 40-45°C) was performed. The aim of this initial research was to detect the effects of the main factors, which can potentially influence the extraction of oil. The factors involved in this study were particle size, temperature, solvent-feed ratio (S/F) and the mixing intensity. Oil extraction rate was found to be diffusion-controlled (the activation energy was found to be 3.73 kJ/gm). Mass transfer coefficient of the process under different conditions and the thermodynamic parameters were also detected.
03/02153
Clay-free drilling
mud
Gontsov. A. A. and Kosinskii. V. A. Russ. RU 2.188.221 ICI. C09K7/ 02), 27 Aug 2002, Appl. 2,00d,118,027. (In Russian)’ _ The invention relates to drilling fluids used for drilling of geological prospecting wells. The invention provides clay-free- drifiing mud containing 3.0-8.0% carbon-containing substance, 0.2-0.5% (on conversion to solids) hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile, and water, said carboncontaining substance being fine fraction of coal enriched wastes. Improved pseudoplastic and structural-mechanical properties of mud and reduced consumption of reagents are provided.
03/02154 Distribution of major hydrocarbon source rocks in China’s large and medium oil and gas field Liu, L. F. and Jin, Z.-J. S&you Xuehao, 2002, 23, (5), 6-13. IX. (In Chinese) Distribution of major source rocks in China’s large and medium-sized oil-gas fields is of diverse and complex in geological age, basin types and sedimentary environment. These source rocks developed with strata from Middle Proterozoic to Cenozoic (excluding Devonian), among which the Mesozoic and Cenozoic layers are the most important. The basins that developed source rocks include the rift basin of Mesozoic-Cenozoic. the cratonic basin of earlv Paleozoic, and the foreland basin of Mesozoic and Late Paleozoic. ?here are quite large differences in distribution, geological and geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks between different types of basins. The source rocks include the marine carbonate and mudstone, and the transitional and terrestrial mudstone, coal measure strata and carbonate. The major one is lacustrine elastic rock.
03/02155 Evaluation of leakage potential from a carbon dioxide EOF?/sequestration project Klusman, R. W. EkgJ: Conver.&neand Manag~mertf, 2003. 44. (12). 1921-1940. Carbon dioxide sequestration in geologic media is being investigated as a means of reducing emissions to the atmosphere. Oil and gas fields, which were in production decline, have been raised to new production levels bv CO? enhanced recoverv. Currentlv. these fields use nearbv geologic sources of CO2. Future enhanced oil’recovery (EOR) projects are likely to include some industrial CO2, deriving substantial economic benefit over CO* disposal in deep aquifers. The formation overnressurine reauired for substantial rates of CO, iniection may drive buoyan? ga’ses upward. Although CO2 is likely to be ;I supercritical fluid, CH4 will remain gaseous and, as such, is much m&e mobile. If CH4 is driven towaid the surface, it represents a potential hazard to shallow water wells and basements. This research presents a protocol for baseline surface geochemical measurements to evaluate the potential risk. The objective is to detect a subtle signal from depth in the presence of a large amount of near surface noise. Carbon dioxide and CH4 soil gas concentrations and exchange with the atmosphere (flux) measurements are necessary. Stable and radiogenic carbon isotopic measurements are required to differentiate the sources of these gases. Examples of these measurements from a CO? enhanced EOR project at Rangely, Colorado, USA, are presented.
03/02156 Hydrocarbon recovery from heavy petroleum reservoirs and oil sand deposits by combined steamfloodsolventflood wlth decreasing steam or water-solvent ratio Nasr, T. N. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 62,159 (Cl. 166-272.1; E21843/24), 3 Apr 2003, Appl. 934,963. Steam-injection petroleum recovery is integrated with solvent-injection recovery by: (1) selecting a first injecting component, W (selected from steam or hot water) and a second injection component, S (selected from C1_30-hydrocarbons, CO*, and CO), (2) introducing both the W and S components into the well, (3) injecting different mixtures of the W and S components into the well, such that a different mixture 360
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2003
jmcasured by the W-S volume ratio) into each injectlon bcquencc interval. This ratio is changed at least once, from (W-S), (i.e. the initial mixture), which I\ “I: I. to a second iniection mixture (W-S\- and other lnjcction mixturl:h (W-S),,, which a& alho cl:]. The ini&l- (W-s), Injection mixture i\ 2-100: I, preferably I&25:1. Suitable hvdrocarhon qolventa that can be injected into the injection well are, in addition to Cl-.T,,-alkanes. kcrosine. naphtha, coal tar naphtha, etc. Methods that can he used for injecting steam or hot water are steamflooding, her water flooding, cyclic steam stimulation, and steam-assisted gravrty drainage. The solvent (S) can be recovered from the produced oil and can be reused. l‘hc mcthoda can be used For recovery of petroleum from hea\? oil trc
03/02157 Influence of temperature and steam on the products form the flash pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale Nazzal, J. M. and Williams, P. T. International Rcsctrrch,
Journnl
of' Ennerg~
2002, 26. (14), 1207. 12 I').
