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02354 Prospects for economic fusion electricity
06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts)
03102350 Measuring economies of scope for cogeneration systems in Korea: a non-parametric approach Kwon, 0. S. and Yun, W.-C. Energy E~on~mi~.~. 2003. 25, (4). 331 -338. This study empirically identifies the existence and the degree of economies of scope for cogeneration systems in Korea. The index of economies of scope was derived and estimated by using a nonparametric approach of linear programming method. Based on the empirical results, economies of scope for cogeneration in Korea are presented, with total cost reduction of 13.1%. In addition, it is shown that the cost-saving effects from the jointness in capital and labour are also significant in addition to that in fuel.
03/02351 Modelling the adoption of industrial cogeneration in Japan using manufacturing plant survey data Bonilla, D. et al. Energ.v Policy, 2003, 31, (9), 8955910. Electric power deregulation in Japan opens opportunity for further penetration of on-site generation (cogeneration) otherwise known as distributed generation. In the paper the authors present a survey on Japanese industrial plants to fill existing gaps for the assessment of modern cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP). The objective of the paper is to empirically examine CHP systems based on crosssectional binary models; second to review diffusion trends of CHP by system vintage during the 1980-2000 period in the manufacturing sector. The econometric results point that the probabilities of embracing this technology increase, in declining importance, with onsite power consumption, and steam demand, operational hours as well as with payback period, purchased power. For example the survey shows that the CHP is used for the purpose of exporting power rather than meeting the plant’s own consumption. Some of the results are in line with those of earlier studies. It was also found that a unit increase in satisfaction with CHP will lead to a 54% in CHP capacity. Significant evidence was found on the cost effectiveness of CHP under conservative assumptions. Regarding the influence of satisfaction and performance indicators for the several plants, the survey threw some unexpected evidence on the nature of CHP.
03/02362 Power sector development in India with COz emission targets: effects of regtonal grid integration and the role of clean technologies Srivastava, A. K. et al. International Journal of Energy Research, 2003, 27, (7), 671-685. The power sector in India at present comprises of five separate regional electricity grids having practically no integrated operation in between them. This study analyses the utility planning, environmental and economical effects of integrated power sector development at the national level in which the regional eiectric grids are developed and operated as one integrated system. It also examines the effects of selected CO* emission reduction targets in the power sector and the role of renewable power generation technologies in India. The study shows that the integrated development and operation of the power system at the national level would reduce the total cost including fuel cost by $4912 million, total capacity addition by 2784 MW, while the emission of COz, SOz and NO, would be reduced by 23 1.6 (1.9%), 0.8 (0.9%), 0.4 (1.2%) million tons, respectively, during the planning horizon. Furthermore, the study shows that the expected unserved energy, one of the indices of generation system reliability, would decrease to 26 GWh under integrated national power system from 5158 GWh. As different levels of CO2 emission reduction targets were imposed, there is a switching of generation from conventional coal plants to gas fired plants, clean coal technologies and nuclear based plants. As a result the capacity expansion cost has increased. It was found that the wind power plant is most attractive and economical in the Indian perspective among the renewable options considered (solar, wind and biomass).
