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00405 A new indicator for knock detection in gas SI engines
IO Engines A high temperature anemometer combined with 02-sensors was developed to measure the gas velocity and 02 concentration in combustion systems at about 1400” and gas velocities of up to 40 m/s. Both sensors withstand the condition of industrial combustion systems and could be applied to waste incineration plants, fluidized bed combustions and gasifications, coal dust firing, gas firing, biomass firing and even to small scale stoves. The accurate measurmg of gas velocity and O2 concentrations allowed the optimization of the combustion system and the reduction of environmental impact. 04/00398 Stabilization of coal wastes and coal combustion byproducts Chugh, Y. P. U.S. US 6,554,888 (Cl. 106-DIGl: C04B18/12), 29 Apr 2003, Appl. 481,340. A fill material mix that includes coal processing wastes, at least one coal combustion byproduct and a neutralizing/stabilizing byproduct that may be the same as or different than the coal combustion is mixed with water to form a mortar. The mortar can be placed in abandoned mines and other appropriate underground or surface locations as a fill material that is environmentally more benign that the individual components of the mix. The mortar cures rapidly to provide a surface that can support heavy equipment. 04/00399 Static model of coal pyrolysis in a circulating fluidlsed-bed reactor Sciazko, M. Applied Energy, 2003, 74, (3-4), 455-465. Four different coals were investigated: two sub-bituminous, one bituminous and lignite, which were processed in the temperature range 750-950°C. The heat for pyrolysis was generated by partial gasification of the char produced. Air was used as the gasifying medium with amounts of 0.6-1.5 m3/kg of coal, depending on the required gasification-temperature. Two sequential phenomena were taken into account: char gasification and coal devolatilization in respect of temperature. The experimental data on carbon dioxide and monoxide concentrations in a LCV gas produced were used for the correlation of Boudouard’s equilibrium and the data on carbon burn-off and final volatile matter content in char were used for the solid-products yield. The equations for the quasi-equilibrium state were developed and calculated values were compared with the measurements. The model takes into account the equations developed and the total energybalance assuming the heat losses of the experimental system. The investigated coal throughput amounted to 200-300 kg/h depending on the coal properties. Process characteristics were discussed, namely: the effect of air/coal ratio on the pyrolysis temperature; char and gas yield, volatile matter and ash content in a char; as well as the gas calorific value. 04100400 Temperatures of wood particles in a hot sand bed fluidized by nitrogen Di Blasi, C. and Branca, C. Energy & Fuels, 2003, 17, (l), 247-254. The thermal history undergone by cylindrical beech wood particles injected in a sand bed fluidized by nitrogen was recorded. Experiments were carried out by varying particle diameter (d = 2-10 mm) and bed temperature (T, = 712-1107 K). The rate of volatile release becomes significant for temperatures above 625-650 K and is always completed for temperatures below 675-825 K. Devolatilization causes a strong reduction in the heating rate which, at the particle center and for the most intense reaction activity, is comprised between 0 and 25 K/s. For the conditions typical of fast pyrolysis (bed temperatures of 800-1100 K and particle sizes of 2-6 mm), the yields of char are lo-18% and the devolatilization times (corresponding to a conversion of 95%) 18-45s. Furthermore, in quality agreement with previous analyses carried out for coal particles, these are well predicted by an empirical power-law relation over the entire range of experimental conditions examined. 04iOO401 The influence of fine char particles burnout on bed agglomeration during the fluidized bed combustion of a biomass fuel Scala, F. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 229-241. The combustion of biomass char in a bubbling fluidized bed is hereby addressed, with specific reference to the influence that the combustion of fine char particles may exert on ash deposition and bed agglomeration phenomena. Experiments of steady fluidized bed combustion of powdered biomass were carried out with the aim of mimicking the postcombustion of attrited char fines generated in the fluidized bed combustion of coarse char. Experimental results showed that the char elutriation rate is much smaller than expected on the basis of the average size of the biomass powder and of the carbon loading in the combustor. Samples of bed material collected after prolonged operation of the combustor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy-EDX analysis and revealed the formation of relatively coarse sand-ash-carbon aggregates. The phenomenology is consistent with the establishment of a char phase attached to the bed material as a consequence of adhesion of char fines onto the sand particles. Combustion under sound-assisted fluidization conditions was also
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
