16 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation) 04/00548 Simulation for steam reforming of natural gas with oxygen input in a novel membrane reformer Chen, 2. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2003, 83, (l-3), 235-252. The performance of a novel circulating fast fluidized bed membrane reformer (CFFBMR) is investigated using a reliable mathematical model. The removal of product hydrogen using hydrogen-permselective membranes ‘breaks’ the thermodynamic equilibrium in the reversible system and makes it possible to operate the process at lower temperatures. The oxidative reforming of a part of the feed methane by oxygen input into the reformer using direct feed or through oxygenpermeable membranes supplies the heat needed for the highly endothermic steam reforming of methane. The combination of the exothermic oxidative reforming and endothermic steam reforming not only produces high yield hydrogen but also makes it possible to operate the CFFBMR under auto-thermal conditions. The novel configuration is a highly efficient hydrogen producer with minimum energy consumption. The simulation results show that the hydrogen productivity (moles of hydrogen produced per hour per m3 of reactor) of the CFFBMR is about 8 times that in an industrial fixed bed and 112 times that in a bubbling fluidized bed membrane reformer. 04/00549 Simulation of the thermal cracking of biomass derived vapours, by the model reaction of decomposition of isocyanuric acid L&de, J. and Mercadier, J. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003, 67, (2), 295-305. The present paper shows that it is possible to carry out the thermal decomposition of solid particles followed, by the partial cracking of the evolved vapours, inside a cyclone rector heated at its walls. The results obtained with isocyanuric acid and with biomass particles are reported. From a mathematical model, it is possible to derive the kinetic constants of the gas phase cracking reactions. The results obtained with both solids are very similar. It is concluded that the thermal reaction of isocyanuric acid can be used as a model reaction for simulating the thermal cracking of the vapours formed during the fast pyrolysis of biomass. 04/00550 SLLV phase behavior and phase diagram transitions in asymmetric hydrocarbon fluids Shaw, J. M. and Behar, E. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2003, 209; (2), 185206. Solid-liquid-liquid-vapour (SLLV) phase behaviour is the most complex phase behaviour anticipated in the phase diagrams for reservoir fluids and heavy oils and is therefore the kernel to understanding the phase diagrams for such systems. As a first step toward modelling the phase behaviour of such complex fluids, a method for predicting SLlLZV phase behaviour in binary, ternary and quaternary synthetic mixtures is presented. The method is based on standard K- and L-point computation routines and a semi-empirical average solubility model (regressed with 22 binary SLLV data points) which defines the intersection of LLV phase behaviour with SLV phase behaviour. Predicted SLLV phase behaviour results for an additional 16 binary, and related ternary and quaternary systems are presented. Limits for SLLV phase behaviour for specific solvent+solute ‘families’ are discussed. The results clearly show the roles played by solvent constituents and critical phenomena and help explain the comparative rarity of this phase behaviour in multi-component mixtures. The results also highlight the need to custom regress interaction parameters so that the known phase behaviour types of binary mixtures are reproduced by equations of state. 04/00551 Spectrophotometric determination of trace chromium in fly ash Xia, C. et al. Guangpuxue Yu Guangpu Fermi, 2003, 23, (1) 2055206. (In Chinese) In HiNGs medium the fading reaction of arsenazo III oxidized with was used to detect trace Cr in fly ash containing Cr. The Cr2O-i fading reaction has high sensitivity in the medium of 3.2 mol L-i HNOa, the molar absorptivity of 3.9 x lo6 L mol-i cm- at 520 nm: and Beer’s law is obeyed for Cr(V1) at 0.0-40.0 ug L-r. Contents of Cr m fly ash were detected with satisfactory results. 04/00552 Suitability of salt-mudstones as a host rock in salt domes for radioactive-waste storage Slizowski, K. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (l-2), 119-128. Analysis of the rock-salt structures and of the conceptual model of SNF and radwaste repositories has shown that in the procedure of site selection, two types of host rocks namely, rock salt and salt-mudstones, should be considered. Laboratory investigations of the mineralogical, chemical, physical and geomechanical properties of salt-mudstones, from the point-of-view of their suitabilities for containing radwaste deposition, are described. The results obtained were compared with the results for rock salt. 66
Fuel
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Abstracts
January
2004