Oil shale samples from the Sultani deposit in the south of Jordan were pyrolysed in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperatures between 400 and 650-C were investigated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 520°C caused a large increase in the oil yield. Further increase of the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decrease in oil yield and a large increase in the evolved gases. The increase in the hydrocarbon gas yield was attributed to oil thermal cracking reactions. The evolved gases were composed of Hz, CO, COz, and hydrocarbons from C, to C.,. The presence of steam improved the oil yield. which may be a result of reducing the degree of decomposition. The derived oils were fractionated into chemical clarscc using mini-column liquid chromatography.
03/02158 Investigation of oil-pool formation from the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and biomarkers in reservoir rocks: a genetic model for the Deng2 oil-pool in the Jiyuan Depression Zhao. W. (21ii/ ,Mo~irw mrrl P~/rr~lwn~ Gcwlo,q~,. 2002. 19 (9). I I41 1150 The Jiyuan Depression is a frontier area for oil and gas exploration in Henan Province, China. In recent years, oil was discovered in the Deng-2 well in the lower Tertiary, though the tectonics and petroleum geology of the Depression are very complex. A series of experiments on fluid inclusions in the oil-bearing sandstones from the Deng-2 well were made that included measurement of the homoge&zation temperatures of gas-liquid inclusions and GC-MS analysis of biomarkers either in the sandstone pores or in the fluid inclusions. The Deng-2 oil-reservoir was formed at about 78”C, corresponding to a burial depth of about 2200 m. The present burial depth is about 700 m because of erosion and fault-block uplift in Oligocene time. Although oil in the sandstone pores is now heavily biodegraded, the hiomarkers in the inclusions show slight biodegradation representing a watering and biodegradation process that did not occur before formation of the Deng-2 oil-pool. Having investigated the structural evolution of the Deng-2 trap, it is concluded that the oil discovered in the Tertiary reservoir of Deny-2 well migrated from Mesozoic reservoirs through active faults around the Deng-2 trap. As the oil migrated from the Mesozoic to the Tertiary reservoir, the Deng-2 trap was uplifted close to the depth of active biodegradation (subsurface temperature lower than 80°C and to a burial deoth shallower than 2250 m from the thermal gradient of 3.1”C/lOO m) so that the oil in the inclusions shows a slight biodegradation. Because of the continuous uplift of the Deng-2 trap during the Tertiary and Quaternary, the reservoired oil has been more heavily biodegraded compared to that in the inclusions.
03/02159 Investigation of the mineral composition Estonian oil shale ash using X-ray diffractometry
of
Paat, A. and Traksmaa, R. Oil S/I&, 2002, 19, (4), 373-386. The mineral composition of ashes from oil shale power plants was detected by X-ray diffractometry using modern software and datahases. Changes in the whole aqh as well as its fractions were observed throughout the ash-handling system
03/02160 Late Quaternary glacial development Norwegian margin-65 to 68”N
of the mid-
Torbi@rn Dahlgren, K. I. (‘I c/l. Marinr CI~/ Perroiemn Geology. 2002, 19. (9)~ iO89-I 113: The younger part of the large Plio-Pleistocene prograding wedge on the northern Dart of the mid-Norwegian margin was studied, using high-resolutio; seismic data. The wedge is marnly composed of thick; glacigenic debris flow packages interbedded with hemipelagic and contouritic sediments. Age constraints of the seismic stratigraphy obtained through correlation to ODP 644A show that the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet advanced to the shelf break during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 2 (ca. IS-22 ka BP), 6 (12X-186 ka BP), 10 (339-362 ka BP), 12 (423-478 ka BP) and 14 (524-565 ka BP), and to the inner shelf dul-lng MIS 8 (245-303 ka BP). The $tratal geometry and sedimentary
03/02152 An investigation Egyptian oil-shale
on solvent extraction
of oil from
Ebrahiem, E. I. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 2002.41.(j). 579 5X6. In the oresent work a studv of the extraction of oil from oil shale supplied by Red-See Phosp’hate-company, using methylene chloride (boiling range 40-45°C) was performed. The aim of this initial research was to detect the effects of the main factors, which can potentially influence the extraction of oil. The factors involved in this study were particle size, temperature, solvent-feed ratio (S/F) and the mixing intensity. Oil extraction rate was found to be diffusion-controlled (the activation energy was found to be 3.73 kJ/gm). Mass transfer coefficient of the process under different conditions and the thermodynamic parameters were also detected.