03/02353 Projected electric@ savings from implementing minimum energ efficiency standard for household refrigerators in L alaysia Mahlia, T. M. I. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (7), 751-754. The Malaysian economy has grown rapidly in the last two decades. This growth has increased the ownership of household electrical appliances, Almost every house in Malaysia especially refrigerator-freezers. owns a refrigerator-freezer. The Malaysia Energy Center considered implementing a minimum energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers sometime in the coming year. This paper attempts to predict the amount of energy savings in the residential sector by implementing a minimum energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers. The calculations are based on the growth of refrigerator-freezer ownership data in Malaysian households. By implementing the programs in 2004, about 8722 GWh will be saved in the year 2013. Therefore, efficiency improvement of this appliance will provide a significant impact in future electricity consumption in Malaysia. 384
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2003
03102354 Prospects for economic fusion electricity Cook, I. P/ crl. Fusi,,n Engineming and Dexign. 2003. 63.~64, 2S33. Extensive studies of fusion economics have been performed in the last decade within the European Union and the United States, Over the same period major advances have heen made in the physics and technology of fusion. This paper summarizes the prospects for fusion making an economically attractive contribution to the future energy mix. With modest physics optimization and anticipated near-term materials, the internal costs of fusion electricity would he about 50% more expensive than electricity from fossil fuels (not counting the costs of pollution abatement) and roughly comparable to renewables. Unlike renewahles. fusion provides firm power. The use of advanced materials. technology and physics leads to an internal cost of fusion electricity approaching the internal cost from fission or fossil. Fusion has small external costs, along with wind, about an order of magnitude lower than fossil. Energy scenarios show that fusion could contribute significantly to large-scale electricity production during the second half of the century; the overall cost of fusion electricity is likely to bc comparable with that from other environmentally responsible sources of electricity generation.
03102355 Regional load forecasting in Taiwan applications of artificial neural networks Hsu, C.-C. and Chen, C-Y. Ener,q>xConversion and Monagenwnt. 2003, 44, (12). 1941ll949. Up to now, the general style of load forecasting emphasized aggregate load forecasting. Such load forecasting results not only cannot identity where the power load takes place but also is not helpful for power facilities construction location planning. On the other hand, the power industry has been moving toward a deregulated environment recently. The results of regional load prediction could be used by power retailers to find their potential business opportunities. For transmission and distribution operators, accurate regional load forecasting can help them in long term power system planning and construction. Thus. regional load forecasting is getting more and more important for electricity providers in a deregulated power market. In this paper. empirical data are collected to formulate an artificial neural network model to predict the regional peak load of Taiwan. Based on the forecast results. some suggestions for Taiwan power market providers are presented.
03/02356 Usin energy efficiency to help address electric systems reliabi L : an initial examination of 2001 experience
Kushler, M. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (4), 303-317. This paper presents the highlights from a study of reliability-focused energy-efficiency programmes implemented for the summer of 2001. These types of programmes were specifically designed, modified, or rapidly enlarged to address electric system reliability concerns. After first describing the methodology of the project, the results of a SO-State Screening Survey were presented, followed by a description of 22 reliability-focused energy efficiency programs identified and selected as ‘case studies’ in this project. Examples of three other different types of energy efficiency policy responses were discussed that were taken to address reliability concerns. Finally, some preliminary aggregate impact estimates and outlining some lessons learned during the 2001 experience were provided.
03/02357 VAR pricing computation in multi-areas linear convex network flow programming
by non-
Zhu, J. Z. Electric Power Systems Research, 2bO3, 65, (2), l29m 134. This paper presents an approach to calculate the price of reactive power (VAR) support service in a multi-area power system. The methods are cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and non-linear convex network flow programming (NLCNFP). By using multiple cost-benefit indices, the VAR support benefits with respect to power delivery increases of tie lines are computed. These benefits are used to determine the VAR pricing in multi-areas environment. The multi-area optimization model with VAR pricing is solved by NLCNFP algorithm, which is a combined method of quadratic programming (QP) and network flow programming (NFP). The proposed VAR pricing scheme was tested on IEEE 118-bus system, which is divided into three areas.
0302368 Wide-range, fast and robust estimation system frequency
of power
Karimi-Ghartemani, M. and Iravani, M. R. Electric Power System Research, 2003, 65, (2), 109-l 17. A novel method of frequency estimation, for power system applications such as control and protection, is proposed and its performance is evaluated. The proposed frequency estimator can measure small as well as large deviations from the nominal point. It closely follows step, ramp and oscillatory variations of the frequency over time. Other significant features of the proposed algorithm are: (a) structural simplicity, which renders it suitable for hardware/software implementation; (b) performance robustness in the presence of DC offset and harmonic components; (c) noise immunity; (d) performance robustness with
03102350 Measuring economies of scope for cogeneration systems in Korea: a non-parametric approach Kwon, 0. S. and Yun, W.-C. Energy E~on~mi~.~. 2003. 25, (4). 331 -338. This study empirically identifies the existence and the degree of economies of scope for cogeneration systems in Korea. The index of economies of scope was derived and estimated by using a nonparametric approach of linear programming method. Based on the empirical results, economies of scope for cogeneration in Korea are presented, with total cost reduction of 13.1%. In addition, it is shown that the cost-saving effects from the jointness in capital and labour are also significant in addition to that in fuel.