tested. As expected, enhancement of fines adhesion on bed material and further reduction of the elutriation rate were observed. Experimental results are interpreted in the light of a simple model which accounts for elutriation of free fines, adhesion of free fines onto bed material and detachment of attached fines by attrition of char-sand aggregates. Combustion of both free and attached char fines is considered. The parameters of the model are assessed on the basis of the measured carbon loadings and elutriation rates. Model computations are directed to estimate the effective size and the peak temperature of char-sand aggregates. The theoretical estimates of the effective aggregate size match fairly well those observed in the experiments. 04/00402 The influence of high-temperature crystallite growth and petrography of pulverized char on combustion characteristics Xu, X. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (7), 853-858. In this paper, Yangquan anthracite was separated into three different coal lithotypes in terms of density. The effect of high-temperature crystallite growth on char combustion of coal is characterized. It shows that there is large difference between the combustion characteristics of the two lithotypes of coal (one is < 1.55 g/ml of density and the other is 1.55-1.855 g/ml), and that the development of structural ordering decrease the combustion rate to a certain degree. The precise method of using thermogravimetry analyser to study the kinetics of char combustion reaction is also discussed. Besides, a feasible measure to process the experimental data is introduced. 04/00403 The potential applications of catalytic reforming reaction in combustion Fu, W.-B. Gongcheng Rewuli Xuebao, 2003, 24, (l), 137-140. (In Chinese) The principle of catalytic reforming reaction and its influence on ignition, flame propagation and stability were stated and showed its potential application in diesel engine, gasoline engine, flame stability for afterburner, gas fuel with low value and coal gasification. 04/00404 The release of the hazardous elements from coal in the initial stage of combustion process Zhang, J. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 121-133. The studies on the behaviour of the accessory elements during coal combustion are helpful to control the emission of the hazardous air pollutant emissions. In this paper, the release of the hazardous accessory elements, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, and V in the initial stage of coal combustion was studied. Three sequential extraction agents, including the water, the ammonium acetate solution (AAS) and the hydrochloric acid solution as indicated order, were employed to determine the occurrence of each element. The results showed that there were obvious differences in the volatility performance among the elements in this stage, almost non-volatile capacity for elements Mn, Ni and P; low volatile capacity for elements As, Co and V; volatile capacity for elements Cd, Cr and Pb; and high volatile capacity for elements Sb and Se. The experimental results also showed that the volatility of the element is depended on the occurrence modes of element, the type of the coals, and the operating conditions. During the initial stage of coal combustion, there was also some transformation among the different occurrence modes of element defined as the water soluble, the ammonium acetate soluble, the acid soluble and the acid insoluble.
10 ENGINES Power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles 04100405 A new indicator for knock detection in gas SI engines Brecq, G. et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2003,42, (5), 523-532. Determination of knock onset for any engine tuning remains a difficult work for many engine manufacturers. This study investigates different combinations of existing knock indices in order to produce an upgraded indicator, which is easier to calibrate. Experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder gas engine bounded to combined heat and power (CHP). Effects of spark advance, volumetric efficiency and equivalent ratio are studied under constant speed operation. The ratio Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
47
10 Engines
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
IMPO/(MAPO x IV) (with IMP0 defined as the integral of modulus of pressure oscillations, MAP0 as the maximum amplitude of pressure oscillations and W as the width of the computational window) is proposed as suitable indice. In any engine setting, it remains constant under no knocking conditions. When knock occurs, a model deduced from dimensionless analysis allows determination of the oversteps of knock limited spark advance from a single IMPO/(MAPO x W’) measurement with an accuracy better than 1 CA. Knock is then studied for different gas qualities by adding propane or carbon dioxide to the fuel. The results show that there is no significant effect of the fuel composition on the proposed indicator, making the model able to calculate KLSA overstep in all the situations.
A combined-cycle, combined heat and power plant uses a fossil fuelfired internal combustion engine, a steam engine, and gasification of biomass supplemental fuel for generation of fuel gas to provide supplemental heat. The biomass provides 2-30% of the total added energy to the fossil fuel (e.g. natural gas for a gas combustor turbine). The steam for the steam engine is generated in a waste heat boiler using the heat from the flue gases from the internal-combustion engine; biomass is gasified in a suitable reactor (i.e. a fluidized-bed or circulating fluidized-bed reactor) to produce a fuel gas that is carried hot into an afterburner in the waste heat boiler. Bark or wood chips is the preferred biomass to be gasified.
