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00188 Progress in activated carbonaceous materials from coal
04 respectively, and an outlet for discharging the resulting fly ashes; a stirring apparatus installed in the inside of the container; and a jacket surrounding the trunk portion of the container. Fly ashes can be detoxicated by using only a single apparatus. 04/00184 Preparation of activated mesocarbon microbeads with high mesopore content Shen, Z. and Xue, R. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 95% 103. In this study, activated mesocarbon microbeads with high mesopore content were prepared from the chemical activation of mesocarbon microbeads with KOH. The resulting activated mesocarbon microbeads possess well-developed pore structure. The maximum value of the t%tal pore volume is 2.45 cm /g, and BET surface area can reach 3182 m ig. Especially, the resulting mesoporous activated microbeads also have mesopore content ranging from 56.1 to 65.7%. It can be seen from the isotherms of N2 at -196°C that the resulting activated mesocarbon microbeads have high adsorption capacity. 04/00185 Preparation of lightweight fly ash/mixed plastic aggregates for concretes Malloy, R. and Moshen, G. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 41,782 (Cl. 106-705; C04B18/06), 6 Mar 2003, US Appl. PV287,136. Synthetic lightweight aggregate compositions for concretes comprise fly ash and a mixture of two or more polymer components (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride and/or polyethylene terephthalate). Lightweight concrete which cures to a hardened cementitious composite comprises Portland cement, water with water/cement weight ratio of x0.2-0.7, and synthetic lightweight aggregates in aggregate/cement weight ratio of =O.l-0.5. 04/00188 Preparation of mesoporous carbon from commercial activated carbon with steam activation in the presence of cerium oxide Shen, W. et al. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2003, 264, (2), 467-473. Mesoporous carbon was prepared from the commercial activated carbon by steam activation with cerium oxide as catalyst. Steam activation with a catalyst loading of 0.5-2.0 wt% at 680-870°C was examined. The surface area and pore size were evaluated by nitrogen adsorption at 77 K, and the structure of cerium oxide was characterized by XRD, XPS, and TEM. The results showed that the catalyst promoted the development of a mesopore at lower temperature (680-74O”C), and the mesopore was concentrated around 4-10 nm. The non-catalytic activation was advantageous in mesopore development and the catalyst would restrict the formation of mesopores at high temperature (800-870°C). Higher loading of cerium oxide and higher activation temperature caused the aggregation of cerium oxide and then resulted in scattered pore size distribution. 04100187 Production of synthesis gas and synthesis gas derived products Steynberg, A. P. et al. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 18,467 (Cl. COlB3/00), 6 Mar 2003, US Appl. PV314,122. A process for upgrading raw synthesis gas comprising at least CH4, COa CO and HZ, includes heating the raw synthesis gas by addition of energy derived from electricity to provide an upgraded synthesis gas comprising less CH4 and COz and more CO and Hz than the raw synthesis gas. The invention extends to a process for producing synthesis gas, which process includes reforming a hydrocarbonaceous gas feedstock which includes CH4 to raw synthesis gas comprising at least CH4, COz, CO and Hz, and upgrading the raw synthesis gas in a process which includes heating the raw synthesis gas by addition of energy derived from electricity to provide an upgraded synthesis gas comprising less CH4 and COz and more CO and Hs than the raw synthesis gas.