03/02351 Modelling the adoption of industrial cogeneration in Japan using manufacturing plant survey data Bonilla, D. et al. Energ.v Policy, 2003, 31, (9), 8955910. Electric power deregulation in Japan opens opportunity for further penetration of on-site generation (cogeneration) otherwise known as distributed generation. In the paper the authors present a survey on Japanese industrial plants to fill existing gaps for the assessment of modern cogeneration (combined heat and power, CHP). The objective of the paper is to empirically examine CHP systems based on crosssectional binary models; second to review diffusion trends of CHP by system vintage during the 1980-2000 period in the manufacturing sector. The econometric results point that the probabilities of embracing this technology increase, in declining importance, with onsite power consumption, and steam demand, operational hours as well as with payback period, purchased power. For example the survey shows that the CHP is used for the purpose of exporting power rather than meeting the plant’s own consumption. Some of the results are in line with those of earlier studies. It was also found that a unit increase in satisfaction with CHP will lead to a 54% in CHP capacity. Significant evidence was found on the cost effectiveness of CHP under conservative assumptions. Regarding the influence of satisfaction and performance indicators for the several plants, the survey threw some unexpected evidence on the nature of CHP.
03/02362 Power sector development in India with COz emission targets: effects of regtonal grid integration and the role of clean technologies Srivastava, A. K. et al. International Journal of Energy Research, 2003, 27, (7), 671-685. The power sector in India at present comprises of five separate regional electricity grids having practically no integrated operation in between them. This study analyses the utility planning, environmental and economical effects of integrated power sector development at the national level in which the regional eiectric grids are developed and operated as one integrated system. It also examines the effects of selected CO* emission reduction targets in the power sector and the role of renewable power generation technologies in India. The study shows that the integrated development and operation of the power system at the national level would reduce the total cost including fuel cost by $4912 million, total capacity addition by 2784 MW, while the emission of COz, SOz and NO, would be reduced by 23 1.6 (1.9%), 0.8 (0.9%), 0.4 (1.2%) million tons, respectively, during the planning horizon. Furthermore, the study shows that the expected unserved energy, one of the indices of generation system reliability, would decrease to 26 GWh under integrated national power system from 5158 GWh. As different levels of CO2 emission reduction targets were imposed, there is a switching of generation from conventional coal plants to gas fired plants, clean coal technologies and nuclear based plants. As a result the capacity expansion cost has increased. It was found that the wind power plant is most attractive and economical in the Indian perspective among the renewable options considered (solar, wind and biomass).
