- Email: [email protected]
02565 A pro-active stratospheric ozone protection scenario
15 Environment
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
the interest of studying of the thermal energy resources author describe the historical development of the heat thermal equipment including thermal pump.
03/02562 Energy performance of air-to-water water heat pumps in hotel applications
grew. science
The and
and water-to-
Lam, J. C. et nl. Chan. W. W. Energy Convrrsion ctnd Muna,qwwnt. 2003, 44, (IO). 1625-1631. We present work on measurement of the energy performance of heat pumps for hotel operations in subtropical climates. Two city hotels in Hong Kong were investigated. The first case was an application of an air-to-water heat pump to provide heating for an outdoor swimming pool during the heating season. The second case was the installation of three water-to-water heat pumps to complement an existing hoiler system for hot water supply. The heating energy output and corresponding electricity use were measured. The heat pump energy efficiency was evaluated in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP), defined as the heating energy output to the electrical energy use. The air-to-water heat pump provided 49.1 MW h heating while consuming 24.6 MW h electricity during the 64-month heating season from mid-October to April. For the water-to-water heat pumps, the estimated annual heating output and the electricity use were 952 and 544 MW h, respectively. It was found that the heat pumps generally operated in a COP range of 1.5-2.4, and the payback period was about 2 years. which was considered financially attractive.
03/02563 integrated heating
Model of a thermal energy storage device into a solar assisted heat pump system for space
Badescu, V. Energy Conversion and Managment, 2003, 44. (IO), 1589 1604. Details about modelling a sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) device integrated into a space heating system are given. The two main operating modes are described. Solar air heaters provide thermal energy for driving a vapour compression heat pump. The TES unit ensures a more efficient usage of the collected solar energy. The TES operation is modeled by using two non-linear coupled partial differential equations for the temperature of the storage medium and heat transfer fluid, respectively. Preliminary results show that smaller TES units provide a higher heat flux to the heat pump vaporizer. This makes the small TES unit discharge more rapidly during time periods with higher thermal loads. The larger TES units provide heat during longer time periods, even if the heat flux they supply is generally smaller. The maximum heat flux is extracted from the TES unit during the morning. Both the heat pump COP and exergy efficiency decrease when the TES unit length increases. Also, the monthly thermal energy stored by the TES unit and the monthly energy necessary to drive the heat pump compressor are increased by increasing the TES unit length.
03/02564 Performance pump water heater
analysis
of a solar-assisted
heat
Chyng, J. P. et al. Solar Energy, 2003, 74, (I). 3344. A modeling and system simulation of an integral-type solar assisted heat pump water heater (ISAHP) was carried out in the present study. The modeling and simulation assumes a quasi-steady process for all the components in the ISAHP except the storage tank. The simulation results for instantaneous performance agreed very well with experiment. The simulation technique was used to analyse the daily performance of an ISAHP for 1 year. It is shown that the daily total COP (COP,,) is around 1.7 to 2.5 year around for the ISAHP, depending on seasons and weather conditions. COP,, is higher than 2.0 for most of the time in a year and the daily operating time varies from 4 to 8 h. The online adjustment requirement of the expansion valve was also investigated using the present simulation technique. The analysis shows that the expansion device does not need to be controlled online. Using the l-year simulation results, a universal daily performance correlation of the ISAHP was derived and shown experimentally to be applicable to another design of ISAHP.
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety 03102566 scenario Minh,
H.-D.
410
Fuel
A pro-active et al. GIohal
and
Energy
stratospheric Environmental
Abstracts
ozone protectlon Change,
2003.
November 2003
13, (1). 43-49.
We explore the consequences of an earlier phase-out 01 ozone depleting substance\. starting IO years betore the Montreal Protocol. Atmospheric chemistry simulations verif\g the effectiveness of such an early-action scenario: stratospheric chl&ne abundance remains helow the level at which the orone hole was discovered. even though countries arc permanentI? allowed to continue usrng ms to a non-negligible extent. A sectorallv detailed technic+economic analysi, finds that the additional co\t (~.f the earlier action scenario would have been moderate. It was concluded [hat the Montreal Protocol was only partially successful at precaution: global atmospheric environmental problems could bc regulated before surprising non-linearities occur.
03/02566 A review of dust in fusion devices: for safety and operational performance Sharpe.
.I. P. PI c/1. F!‘lr.siofr Eryirrwriny
implications
and DCJV&JI. 2003.
63 64.
153
163.
Dust is produced in fusion devices by energetic plasma-surface interactions. As the amount of dust increases, potential safety and operational concerns arise. The dust may contain tritium, may be radioactive from activation products, and may be chemically reactive and/or toxic. Possible accidents in large fusion reactors could mobilize the dust and threaten public safety. Dust also poses potential problems to device operation. For example, plasma startup could be impeded, particulate injected from flaking deposits may disrupt the fusion plasma, and tritium retention in dust will affect fuel recovery systems. The current understanding of dust’s role in fusion devices is reviewed in this paper hy discussing mechanisms of dust production, considering ways dust impacts device safely and operation. and comparing characteristics of dust collected trom existing fusion plasma research devices.
