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02200 Method for measuring contraction degree of coke in coke oven by using laser beam
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels) 03/02200 Method for measuring contraction degree of coke in coke oven by using laser beam Ilanaoka, K. and Matsui, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 06,466 (Cl. (‘IOB57!1lO). 3 Apr 2003. Appl. 2003/284,X77. (In Japanese) ‘The method i\ carried out in a test oven, by measuring the horizontal distance between the inner wall of the oven and the surface of coke using :I non-contact laser positioning meter, to detecting the contraction degree of coke from average value of the measured distances by measuring certain pitch in certain surface area, like 3.5-5 mm pitch in YO mm I * 00 mm l-1. 03/02201 Mixed conducting membranes for pressuredriven hydrogen separation from syngas Elangovan, S. e/ cl/. Pr~‘~,rmf.rof’S.lm~o.viu ,4nlrriccm (~/wn~iw/ Soc;rr~~. D~risiou of'F~rc/ Chmisrry.
2003. 48, (I), 298 299.
Optimized Ba- and Sr-perovskites were synthesized by doping and used to producc membranes for pressure-driven HZ separation from synthesis gas even at temperature of 800-900‘. The thermochemical atability of the membranes was evaluated, and the performance of the membrane as a mixed ionic-electronic conducting membrane was demonstrated by feasibility studies on model synthesis gases. 03/02202 NO and N2 formation behaviour during the hightemperature O2 gasification of coal char. Orikasa, H. and Tomita, A. &c,rg!, & Fuels. 2003, 17, (2). 405. 41 I. NO- and Nz-formation behaviour during the high-temperature 02 gasification of coal char was examined using a pulse gasification reactor. which minimizes the exothermic heat generation and the secondary reaction of NO. Coal char heat treated at 1300” was gasified with IO’? O1 in a temperature range from 1000 to 1300”. Although the total nitrogen converted to NO and N? are independent of gasification temperature. a fraction of NO tends to increase with increasing char conversion and decrease with increasing gasification temperature. These trends can be explained by the secondary Nz-formation reaction from NO and char via nitrogen-containing surface species as an intermediate. This result is similar to that observed in the previous study at low temperatures, except that the surface nitrogen species is less stable at high temperature. In another series of experiments. the chal- prepared at 050’ was subjected to gasification without pretreatment at 1300, The No- and Nz-formation behaviour heavily depends on whether the char was pretreated at 1300”. The release of unstable char nitrogen as N? was observed in addition to the NZ formation from the char-NO reaction when the char was not heat-treated at a severe condition. The relative importance of these two Nz-formation routes detects the final gas composition. 03/02203 Novel composite membranes for hydrogen separation from coal gasification streams Schwartz, M. (jr al. Pr~,prinr.sof S~vnpo.siu Antericm Chrvnid Sock/,v, L),l~ivion of Fw/
C/wmi.str~~. 2003, 48, (1). 292-293.
Composite membrane disks were fabricated from ceramic pyrochlore powders together with Ni powders by wet ball milling, drying and uniaxial pressing, followed by sintering at 1400-1500”. The achieved membranes were tested for the separation of Hzfrom gas mixtures containing Hz, NZ, Hz0 and CO*, while He passed over the opposite membrane surface. The pyrochlore phases in the membrane were proton conductors, and they were stable to Hz0 and CO2 for several days. By selective doping of the pyrochlore the protonic conditions of the membranes could he increased. 03102204 Production of hydrogen with thermochemical decomposition of carbonaceous materials Lin, S.-Y. <‘I al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 82,361 (Cl. CIOJ3: 00). 19 Mar 2003. Appl. 2001:279.079. (In Japanese) If: gas is produced by reduction of water with thermochemical decomposition of carbonaceous materials (e.g. coals, plastics, biomass, and organic wastes). The method comprises grinding and mixing the carbonaceous materials with CaO, pelletizing the powder mixture, thermochemical decomposition at 30-60 atm at 600-800”, and regenerating CaO from unreacted substances at 510 atm at 850-950 with O? in a calcinations reactor. The method provides efficient production of HZ hy regeneration and recirculation of CO? absorbing substance\. 03102205 Stepwise production of CO-rich syngas and hydrogen via solar methane reforming by using a NW)ferrite redox system Kodama, T. et al. SO/U Enerxr. 2002, 73, (5). 363-374. The methane reforming process combined with metal-oxide reduction was examined on iron-based oxides of Ni(II)-, Zn(II)-, and Co(II)ferritcs, for the purpose of converting solar high-temperature heat to chemical fuels of CO-rich syngas and reduced metal oxide as storage and transport of solar energy, It was found that the Ni(II)-doping effectively improves the reactivity of magnetite as an oxidant for mcthanc reforming. A two-step cyclic steam reforming of methane. 366