04/00406 A new optimizing technique of a diesel engine aftertreatment system using HC DeNO, catalyst Ueda, M. el al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (1), 47-51. A new method that optimizes a control map of hydrocarbon (HC) addition to diesel exhaust gas for HC type selective catalytic reduction DeNO, catalyst system has been developed. This method comprises a numerical model and a new optimization technique. The numerical model is capable of predicting performance of HC DeNO, with diesel fuel as a supplemental reductant. The control map of HC addition was optimized with the evolutionary programming based on the evolution of living things. As a result, NO, conversion with the optimized control map was found to be greater by 21% than that with the conventional control on Japanese lo-15 mode.
04/00412 Combined-cycle power generation with biomass gasification, expansion turbines, and working fluid heat transfer agents Bronicki, L. Y. U.S. US 6,526,754 (Cl. 60-671; FOlK25/00), 4 Mar 2003, Appl. 188,185. A combined-cycle power plant designed for gasification of biomass, low-grade coal, etc., consists of: (1) a gasifier for conversion of biomass to a fuel gas and heat, (2) an internal-combustion engine (e.g. a diesel/ gas engine) to provide hot exhaust gases for powering an expansion turbine generator, and (3) expansion turbine generators powered by hot steam produced by heat exchange with the hot exhaust gases. The engine and turbine and steam generators are integrated with a heatingcooling-condensing system involving an organic working fluid for heat transfer between the hot exhaust gases from the diesel/gas engine and the expansion turbine.
04/00407 A partially static turbine - first experimental results Grassmann, H. et al. Renewable Energy , 2003, 28, (11), 177991785. Recently it has been shown in a fluidodynamic simulation, that awingprofiled structure of rather small size placed in the vicinity of a wind turbine augments the power of the wind turbine. In this paper the first experimental results from a prototype are presented. 04/00406 An evaluation method for quality of air-fuel mixture distribution and movement in combustion chamber of DISI engine using CFD Aoki, 0. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (l), 25-31. To evaluate quantitatively CFD calculation results of air-fuel mixture behaviour: spatial distribution and movement in a combustion chamber of a direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine, coefficients of the spray model were optimized and accuracy of local fuel concentration at the spark gap under running engine conditions was obtained, using experimental measurement results of fast flame ionization detector (FID) as a criterion. A statistical method was employed to pick out important factors: mixture evaluation indices, comparing calculated mixture behaviour and experimentally measured fuel economy of a single cylinder engine through a multiple regression analysis. The validity of the index was also confirmed. 04/00409 Analysis of noise occurrence by cavitation in the main bearing of diesel engine Aoyama, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (l), 59964. This paper presents an analysis of noise occurrence at the 7th main bearing of an inline six cylinder diesel engine. From experimental results of the engine, it seems that cavitation in the bearing oil film is a major factor for this noise, and the noise occurs with a combination of the following conditions; (1) cavitation exists in oil film at the main bearing, (2) main journal is unstable and (3) excitation force acts at this moment. This assumption is analysed using engine vibration analysis, EHL analysis and stability analysis. The results agree with the condition of the noise occurrence. 04/00410 Applicability of experimental statistical energy analysis to an engine structure Yamazaki, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (3), 263-267. The subdivision of an engine structure in statistical energy analysis (SEA) was first discussed using an indicator (initial slope ratio) for estimating coupling strength between subsystems. Secondly, the modal density of each subsystem was measured in a fully assembled condition. Finally, some experimental estimation methods for SEA parameters were tested in order to establish a useful method for making experimental SEA models of engine structure. As a result, the use of equivalent or true mass and the decay method leads to a good model over the 630 Hz or 1.6 kHz band. 04100411 Combined-cycle heat and power powered turbines and biomass gasification fuel Kobro, H. and Hustad, J. E. PCT Int. Appl. FOlK23/10), 27 Feb 2003, NO Appl. 2001/4,002. 46
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
plant with gasas supplemental WO
2004
03 16,681
(Cl.