03/02567 monoxide
A statistical levels
Abdul-Wahab, Polhtion,
model for predicting
S. A. vt trl. /nturtmtiomrl 2003,
.lourruI
carbon of D~rironment
md
19, (3), 209-224.
This paper presents a statistical model that is able to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations as a function of meteorological conditions and various air quality parameters. The experimental work was conducted in an urban atmosphere, where the emissions from cars are prevalent. A mobile air pollution monitoring laboratory was used to collect data, which were divided into two groups: a development group and a testing group. Only the development dataset was used for developing the model. The model was determined by using a stepwise multiple regression modelling procedure. Thirteen independent variables were selected as inputs: non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), methane (CH4), suspended dust, carbon dioxide (CO& nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N03), sulfur dioxide (SO& ozone (03), wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and solar energy. It was found that NO has the most effect on the predicted CO concentration. The contribution of NO to the CO concentration variations was 91.3%. Adding in the terms for NO*, NMHC and CH4 improved the model by only a further 2.3%. The derived model was shown to be statistically significant, and model predictions and experimental observations were shown to be consistent.
03/02566 About the ecological aspects combustion in thermopower plants
of dual fuel
Cirdu, M. and Baica. M. Encyq Co~wrsiotz md Munupwwwt. 2003, 44, (I I), 1773-1786. In this paper, the possibility of rluucrl fir1.c (DFs) applications in existent thermopower plants (TPPs) is analysed in order to enable their pollutant emissions to conform to the ecological norms, which limit their values. This analysis includes all the primary fuels that are most commonly used in Komanian TPPs (coal. fuel oil), and as secondary fuels to form DF. we consider methane gas and hydrogen.
03/02569 Accumulation and fate of selected in a biological wastewater treatment system
heavy metals
Chipasa, K. B. Wnsrc Management. 2003. 23. (2), 135-143. The aim of this research was to study the accumulation and removal of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) by a biological wastewater treatment system. Heavy metal contents in the influent and effluent wastewater were compared. Also. the heavy metal contents in the sludge before and after anaerobic digestion were compared. The results showed: (1) more pronounced variations in the contents of Cu and Zn than that of Cd and Pb, which showed that at 0.02 for Cd and 0.05 mgfl for Pb, the reduction in their contents was insignificant; (2) that removal of heavy metals was directly proportional to their initial contents in the influent wastewater. Corresponding to the influent contents, in increasing order, the reduction in heavy metal contents was: Cd
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
the interest of studying of the thermal energy resources author describe the historical development of the heat thermal equipment including thermal pump.
03/02562 Energy performance of air-to-water water heat pumps in hotel applications
grew. science
The and
and water-to-
Lam, J. C. et nl. Chan. W. W. Energy Convrrsion ctnd Muna,qwwnt. 2003, 44, (IO). 1625-1631. We present work on measurement of the energy performance of heat pumps for hotel operations in subtropical climates. Two city hotels in Hong Kong were investigated. The first case was an application of an air-to-water heat pump to provide heating for an outdoor swimming pool during the heating season. The second case was the installation of three water-to-water heat pumps to complement an existing hoiler system for hot water supply. The heating energy output and corresponding electricity use were measured. The heat pump energy efficiency was evaluated in terms of the coefficient of performance (COP), defined as the heating energy output to the electrical energy use. The air-to-water heat pump provided 49.1 MW h heating while consuming 24.6 MW h electricity during the 64-month heating season from mid-October to April. For the water-to-water heat pumps, the estimated annual heating output and the electricity use were 952 and 544 MW h, respectively. It was found that the heat pumps generally operated in a COP range of 1.5-2.4, and the payback period was about 2 years. which was considered financially attractive.
03/02563 integrated heating
Model of a thermal energy storage device into a solar assisted heat pump system for space
Badescu, V. Energy Conversion and Managment, 2003, 44. (IO), 1589 1604. Details about modelling a sensible heat thermal energy storage (TES) device integrated into a space heating system are given. The two main operating modes are described. Solar air heaters provide thermal energy for driving a vapour compression heat pump. The TES unit ensures a more efficient usage of the collected solar energy. The TES operation is modeled by using two non-linear coupled partial differential equations for the temperature of the storage medium and heat transfer fluid, respectively. Preliminary results show that smaller TES units provide a higher heat flux to the heat pump vaporizer. This makes the small TES unit discharge more rapidly during time periods with higher thermal loads. The larger TES units provide heat during longer time periods, even if the heat flux they supply is generally smaller. The maximum heat flux is extracted from the TES unit during the morning. Both the heat pump COP and exergy efficiency decrease when the TES unit length increases. Also, the monthly thermal energy stored by the TES unit and the monthly energy necessary to drive the heat pump compressor are increased by increasing the TES unit length.