03/02153
Clay-free drilling
mud
Gontsov. A. A. and Kosinskii. V. A. Russ. RU 2.188.221 ICI. C09K7/ 02), 27 Aug 2002, Appl. 2,00d,118,027. (In Russian)’ _ The invention relates to drilling fluids used for drilling of geological prospecting wells. The invention provides clay-free- drifiing mud containing 3.0-8.0% carbon-containing substance, 0.2-0.5% (on conversion to solids) hydrolysed polyacrylonitrile, and water, said carboncontaining substance being fine fraction of coal enriched wastes. Improved pseudoplastic and structural-mechanical properties of mud and reduced consumption of reagents are provided.
03/02154 Distribution of major hydrocarbon source rocks in China’s large and medium oil and gas field Liu, L. F. and Jin, Z.-J. S&you Xuehao, 2002, 23, (5), 6-13. IX. (In Chinese) Distribution of major source rocks in China’s large and medium-sized oil-gas fields is of diverse and complex in geological age, basin types and sedimentary environment. These source rocks developed with strata from Middle Proterozoic to Cenozoic (excluding Devonian), among which the Mesozoic and Cenozoic layers are the most important. The basins that developed source rocks include the rift basin of Mesozoic-Cenozoic. the cratonic basin of earlv Paleozoic, and the foreland basin of Mesozoic and Late Paleozoic. ?here are quite large differences in distribution, geological and geochemical characteristics and hydrocarbon generation potential of source rocks between different types of basins. The source rocks include the marine carbonate and mudstone, and the transitional and terrestrial mudstone, coal measure strata and carbonate. The major one is lacustrine elastic rock.
03/02155 Evaluation of leakage potential from a carbon dioxide EOF?/sequestration project Klusman, R. W. EkgJ: Conver.&neand Manag~mertf, 2003. 44. (12). 1921-1940. Carbon dioxide sequestration in geologic media is being investigated as a means of reducing emissions to the atmosphere. Oil and gas fields, which were in production decline, have been raised to new production levels bv CO? enhanced recoverv. Currentlv. these fields use nearbv geologic sources of CO2. Future enhanced oil’recovery (EOR) projects are likely to include some industrial CO2, deriving substantial economic benefit over CO* disposal in deep aquifers. The formation overnressurine reauired for substantial rates of CO, iniection may drive buoyan? ga’ses upward. Although CO2 is likely to be ;I supercritical fluid, CH4 will remain gaseous and, as such, is much m&e mobile. If CH4 is driven towaid the surface, it represents a potential hazard to shallow water wells and basements. This research presents a protocol for baseline surface geochemical measurements to evaluate the potential risk. The objective is to detect a subtle signal from depth in the presence of a large amount of near surface noise. Carbon dioxide and CH4 soil gas concentrations and exchange with the atmosphere (flux) measurements are necessary. Stable and radiogenic carbon isotopic measurements are required to differentiate the sources of these gases. Examples of these measurements from a CO? enhanced EOR project at Rangely, Colorado, USA, are presented.
03/02156 Hydrocarbon recovery from heavy petroleum reservoirs and oil sand deposits by combined steamfloodsolventflood wlth decreasing steam or water-solvent ratio Nasr, T. N. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 62,159 (Cl. 166-272.1; E21843/24), 3 Apr 2003, Appl. 934,963. Steam-injection petroleum recovery is integrated with solvent-injection recovery by: (1) selecting a first injecting component, W (selected from steam or hot water) and a second injection component, S (selected from C1_30-hydrocarbons, CO*, and CO), (2) introducing both the W and S components into the well, (3) injecting different mixtures of the W and S components into the well, such that a different mixture 360
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2003
jmcasured by the W-S volume ratio) into each injectlon bcquencc interval. This ratio is changed at least once, from (W-S), (i.e. the initial mixture), which I\ “I: I. to a second iniection mixture (W-S\- and other lnjcction mixturl:h (W-S),,, which a& alho cl:]. The ini&l- (W-s), Injection mixture i\ 2-100: I, preferably I&25:1. Suitable hvdrocarhon qolventa that can be injected into the injection well are, in addition to Cl-.T,,-alkanes. kcrosine. naphtha, coal tar naphtha, etc. Methods that can he used for injecting steam or hot water are steamflooding, her water flooding, cyclic steam stimulation, and steam-assisted gravrty drainage. The solvent (S) can be recovered from the produced oil and can be reused. l‘hc mcthoda can be used For recovery of petroleum from hea\? oil trc
03/02157 Influence of temperature and steam on the products form the flash pyrolysis of Jordan oil shale Nazzal, J. M. and Williams, P. T. International Rcsctrrch,
Journnl
of' Ennerg~
2002, 26. (14), 1207. 12 I').