which produces CO-rich syngas and hydrogen uncontaminated with carbon oxides alternately in the separate steps, was successfully demonstrated by using a ZrO+upported Ni(II)-ferrite (Ni,, zu. Fez,r,,0J/Zr02) as a working material in the temperature range of 1073-l 173 K. The produced CO-rich syngas had the H&O ratio that was more suitable for methanol production than that produced by a conventional single-step steam reforming. This syngas production using the Ni,, 19Fe:,,, OJZrO- as an oxidant wa5 also demonstrated under direct irradiation by a solar-simulated, high-tlux visible light in laboratory-scale fixed bed system. The directly-irradiated Ni,,.?om Fez (,,OJZrOZ particles acted simultaneously as good radiant absorbers and reactive chemical reactants to vield more than 9U% of methane conversion to a ?:I molar mixture o[CO and Hz under flux irradiation of 500 kW m ’ in the residence time less than I s.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
2003
03/02206 Synthesis gas production from partial oxidation of methane with air in AC electric gas discharge Supat, K. er ol. Grc~r;y>,& Frrc~k,2003. 17. (?), 474-481. In this study, synthesis gas production in an AC electrical gas discharge of methane and air mixtures at room temperature and ambient pressure was investigated. The objective of this work was to understand how the CHd/OL feed mole ratio, ethane added, diluent gas, residence time, input power, applied frequency, and waveform. affected methane and oxygen conversions, product selectivities, and specific energy consumption. Methane and oxygen conversions increased with input power but decreased with increasing CH4/02 feed mole ratio, flow rate, and gap distance. The experiments were performed at the frequency and power in the range of 200-700 Hz and 8-14 W, respectively, while the residence times were varied from 0.06 to 0.46 s. This study confirms that active oxygen is an important factor in enhancing methane conversion and energy efficiency in a discharge reactor. Ethane is the primary product that forms at short residence times and low energies. Methane conversion dropped dramatically but oxygen conversion increased with addition of ethane to the feed gas. Sinusoidal and square waveforms gave negligibly different results. Current was constant with varying CHJ/Oz ratio and flow rate, but increased with increasing power and with decreasing gap distance and frequency. The best condition wa\ at 300 Hz and at the highest power used in each condition, since the maximum methane and oxygen conversions and synthesis gas selectivity as well as lowest specific energy consumption were found both with and without cthane in the feed gas. The minimum specific energy consumption, found at 300 Hz, were 21 and 14 eV/m, for the CH4/air system and the CH4:air/CZHh system, respectively. When studying the effect of residence time by varying the flow rate, the minimum energy consumption of 21 eV/m, was found at 0.12 and 0.23 s. For any given input power or frequency, the CHj/air system had a higher specific energy consumption than the CH4/air/CzH6 system. Less energy was consumed to convert methane under the plasma environment with nitrogen as a diluent compared to helium, indicative of a third body effect. 03102207 Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases. Part 3. Dew point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water. Measurement and correlation. Avila, S. cf crl. Enrr,~~ & Fds, 2003, 17. (2). 338-343. Experimental measurements of dew points for eight synthetic natural gases (SBG) + water mixtures were carried out between (1.2 and 99.3) x 10’ Pa at from 226.4 to 287.6 K. The experimental results were analysed in terms of both an equation of state model and an excess function-equation of state method, which reproduced the experimental data within AAD from 1.4 to 4.1 K and from 0.6 to 4.3 K. respectively. 03102206 Underground gasification of coal Vasil’ev, P. N. CI crl. Russ. RU 2.1x6.209 (Cl. E21B43/295). 27 Jul 2002. Appl. 2.000.1 I?, 146. (In Russian) The method includes setting of boundaries of gas generators, drillingin of coal seams by boreholes, ignition of coal and treatment of coal seams with reagents, and withdrawal of combustion products. An upper substandard coal seam from a contiguous seam formation is selected. Development operations on an underlying seam are performed by using a long-wall pillarless retreating system with support of development workings in a worked-out space with a full roof caving. The seam is subjected to ignition and working after disturbance of its integrity by undermining in a direction corresponding direction of excavation of the underlying seam. The method provides simple and reliable formation of reaction channels.