04/00413 Comparison of burning natural gas and lowcalorific-value synthesis gas in gas turbine combustor Xu, G. et al. Gongcheng Rewuli Xuebao, 2003, 24, (l), 141-144. (In Chinese) Changing the fuel of gas turbine combustor from nature gas to lowcalorific i-value synthesis gas will bring the problem of fast injection. Higher temperature flow will directly hit on the lower wall of the chamber. Fluent software was used to find out the different flow pattern between nature gas and low-calorific-value synthesis gas combustion. The flow pattern could be improved though only increasing the diameter of fuel injection nozzle. 04/00414 Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines - Part 1: emulsion production Chiaramonti, D. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (1), 85599. The current method of utilizing biomass derived fast liquid (bio-crude oil or bio-oil) in a diesel engine requires three fuels and a complex start-up and shut down procedure. For more rapid and successful commercialization of this renewable liquid fuel, a more convenient and cheaper method of utilization is needed that provides a single fuel that is stable and readily ignites in a compression engine. This paper describes the production of emulsions from biomass fast pyrolysis liquid and diesel fuel for utilization in diesel engines. The objective is to allow unmodified diesel engines to run on fast pyrolysis liquid derived from biomass without the cost and complexity of a dual fuel system. The immediate application is in stationary engines for power generation, but there are longer term opportunities for use as a transport fuel. This paper describes the production of the emulsions that have been tested in different diesel engines (tests in engines is reported in a separate paper). 04/00415 Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines - Part 2: tests in diesel engines Chiaramonti, D. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (l), 101-l 11. The use of biomass derived pyrolysis oils, bio crude oil (BCO), in diesel engine requires deep modifications to the engine, such as the adoption of dual fuel systems and pilot injection: BCOidiesel emulsions are expected to significantly reduce the need for these adaptations. This paper describe the effects of various BCO/diesel emulsions on the injection systems of different diesel engines. Materials used for injectors’ nozzles and needles are investigated and compared. The issue of the erosion and/or corrosion of the injector nozzle is examined, and dedicated tests have been carried out. The experimental results suggested that corrosion accelerated by the high velocity turbulent flow in the spray channels is the dominant factor. A stainless steel nozzle has been built and successfully tested. Long term validation is however still needed. 04100416 Gasification furnace with fluidized bed thermal decomposition of waste solids Fukaumi, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 56,821 (Cl. 26 Feb 2003, Appl. 20011249,406. (In Japanese) The furnace having a fluidized bed formed by fluidizing includes a means for withdrawing solids containing bottom the furnace, a means for classification of the bottom ashes
for F23G5/30), medium, ashes from to have C-
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
tested. As expected, enhancement of fines adhesion on bed material and further reduction of the elutriation rate were observed. Experimental results are interpreted in the light of a simple model which accounts for elutriation of free fines, adhesion of free fines onto bed material and detachment of attached fines by attrition of char-sand aggregates. Combustion of both free and attached char fines is considered. The parameters of the model are assessed on the basis of the measured carbon loadings and elutriation rates. Model computations are directed to estimate the effective size and the peak temperature of char-sand aggregates. The theoretical estimates of the effective aggregate size match fairly well those observed in the experiments. 04/00402 The influence of high-temperature crystallite growth and petrography of pulverized char on combustion characteristics Xu, X. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (7), 853-858. In this paper, Yangquan anthracite was separated into three different coal lithotypes in terms of density. The effect of high-temperature crystallite growth on char combustion of coal is characterized. It shows that there is large difference between the combustion characteristics of the two lithotypes of coal (one is < 1.55 g/ml of density and the other is 1.55-1.855 g/ml), and that the development of structural ordering decrease the combustion rate to a certain degree. The precise method of using thermogravimetry analyser to study the kinetics of char combustion reaction is also discussed. Besides, a feasible measure to process the experimental data is introduced. 04/00403 The potential applications of catalytic reforming reaction in combustion Fu, W.-B. Gongcheng Rewuli Xuebao, 2003, 24, (l), 137-140. (In Chinese) The principle of catalytic reforming reaction and its influence on ignition, flame propagation and stability were stated and showed its potential application in diesel engine, gasoline engine, flame stability for afterburner, gas fuel with low value and coal gasification. 04/00404 The release of the hazardous elements from coal in the initial stage of combustion process Zhang, J. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 84, (l-3), 121-133. The studies on the behaviour of the accessory elements during coal combustion are helpful to control the emission of the hazardous air pollutant emissions. In this paper, the release of the hazardous accessory elements, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Se, and V in the initial stage of coal combustion was studied. Three sequential extraction agents, including the water, the ammonium acetate solution (AAS) and the hydrochloric acid solution as indicated order, were employed to determine the occurrence of each element. The results showed that there were obvious differences in the volatility performance among the elements in this stage, almost non-volatile capacity for elements Mn, Ni and P; low volatile capacity for elements As, Co and V; volatile capacity for elements Cd, Cr and Pb; and high volatile capacity for elements Sb and Se. The experimental results also showed that the volatility of the element is depended on the occurrence modes of element, the type of the coals, and the operating conditions. During the initial stage of coal combustion, there was also some transformation among the different occurrence modes of element defined as the water soluble, the ammonium acetate soluble, the acid soluble and the acid insoluble.