03/02353 Projected electric@ savings from implementing minimum energ efficiency standard for household refrigerators in L alaysia Mahlia, T. M. I. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (7), 751-754. The Malaysian economy has grown rapidly in the last two decades. This growth has increased the ownership of household electrical appliances, Almost every house in Malaysia especially refrigerator-freezers. owns a refrigerator-freezer. The Malaysia Energy Center considered implementing a minimum energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers sometime in the coming year. This paper attempts to predict the amount of energy savings in the residential sector by implementing a minimum energy efficiency standard for household refrigerator-freezers. The calculations are based on the growth of refrigerator-freezer ownership data in Malaysian households. By implementing the programs in 2004, about 8722 GWh will be saved in the year 2013. Therefore, efficiency improvement of this appliance will provide a significant impact in future electricity consumption in Malaysia. 384
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2003
03102354 Prospects for economic fusion electricity Cook, I. P/ crl. Fusi,,n Engineming and Dexign. 2003. 63.~64, 2S33. Extensive studies of fusion economics have been performed in the last decade within the European Union and the United States, Over the same period major advances have heen made in the physics and technology of fusion. This paper summarizes the prospects for fusion making an economically attractive contribution to the future energy mix. With modest physics optimization and anticipated near-term materials, the internal costs of fusion electricity would he about 50% more expensive than electricity from fossil fuels (not counting the costs of pollution abatement) and roughly comparable to renewables. Unlike renewahles. fusion provides firm power. The use of advanced materials. technology and physics leads to an internal cost of fusion electricity approaching the internal cost from fission or fossil. Fusion has small external costs, along with wind, about an order of magnitude lower than fossil. Energy scenarios show that fusion could contribute significantly to large-scale electricity production during the second half of the century; the overall cost of fusion electricity is likely to bc comparable with that from other environmentally responsible sources of electricity generation.
03102355 Regional load forecasting in Taiwan applications of artificial neural networks Hsu, C.-C. and Chen, C-Y. Ener,q>xConversion and Monagenwnt. 2003, 44, (12). 1941ll949. Up to now, the general style of load forecasting emphasized aggregate load forecasting. Such load forecasting results not only cannot identity where the power load takes place but also is not helpful for power facilities construction location planning. On the other hand, the power industry has been moving toward a deregulated environment recently. The results of regional load prediction could be used by power retailers to find their potential business opportunities. For transmission and distribution operators, accurate regional load forecasting can help them in long term power system planning and construction. Thus. regional load forecasting is getting more and more important for electricity providers in a deregulated power market. In this paper. empirical data are collected to formulate an artificial neural network model to predict the regional peak load of Taiwan. Based on the forecast results. some suggestions for Taiwan power market providers are presented.
03/02356 Usin energy efficiency to help address electric systems reliabi L : an initial examination of 2001 experience
Kushler, M. et al. Energy, 2003, 28, (4), 303-317. This paper presents the highlights from a study of reliability-focused energy-efficiency programmes implemented for the summer of 2001. These types of programmes were specifically designed, modified, or rapidly enlarged to address electric system reliability concerns. After first describing the methodology of the project, the results of a SO-State Screening Survey were presented, followed by a description of 22 reliability-focused energy efficiency programs identified and selected as ‘case studies’ in this project. Examples of three other different types of energy efficiency policy responses were discussed that were taken to address reliability concerns. Finally, some preliminary aggregate impact estimates and outlining some lessons learned during the 2001 experience were provided.
03/02357 VAR pricing computation in multi-areas linear convex network flow programming
by non-
Zhu, J. Z. Electric Power Systems Research, 2bO3, 65, (2), l29m 134. This paper presents an approach to calculate the price of reactive power (VAR) support service in a multi-area power system. The methods are cost-benefit analysis (CBA) and non-linear convex network flow programming (NLCNFP). By using multiple cost-benefit indices, the VAR support benefits with respect to power delivery increases of tie lines are computed. These benefits are used to determine the VAR pricing in multi-areas environment. The multi-area optimization model with VAR pricing is solved by NLCNFP algorithm, which is a combined method of quadratic programming (QP) and network flow programming (NFP). The proposed VAR pricing scheme was tested on IEEE 118-bus system, which is divided into three areas.
0302368 Wide-range, fast and robust estimation system frequency
of power
Karimi-Ghartemani, M. and Iravani, M. R. Electric Power System Research, 2003, 65, (2), 109-l 17. A novel method of frequency estimation, for power system applications such as control and protection, is proposed and its performance is evaluated. The proposed frequency estimator can measure small as well as large deviations from the nominal point. It closely follows step, ramp and oscillatory variations of the frequency over time. Other significant features of the proposed algorithm are: (a) structural simplicity, which renders it suitable for hardware/software implementation; (b) performance robustness in the presence of DC offset and harmonic components; (c) noise immunity; (d) performance robustness with