Oil shale samples from the Sultani deposit in the south of Jordan were pyrolysed in a semi-continuous fluidized bed reactor under nitrogen and nitrogen/steam atmosphere. The pyrolysis temperatures between 400 and 650-C were investigated. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 520°C caused a large increase in the oil yield. Further increase of the pyrolysis temperature resulted in a decrease in oil yield and a large increase in the evolved gases. The increase in the hydrocarbon gas yield was attributed to oil thermal cracking reactions. The evolved gases were composed of Hz, CO, COz, and hydrocarbons from C, to C.,. The presence of steam improved the oil yield. which may be a result of reducing the degree of decomposition. The derived oils were fractionated into chemical clarscc using mini-column liquid chromatography.
03/02158 Investigation of oil-pool formation from the homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions and biomarkers in reservoir rocks: a genetic model for the Deng2 oil-pool in the Jiyuan Depression Zhao. W. (21ii/ ,Mo~irw mrrl P~/rr~lwn~ Gcwlo,q~,. 2002. 19 (9). I I41 1150 The Jiyuan Depression is a frontier area for oil and gas exploration in Henan Province, China. In recent years, oil was discovered in the Deng-2 well in the lower Tertiary, though the tectonics and petroleum geology of the Depression are very complex. A series of experiments on fluid inclusions in the oil-bearing sandstones from the Deng-2 well were made that included measurement of the homoge&zation temperatures of gas-liquid inclusions and GC-MS analysis of biomarkers either in the sandstone pores or in the fluid inclusions. The Deng-2 oil-reservoir was formed at about 78”C, corresponding to a burial depth of about 2200 m. The present burial depth is about 700 m because of erosion and fault-block uplift in Oligocene time. Although oil in the sandstone pores is now heavily biodegraded, the hiomarkers in the inclusions show slight biodegradation representing a watering and biodegradation process that did not occur before formation of the Deng-2 oil-pool. Having investigated the structural evolution of the Deng-2 trap, it is concluded that the oil discovered in the Tertiary reservoir of Deny-2 well migrated from Mesozoic reservoirs through active faults around the Deng-2 trap. As the oil migrated from the Mesozoic to the Tertiary reservoir, the Deng-2 trap was uplifted close to the depth of active biodegradation (subsurface temperature lower than 80°C and to a burial deoth shallower than 2250 m from the thermal gradient of 3.1”C/lOO m) so that the oil in the inclusions shows a slight biodegradation. Because of the continuous uplift of the Deng-2 trap during the Tertiary and Quaternary, the reservoired oil has been more heavily biodegraded compared to that in the inclusions.
03/02159 Investigation of the mineral composition Estonian oil shale ash using X-ray diffractometry
of
Paat, A. and Traksmaa, R. Oil S/I&, 2002, 19, (4), 373-386. The mineral composition of ashes from oil shale power plants was detected by X-ray diffractometry using modern software and datahases. Changes in the whole aqh as well as its fractions were observed throughout the ash-handling system
03/02160 Late Quaternary glacial development Norwegian margin-65 to 68”N
of the mid-
Torbi@rn Dahlgren, K. I. (‘I c/l. Marinr CI~/ Perroiemn Geology. 2002, 19. (9)~ iO89-I 113: The younger part of the large Plio-Pleistocene prograding wedge on the northern Dart of the mid-Norwegian margin was studied, using high-resolutio; seismic data. The wedge is marnly composed of thick; glacigenic debris flow packages interbedded with hemipelagic and contouritic sediments. Age constraints of the seismic stratigraphy obtained through correlation to ODP 644A show that the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet advanced to the shelf break during Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 2 (ca. IS-22 ka BP), 6 (12X-186 ka BP), 10 (339-362 ka BP), 12 (423-478 ka BP) and 14 (524-565 ka BP), and to the inner shelf dul-lng MIS 8 (245-303 ka BP). The $tratal geometry and sedimentary