10 ENGINES Power generation and propulsion, electrical vehicles 04100405 A new indicator for knock detection in gas SI engines Brecq, G. et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2003,42, (5), 523-532. Determination of knock onset for any engine tuning remains a difficult work for many engine manufacturers. This study investigates different combinations of existing knock indices in order to produce an upgraded indicator, which is easier to calibrate. Experiments are conducted on a single-cylinder gas engine bounded to combined heat and power (CHP). Effects of spark advance, volumetric efficiency and equivalent ratio are studied under constant speed operation. The ratio Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
2004
47
10 Engines
(power
generation
and propulsion,
electrical
vehicles)
IMPO/(MAPO x IV) (with IMP0 defined as the integral of modulus of pressure oscillations, MAP0 as the maximum amplitude of pressure oscillations and W as the width of the computational window) is proposed as suitable indice. In any engine setting, it remains constant under no knocking conditions. When knock occurs, a model deduced from dimensionless analysis allows determination of the oversteps of knock limited spark advance from a single IMPO/(MAPO x W’) measurement with an accuracy better than 1 CA. Knock is then studied for different gas qualities by adding propane or carbon dioxide to the fuel. The results show that there is no significant effect of the fuel composition on the proposed indicator, making the model able to calculate KLSA overstep in all the situations.
A combined-cycle, combined heat and power plant uses a fossil fuelfired internal combustion engine, a steam engine, and gasification of biomass supplemental fuel for generation of fuel gas to provide supplemental heat. The biomass provides 2-30% of the total added energy to the fossil fuel (e.g. natural gas for a gas combustor turbine). The steam for the steam engine is generated in a waste heat boiler using the heat from the flue gases from the internal-combustion engine; biomass is gasified in a suitable reactor (i.e. a fluidized-bed or circulating fluidized-bed reactor) to produce a fuel gas that is carried hot into an afterburner in the waste heat boiler. Bark or wood chips is the preferred biomass to be gasified.
04/00406 A new optimizing technique of a diesel engine aftertreatment system using HC DeNO, catalyst Ueda, M. el al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (1), 47-51. A new method that optimizes a control map of hydrocarbon (HC) addition to diesel exhaust gas for HC type selective catalytic reduction DeNO, catalyst system has been developed. This method comprises a numerical model and a new optimization technique. The numerical model is capable of predicting performance of HC DeNO, with diesel fuel as a supplemental reductant. The control map of HC addition was optimized with the evolutionary programming based on the evolution of living things. As a result, NO, conversion with the optimized control map was found to be greater by 21% than that with the conventional control on Japanese lo-15 mode.
04/00412 Combined-cycle power generation with biomass gasification, expansion turbines, and working fluid heat transfer agents Bronicki, L. Y. U.S. US 6,526,754 (Cl. 60-671; FOlK25/00), 4 Mar 2003, Appl. 188,185. A combined-cycle power plant designed for gasification of biomass, low-grade coal, etc., consists of: (1) a gasifier for conversion of biomass to a fuel gas and heat, (2) an internal-combustion engine (e.g. a diesel/ gas engine) to provide hot exhaust gases for powering an expansion turbine generator, and (3) expansion turbine generators powered by hot steam produced by heat exchange with the hot exhaust gases. The engine and turbine and steam generators are integrated with a heatingcooling-condensing system involving an organic working fluid for heat transfer between the hot exhaust gases from the diesel/gas engine and the expansion turbine.