2003. 48, (I), 298 299.
Optimized Ba- and Sr-perovskites were synthesized by doping and used to producc membranes for pressure-driven HZ separation from synthesis gas even at temperature of 800-900‘. The thermochemical atability of the membranes was evaluated, and the performance of the membrane as a mixed ionic-electronic conducting membrane was demonstrated by feasibility studies on model synthesis gases. 03/02202 NO and N2 formation behaviour during the hightemperature O2 gasification of coal char. Orikasa, H. and Tomita, A. &c,rg!, & Fuels. 2003, 17, (2). 405. 41 I. NO- and Nz-formation behaviour during the high-temperature 02 gasification of coal char was examined using a pulse gasification reactor. which minimizes the exothermic heat generation and the secondary reaction of NO. Coal char heat treated at 1300” was gasified with IO’? O1 in a temperature range from 1000 to 1300”. Although the total nitrogen converted to NO and N? are independent of gasification temperature. a fraction of NO tends to increase with increasing char conversion and decrease with increasing gasification temperature. These trends can be explained by the secondary Nz-formation reaction from NO and char via nitrogen-containing surface species as an intermediate. This result is similar to that observed in the previous study at low temperatures, except that the surface nitrogen species is less stable at high temperature. In another series of experiments. the chal- prepared at 050’ was subjected to gasification without pretreatment at 1300, The No- and Nz-formation behaviour heavily depends on whether the char was pretreated at 1300”. The release of unstable char nitrogen as N? was observed in addition to the NZ formation from the char-NO reaction when the char was not heat-treated at a severe condition. The relative importance of these two Nz-formation routes detects the final gas composition. 03/02203 Novel composite membranes for hydrogen separation from coal gasification streams Schwartz, M. (jr al. Pr~,prinr.sof S~vnpo.siu Antericm Chrvnid Sock/,v, L),l~ivion of Fw/
C/wmi.str~~. 2003, 48, (1). 292-293.
Composite membrane disks were fabricated from ceramic pyrochlore powders together with Ni powders by wet ball milling, drying and uniaxial pressing, followed by sintering at 1400-1500”. The achieved membranes were tested for the separation of Hzfrom gas mixtures containing Hz, NZ, Hz0 and CO*, while He passed over the opposite membrane surface. The pyrochlore phases in the membrane were proton conductors, and they were stable to Hz0 and CO2 for several days. By selective doping of the pyrochlore the protonic conditions of the membranes could he increased. 03102204 Production of hydrogen with thermochemical decomposition of carbonaceous materials Lin, S.-Y. <‘I al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 82,361 (Cl. CIOJ3: 00). 19 Mar 2003. Appl. 2001:279.079. (In Japanese) If: gas is produced by reduction of water with thermochemical decomposition of carbonaceous materials (e.g. coals, plastics, biomass, and organic wastes). The method comprises grinding and mixing the carbonaceous materials with CaO, pelletizing the powder mixture, thermochemical decomposition at 30-60 atm at 600-800”, and regenerating CaO from unreacted substances at 510 atm at 850-950 with O? in a calcinations reactor. The method provides efficient production of HZ hy regeneration and recirculation of CO? absorbing substance\. 03102205 Stepwise production of CO-rich syngas and hydrogen via solar methane reforming by using a NW)ferrite redox system Kodama, T. et al. SO/U Enerxr. 2002, 73, (5). 363-374. The methane reforming process combined with metal-oxide reduction was examined on iron-based oxides of Ni(II)-, Zn(II)-, and Co(II)ferritcs, for the purpose of converting solar high-temperature heat to chemical fuels of CO-rich syngas and reduced metal oxide as storage and transport of solar energy, It was found that the Ni(II)-doping effectively improves the reactivity of magnetite as an oxidant for mcthanc reforming. A two-step cyclic steam reforming of methane. 366