By-products
related
to fuels
Studies on inorganic sulfur removal from (i) five high sulfur coals, where pyrite is highly disseminated in the organic matrix of coal and cannot be separated by a low-cost, simple and conventional-technology flotation process, from the north-eastern region of India (viz., Ledo, Baragolai, Tipong, Dilli and Jeypore), (ii) two high sulfur coals from Wardha Valley coalfield of Central India (viz., Majri and Bellora), and (iii) five very high sulfur coal rejects from Taroda, Bellora, Rajur and New Majri (U/G) collieries in Wardha Valley coalfield, and recovery of sulfur in the form of ferric sulfate were carried out using aqueous ferric sulfate solution prepared from the ferric sulfate purchased from the market (for the first experiment). This was followed by three to four more similar experiments using the recovered ferric sulfate from the previous experiment. The objective was to see if the results are reproducible when the recovered, re-recovered and ferric sulfate was used for the subsequent experiments. It was found that the results were reproducible. Over 90% of the fine distributed as well as undisseminated (in organic matrix of coal) pyritic and sulfate sulfur were removed with recovery of ferric sulfate. The converted ferric sulfate from pyrite and sulfate sulfur was also recovered. It was established that the highly disseminated pyrite in coal was converted into ferric sulfate, hence removal of pyritic sulfur was achieved, which was otherwise not possible with the flotation technique, and the ferric sulfate recovered was successfully used again and again for the removal of inorganic sulfur from high sulfur coals/rejects. The process shows potential for use in utilizing very high ash and very high sulfur containing coal rejects, which otherwise cannot be used as high ash fuel in fluidized bed combustion unit, by way of recovering sulfur in the form of value-added product. 04/00190 Sorption of zinc ions from aqueous solutions on regenerated activated carbons Dabek, L. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2003, 101, (2), 191-201. This paper discusses the increasing use of activated carbons to remove wastewater contaminants and their contribution to producing wastes abundant in heavy metals. Considering their threat to the environment and their possible recovery, research on the regeneration of spent carbon sorbents and catalysts is advisable. It has also been shown that it is possible to recover activated carbon from spent catalyst (C&rent) generated by vinyl acetate synthesis by using supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide or by leaching with hydrochloric acid or a solution of nitric acid assisted by microwave energy. Activated carbon recovered in this work had a high sorption for zinc ions that was comparable to that of fresh commercial activated carbon. 04/00191 The characterization of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers van Jaarsveld, J. G. S. et al. Materials Letters, 2003, 57, (7), 1272-1280. In recent years geopolymers have emerged as novel materials having unique and highly desirable chemical and mechanical properties. The technology of geopolymerization is gaining corn. interest because, in certain cases, the properties of geopolymeric materials are superior to existing cementitious systems. Source materials used during the synthesis of geopolymers from industrial byproducts such as fly ash have an important role in detecting the final properties of the geopolymer matrix. It is proposed in the current work that this is caused by the fact that not all of the waste material is dissolved and, therefore, some of the original structures of waste particles remain intact, becoming part of the new geopolymer structure and serving to either weaken or strengthen the newly formed structure. The current work uses X-ray diffraction and FTIR techniques to characterize fly ash obtained from different sources to gain a greater understanding of the effect of phase composition on the dissolution behaviour, reactivity, and final physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymeric materials.
04/00188 Progress in activated carbonaceous materials from coal Yang, M. et al. Meiran Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (l), 26-31. (In Chinese) Various kinds of coal-based active carbonaceous materials and their structural characteristics are summarized and the progress in preparation for coal-based active carbonaceous materials, such as active carbon, active carbon fibre, and different-nanostructural carbonaceous materials, from coal is reviewed. It is proposed that high valued products from coal, as super active carbon, active carbon fibre, and nanostructured carbonaceous materials have a promising future in extending the application fields of coalbed gas and the components in gaseous products made from coal gasification.
04/00192 Treatment of fly ash-based additive to increase compressive strength of cement binder Lakshmanan, V. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 79,656 (Cl 1066 705; C04B18/06), 1 May 2003, US Appl. PV299,644. A finely ground powder comprises a mixture of fly ash and a compound selected from alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, and metakaolinite. Preferably, the amount of said compound (especially CaO and MgO) is 0.4-l weight% of the powder. A binder composition comprises Portland cement and the finely ground powder mentioned above. The fly ash is treated by subjecting to a gas/solid reactor (a) for removal of carbon and, in particular, to increase the amount of crystal phase relative to the amount of amorphous phase, and (b) for removal of magnetic particles. Examples of such gas/solid reactors include fluidized bed reactors and a reactor known as a Torbed reactor.
04/00189 Recovery of sulphur from very high ash fuel and fine distributed pyritic sulphur containing coal using ferric sulphate Srivastava, S. K. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 31-46.