03/02564 Performance pump water heater
analysis
of a solar-assisted
heat
Chyng, J. P. et al. Solar Energy, 2003, 74, (I). 3344. A modeling and system simulation of an integral-type solar assisted heat pump water heater (ISAHP) was carried out in the present study. The modeling and simulation assumes a quasi-steady process for all the components in the ISAHP except the storage tank. The simulation results for instantaneous performance agreed very well with experiment. The simulation technique was used to analyse the daily performance of an ISAHP for 1 year. It is shown that the daily total COP (COP,,) is around 1.7 to 2.5 year around for the ISAHP, depending on seasons and weather conditions. COP,, is higher than 2.0 for most of the time in a year and the daily operating time varies from 4 to 8 h. The online adjustment requirement of the expansion valve was also investigated using the present simulation technique. The analysis shows that the expansion device does not need to be controlled online. Using the l-year simulation results, a universal daily performance correlation of the ISAHP was derived and shown experimentally to be applicable to another design of ISAHP.
15 ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety 03102566 scenario Minh,
H.-D.
410
Fuel
A pro-active et al. GIohal
and
Energy
stratospheric Environmental
Abstracts
ozone protectlon Change,
2003.
November 2003
13, (1). 43-49.
We explore the consequences of an earlier phase-out 01 ozone depleting substance\. starting IO years betore the Montreal Protocol. Atmospheric chemistry simulations verif\g the effectiveness of such an early-action scenario: stratospheric chl&ne abundance remains helow the level at which the orone hole was discovered. even though countries arc permanentI? allowed to continue usrng ms to a non-negligible extent. A sectorallv detailed technic+economic analysi, finds that the additional co\t (~.f the earlier action scenario would have been moderate. It was concluded [hat the Montreal Protocol was only partially successful at precaution: global atmospheric environmental problems could bc regulated before surprising non-linearities occur.
03/02566 A review of dust in fusion devices: for safety and operational performance Sharpe.
.I. P. PI c/1. F!‘lr.siofr Eryirrwriny
implications
and DCJV&JI. 2003.
63 64.
153
163.
Dust is produced in fusion devices by energetic plasma-surface interactions. As the amount of dust increases, potential safety and operational concerns arise. The dust may contain tritium, may be radioactive from activation products, and may be chemically reactive and/or toxic. Possible accidents in large fusion reactors could mobilize the dust and threaten public safety. Dust also poses potential problems to device operation. For example, plasma startup could be impeded, particulate injected from flaking deposits may disrupt the fusion plasma, and tritium retention in dust will affect fuel recovery systems. The current understanding of dust’s role in fusion devices is reviewed in this paper hy discussing mechanisms of dust production, considering ways dust impacts device safely and operation. and comparing characteristics of dust collected trom existing fusion plasma research devices.
03/02567 monoxide
A statistical levels
Abdul-Wahab, Polhtion,
model for predicting
S. A. vt trl. /nturtmtiomrl 2003,
.lourruI
carbon of D~rironment
md
19, (3), 209-224.
This paper presents a statistical model that is able to predict carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations as a function of meteorological conditions and various air quality parameters. The experimental work was conducted in an urban atmosphere, where the emissions from cars are prevalent. A mobile air pollution monitoring laboratory was used to collect data, which were divided into two groups: a development group and a testing group. Only the development dataset was used for developing the model. The model was determined by using a stepwise multiple regression modelling procedure. Thirteen independent variables were selected as inputs: non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC), methane (CH4), suspended dust, carbon dioxide (CO& nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (N03), sulfur dioxide (SO& ozone (03), wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and solar energy. It was found that NO has the most effect on the predicted CO concentration. The contribution of NO to the CO concentration variations was 91.3%. Adding in the terms for NO*, NMHC and CH4 improved the model by only a further 2.3%. The derived model was shown to be statistically significant, and model predictions and experimental observations were shown to be consistent.
03/02566 About the ecological aspects combustion in thermopower plants
of dual fuel
Cirdu, M. and Baica. M. Encyq Co~wrsiotz md Munupwwwt. 2003, 44, (I I), 1773-1786. In this paper, the possibility of rluucrl fir1.c (DFs) applications in existent thermopower plants (TPPs) is analysed in order to enable their pollutant emissions to conform to the ecological norms, which limit their values. This analysis includes all the primary fuels that are most commonly used in Komanian TPPs (coal. fuel oil), and as secondary fuels to form DF. we consider methane gas and hydrogen.
03/02569 Accumulation and fate of selected in a biological wastewater treatment system
heavy metals
Chipasa, K. B. Wnsrc Management. 2003. 23. (2), 135-143. The aim of this research was to study the accumulation and removal of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) by a biological wastewater treatment system. Heavy metal contents in the influent and effluent wastewater were compared. Also. the heavy metal contents in the sludge before and after anaerobic digestion were compared. The results showed: (1) more pronounced variations in the contents of Cu and Zn than that of Cd and Pb, which showed that at 0.02 for Cd and 0.05 mgfl for Pb, the reduction in their contents was insignificant; (2) that removal of heavy metals was directly proportional to their initial contents in the influent wastewater. Corresponding to the influent contents, in increasing order, the reduction in heavy metal contents was: Cd