which produces CO-rich syngas and hydrogen uncontaminated with carbon oxides alternately in the separate steps, was successfully demonstrated by using a ZrO+upported Ni(II)-ferrite (Ni,, zu. Fez,r,,0J/Zr02) as a working material in the temperature range of 1073-l 173 K. The produced CO-rich syngas had the H&O ratio that was more suitable for methanol production than that produced by a conventional single-step steam reforming. This syngas production using the Ni,, 19Fe:,,, OJZrO- as an oxidant wa5 also demonstrated under direct irradiation by a solar-simulated, high-tlux visible light in laboratory-scale fixed bed system. The directly-irradiated Ni,,.?om Fez (,,OJZrOZ particles acted simultaneously as good radiant absorbers and reactive chemical reactants to vield more than 9U% of methane conversion to a ?:I molar mixture o[CO and Hz under flux irradiation of 500 kW m ’ in the residence time less than I s.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November
2003
03/02206 Synthesis gas production from partial oxidation of methane with air in AC electric gas discharge Supat, K. er ol. Grc~r;y>,& Frrc~k,2003. 17. (?), 474-481. In this study, synthesis gas production in an AC electrical gas discharge of methane and air mixtures at room temperature and ambient pressure was investigated. The objective of this work was to understand how the CHd/OL feed mole ratio, ethane added, diluent gas, residence time, input power, applied frequency, and waveform. affected methane and oxygen conversions, product selectivities, and specific energy consumption. Methane and oxygen conversions increased with input power but decreased with increasing CH4/02 feed mole ratio, flow rate, and gap distance. The experiments were performed at the frequency and power in the range of 200-700 Hz and 8-14 W, respectively, while the residence times were varied from 0.06 to 0.46 s. This study confirms that active oxygen is an important factor in enhancing methane conversion and energy efficiency in a discharge reactor. Ethane is the primary product that forms at short residence times and low energies. Methane conversion dropped dramatically but oxygen conversion increased with addition of ethane to the feed gas. Sinusoidal and square waveforms gave negligibly different results. Current was constant with varying CHJ/Oz ratio and flow rate, but increased with increasing power and with decreasing gap distance and frequency. The best condition wa\ at 300 Hz and at the highest power used in each condition, since the maximum methane and oxygen conversions and synthesis gas selectivity as well as lowest specific energy consumption were found both with and without cthane in the feed gas. The minimum specific energy consumption, found at 300 Hz, were 21 and 14 eV/m, for the CH4/air system and the CH4:air/CZHh system, respectively. When studying the effect of residence time by varying the flow rate, the minimum energy consumption of 21 eV/m, was found at 0.12 and 0.23 s. For any given input power or frequency, the CHj/air system had a higher specific energy consumption than the CH4/air/CzH6 system. Less energy was consumed to convert methane under the plasma environment with nitrogen as a diluent compared to helium, indicative of a third body effect. 03102207 Thermodynamic properties of synthetic natural gases. Part 3. Dew point curves of synthetic natural gases and their mixtures with water. Measurement and correlation. Avila, S. cf crl. Enrr,~~ & Fds, 2003, 17. (2). 338-343. Experimental measurements of dew points for eight synthetic natural gases (SBG) + water mixtures were carried out between (1.2 and 99.3) x 10’ Pa at from 226.4 to 287.6 K. The experimental results were analysed in terms of both an equation of state model and an excess function-equation of state method, which reproduced the experimental data within AAD from 1.4 to 4.1 K and from 0.6 to 4.3 K. respectively. 03102206 Underground gasification of coal Vasil’ev, P. N. CI crl. Russ. RU 2.1x6.209 (Cl. E21B43/295). 27 Jul 2002. Appl. 2.000.1 I?, 146. (In Russian) The method includes setting of boundaries of gas generators, drillingin of coal seams by boreholes, ignition of coal and treatment of coal seams with reagents, and withdrawal of combustion products. An upper substandard coal seam from a contiguous seam formation is selected. Development operations on an underlying seam are performed by using a long-wall pillarless retreating system with support of development workings in a worked-out space with a full roof caving. The seam is subjected to ignition and working after disturbance of its integrity by undermining in a direction corresponding direction of excavation of the underlying seam. The method provides simple and reliable formation of reaction channels.