04/00193 Utilization of coal fly ash as a slow-release granular medium for soil improvement Yoo, J. G. and Jo, Y. M. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2003, 53, (l), 77-83. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
23
By-products
related
to fuels
Studies on inorganic sulfur removal from (i) five high sulfur coals, where pyrite is highly disseminated in the organic matrix of coal and cannot be separated by a low-cost, simple and conventional-technology flotation process, from the north-eastern region of India (viz., Ledo, Baragolai, Tipong, Dilli and Jeypore), (ii) two high sulfur coals from Wardha Valley coalfield of Central India (viz., Majri and Bellora), and (iii) five very high sulfur coal rejects from Taroda, Bellora, Rajur and New Majri (U/G) collieries in Wardha Valley coalfield, and recovery of sulfur in the form of ferric sulfate were carried out using aqueous ferric sulfate solution prepared from the ferric sulfate purchased from the market (for the first experiment). This was followed by three to four more similar experiments using the recovered ferric sulfate from the previous experiment. The objective was to see if the results are reproducible when the recovered, re-recovered and ferric sulfate was used for the subsequent experiments. It was found that the results were reproducible. Over 90% of the fine distributed as well as undisseminated (in organic matrix of coal) pyritic and sulfate sulfur were removed with recovery of ferric sulfate. The converted ferric sulfate from pyrite and sulfate sulfur was also recovered. It was established that the highly disseminated pyrite in coal was converted into ferric sulfate, hence removal of pyritic sulfur was achieved, which was otherwise not possible with the flotation technique, and the ferric sulfate recovered was successfully used again and again for the removal of inorganic sulfur from high sulfur coals/rejects. The process shows potential for use in utilizing very high ash and very high sulfur containing coal rejects, which otherwise cannot be used as high ash fuel in fluidized bed combustion unit, by way of recovering sulfur in the form of value-added product. 04/00190 Sorption of zinc ions from aqueous solutions on regenerated activated carbons Dabek, L. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2003, 101, (2), 191-201. This paper discusses the increasing use of activated carbons to remove wastewater contaminants and their contribution to producing wastes abundant in heavy metals. Considering their threat to the environment and their possible recovery, research on the regeneration of spent carbon sorbents and catalysts is advisable. It has also been shown that it is possible to recover activated carbon from spent catalyst (C&rent) generated by vinyl acetate synthesis by using supercritical extraction with carbon dioxide or by leaching with hydrochloric acid or a solution of nitric acid assisted by microwave energy. Activated carbon recovered in this work had a high sorption for zinc ions that was comparable to that of fresh commercial activated carbon. 04/00191 The characterization of source materials in fly ash-based geopolymers van Jaarsveld, J. G. S. et al. Materials Letters, 2003, 57, (7), 1272-1280. In recent years geopolymers have emerged as novel materials having unique and highly desirable chemical and mechanical properties. The technology of geopolymerization is gaining corn. interest because, in certain cases, the properties of geopolymeric materials are superior to existing cementitious systems. Source materials used during the synthesis of geopolymers from industrial byproducts such as fly ash have an important role in detecting the final properties of the geopolymer matrix. It is proposed in the current work that this is caused by the fact that not all of the waste material is dissolved and, therefore, some of the original structures of waste particles remain intact, becoming part of the new geopolymer structure and serving to either weaken or strengthen the newly formed structure. The current work uses X-ray diffraction and FTIR techniques to characterize fly ash obtained from different sources to gain a greater understanding of the effect of phase composition on the dissolution behaviour, reactivity, and final physical and mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymeric materials.
04/00188 Progress in activated carbonaceous materials from coal Yang, M. et al. Meiran Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (l), 26-31. (In Chinese) Various kinds of coal-based active carbonaceous materials and their structural characteristics are summarized and the progress in preparation for coal-based active carbonaceous materials, such as active carbon, active carbon fibre, and different-nanostructural carbonaceous materials, from coal is reviewed. It is proposed that high valued products from coal, as super active carbon, active carbon fibre, and nanostructured carbonaceous materials have a promising future in extending the application fields of coalbed gas and the components in gaseous products made from coal gasification.
04/00192 Treatment of fly ash-based additive to increase compressive strength of cement binder Lakshmanan, V. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 79,656 (Cl 1066 705; C04B18/06), 1 May 2003, US Appl. PV299,644. A finely ground powder comprises a mixture of fly ash and a compound selected from alkali and alkaline earth metal salts, alkali and alkaline earth metal oxides, and metakaolinite. Preferably, the amount of said compound (especially CaO and MgO) is 0.4-l weight% of the powder. A binder composition comprises Portland cement and the finely ground powder mentioned above. The fly ash is treated by subjecting to a gas/solid reactor (a) for removal of carbon and, in particular, to increase the amount of crystal phase relative to the amount of amorphous phase, and (b) for removal of magnetic particles. Examples of such gas/solid reactors include fluidized bed reactors and a reactor known as a Torbed reactor.
04/00189 Recovery of sulphur from very high ash fuel and fine distributed pyritic sulphur containing coal using ferric sulphate Srivastava, S. K. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 31-46.
04/00193 Utilization of coal fly ash as a slow-release granular medium for soil improvement Yoo, J. G. and Jo, Y. M. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2003, 53, (l), 77-83. Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
23