04100553 Superconductive cables current distribution analysis Bellina, F. et al. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2003, 66-68, 11591163. A computational tool is being developed for the analysis of superconductive magnets, combining detailed descriptions of termination joints and cables to thermo-hydraulic (TH) models. In parallel, an experiment (Stability Experiment Upgrade - SexUp) has been designed with the target to study the current distribution in cable in conduit conductors. Finally, the establishment of a reliable method for the measurement of the current distribution profile on the cable cross section is being implemented on the ITER toroidal field model coil. 04lOO554 Synergy effect of LBE and hydrogenated helium on resistance to LME of T91 steel grade Guerin, S. et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2003, 318, 339-341. The aim of this paper is to determine the influence of the environment on the resistance to LME of the T91 steel/LBE system. First, it was noted that a few hours of exposure to LBE under flowing hydrogenated helium (He-4%Ha) is sufficient to modify the corrosion resistance and wettability of T91 steel, once the temperature attains 350°C. This result is consistent with a degradation of the protectiveness of the surface oxide film with increasing temperature from 150 to 350°C in present experimental conditions. Then, the tensile properties of T91 steel are studied as function of the temperature and cover gas. A reduction in strength and ductility of T91 steel is found, passing through a maximum at the temperature of 350°C under flowing He-4%Ha, and suggesting a synergy effect of LBE and hydrogenated helium. 04/00555 The primary study on the effects of primer alcohols on the hydrogen evolution reaction on silver electrode Giirten, A. A. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003,28, (lo), 1083-1088. The cathodic behaviour of silver in 0.01 MNaCl and 0.01 MNaCl +l.O alcohols which are methyl, ethyl and propyl alcohols is investigated at pH 3 and 5 by means of electrolysis. The experimental (&?) and theoretical (EreY) discharge potential are determined in all solutions between Pt and Ag electrodes. The cathodic and anodic over-potentials on silver cathode were determined using a platinum anode. The hydrogen gas is produced on constant potentials (5.00 or 10.00 V) on silver cathode. It is observed that the presence of alcohols decreases the anodic over-potential and increases the hydrogen yield in NaCl solution. 04/00556 Thermal stress analysis of FIRE divertor Baxi, C. B. et al. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2003, 66-68, 323-327. The fusion engineering research experiment (FIRE) device is designed for high power density and advanced physics operating modes. Due to the short distance of the divertor from the X-point, the connection lengths are short and the scrape off layer thickness is small. A relativeiy high peak heat flux of 25 MW/m’ is expected on the divertor. The FIRE divertor engineering design is based on the design approaches developed for international thermonuclear experimental reactor (ITER). The geometry of the FIRE divertor consists of water-cooled copper fingers and a tungsten brush armour as plasma facing material. The divertor assembly consists of modular units for remote handling. A 316 stainless steel back plate is used for support and manifolding. The backing plate is joined to the copper fingers by pins. The coolant channel diameter is 8 mm at a pitch of 14 mm. The total power flow to the outer divertor is 35 MW. Water at an inlet temperature of 3O”C, 1.5 MPa and a flow velocity of 10 m/s is used with two channels in series. A margin of -1.6 is obtained on the critical heat flux. A three dimensional thermal stress finite element analysis of this geometry was performed. Thermal hydraulic correlations derived for ITER were used to perform the thermal analysis. Design changes were implemented to reduce the stresses and temperatures to acceptable levels. 04100557 Thermodynamic modeling of fluidized bed drying of moist particles Syahrul, S. et al. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2003, 42, (7), 691-701. A thermodynamic analysis of the fluidized bed drying process of large particles is performed to optimize the input and output conditions. Energy and exergy models were used for the study. The effects of the hydrodynamic and thermodynamic conditions such as the inlet air temperature, the fluidization velocity and the initial moisture content on the energy efficiency and the exergy efficiency were analysed. The analysis was carried out using two different materials, wheat and corn. It was observed that the thermodynamic efficiency of the fluidized bed dryer was the lowest at the end of the drying process in conjunction with the moisture removal rate. The inlet air temperature has a strong effect on thermodynamic efficiency for wheat, but for corn, where the diffusion coefficient depends on the temperature and the moisture content of particles, an increase in the drying air temperature did not