04/00407 A partially static turbine - first experimental results Grassmann, H. et al. Renewable Energy , 2003, 28, (11), 177991785. Recently it has been shown in a fluidodynamic simulation, that awingprofiled structure of rather small size placed in the vicinity of a wind turbine augments the power of the wind turbine. In this paper the first experimental results from a prototype are presented. 04/00406 An evaluation method for quality of air-fuel mixture distribution and movement in combustion chamber of DISI engine using CFD Aoki, 0. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (l), 25-31. To evaluate quantitatively CFD calculation results of air-fuel mixture behaviour: spatial distribution and movement in a combustion chamber of a direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engine, coefficients of the spray model were optimized and accuracy of local fuel concentration at the spark gap under running engine conditions was obtained, using experimental measurement results of fast flame ionization detector (FID) as a criterion. A statistical method was employed to pick out important factors: mixture evaluation indices, comparing calculated mixture behaviour and experimentally measured fuel economy of a single cylinder engine through a multiple regression analysis. The validity of the index was also confirmed. 04/00409 Analysis of noise occurrence by cavitation in the main bearing of diesel engine Aoyama, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (l), 59964. This paper presents an analysis of noise occurrence at the 7th main bearing of an inline six cylinder diesel engine. From experimental results of the engine, it seems that cavitation in the bearing oil film is a major factor for this noise, and the noise occurs with a combination of the following conditions; (1) cavitation exists in oil film at the main bearing, (2) main journal is unstable and (3) excitation force acts at this moment. This assumption is analysed using engine vibration analysis, EHL analysis and stability analysis. The results agree with the condition of the noise occurrence. 04/00410 Applicability of experimental statistical energy analysis to an engine structure Yamazaki, T. et al. JSAE Review, 2003, 24, (3), 263-267. The subdivision of an engine structure in statistical energy analysis (SEA) was first discussed using an indicator (initial slope ratio) for estimating coupling strength between subsystems. Secondly, the modal density of each subsystem was measured in a fully assembled condition. Finally, some experimental estimation methods for SEA parameters were tested in order to establish a useful method for making experimental SEA models of engine structure. As a result, the use of equivalent or true mass and the decay method leads to a good model over the 630 Hz or 1.6 kHz band. 04100411 Combined-cycle heat and power powered turbines and biomass gasification fuel Kobro, H. and Hustad, J. E. PCT Int. Appl. FOlK23/10), 27 Feb 2003, NO Appl. 2001/4,002. 46
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
January
plant with gasas supplemental WO
2004
03 16,681
(Cl.
04/00413 Comparison of burning natural gas and lowcalorific-value synthesis gas in gas turbine combustor Xu, G. et al. Gongcheng Rewuli Xuebao, 2003, 24, (l), 141-144. (In Chinese) Changing the fuel of gas turbine combustor from nature gas to lowcalorific i-value synthesis gas will bring the problem of fast injection. Higher temperature flow will directly hit on the lower wall of the chamber. Fluent software was used to find out the different flow pattern between nature gas and low-calorific-value synthesis gas combustion. The flow pattern could be improved though only increasing the diameter of fuel injection nozzle. 04/00414 Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines - Part 1: emulsion production Chiaramonti, D. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (1), 85599. The current method of utilizing biomass derived fast liquid (bio-crude oil or bio-oil) in a diesel engine requires three fuels and a complex start-up and shut down procedure. For more rapid and successful commercialization of this renewable liquid fuel, a more convenient and cheaper method of utilization is needed that provides a single fuel that is stable and readily ignites in a compression engine. This paper describes the production of emulsions from biomass fast pyrolysis liquid and diesel fuel for utilization in diesel engines. The objective is to allow unmodified diesel engines to run on fast pyrolysis liquid derived from biomass without the cost and complexity of a dual fuel system. The immediate application is in stationary engines for power generation, but there are longer term opportunities for use as a transport fuel. This paper describes the production of the emulsions that have been tested in different diesel engines (tests in engines is reported in a separate paper). 04/00415 Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines - Part 2: tests in diesel engines Chiaramonti, D. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (l), 101-l 11. The use of biomass derived pyrolysis oils, bio crude oil (BCO), in diesel engine requires deep modifications to the engine, such as the adoption of dual fuel systems and pilot injection: BCOidiesel emulsions are expected to significantly reduce the need for these adaptations. This paper describe the effects of various BCO/diesel emulsions on the injection systems of different diesel engines. Materials used for injectors’ nozzles and needles are investigated and compared. The issue of the erosion and/or corrosion of the injector nozzle is examined, and dedicated tests have been carried out. The experimental results suggested that corrosion accelerated by the high velocity turbulent flow in the spray channels is the dominant factor. A stainless steel nozzle has been built and successfully tested. Long term validation is however still needed. 04100416 Gasification furnace with fluidized bed thermal decomposition of waste solids Fukaumi, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 56,821 (Cl. 26 Feb 2003, Appl. 20011249,406. (In Japanese) The furnace having a fluidized bed formed by fluidizing includes a means for withdrawing solids containing bottom the furnace, a means for classification of the bottom ashes
for F23G5/30), medium, ashes from to have C-