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00660 Modern refining concepts — an update on naphtha-isomerization to modern gasoline manufacture
02 Liquid fuels (transpotf, refining, quality, storage) 04/00653 Variations in the composition of bitumen and the chemical structure of kerogen from S-rich oil shale during hydrous pyrolysis Bushnev. D. A. et al. Dokladv Earth Sciences. 2003. 389A. 13). 366-370. Hydrous’ pyrolysis of immature oil shale of the Sysol’sk ‘deposit was carried out at 225-325°C. This experimental allowed the process of natural catagenesis to be modeiled. The thermic maturity was established based on biomarker coefficients calculated from the bitumen composition. The detailed analysis of dry pyrolysates of residual kerogen showed that kerogen fragments, which yield aromatic and sulfurous components in dry pyrolysis, are subjected to the strongest alterations during hydrous pyrolysis. The concentrations of the orecedine n-alkenes - l/n-alkanes remained unaltered. The kerogen,‘which generated oil hydrocarbons at early stages of catagenesis, retained its capability for generating bitumen, but the bitumen had a substantially more aliphatic composition.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 04/00654 Discovery based on S042-/Zr02 techniques
of new paraffin isomerization catalysts and WOJZr02 applying combinatorial
Corma, A. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (3), 495506. Applying accelerated techniques for catalyst synthesis and testing and a stochastic experimental design, two catalytic systems based on Sod’-/ ZrOz and WO,/ZrOl were seen as active and selective for n-paraffin isomerization. After three optimization cycles, a new catalyst formulation based on promoted SO.,‘-/ZrOz with improved activity and selectivity has been found. Characterization of the best catalysts generated in each cycle has been done. Activity and selectivity of the best catalyst found has been tested in the isomerization of a simulated industrial feed composed by n-pentane, n-hexane and n-heptane. For the second best catalytic system, i.e. WO,/ZrOz, the influence of tungsten content, promotor (Ce), nature of the starting precursor salt (sulfate, nitrate or chloride), and catalyst calcination temperature was studied using a factorial design. The relevance of the interaction between salt precursor and calcination temperature is discussed.
04/00655 resistance
Effect of cyclic loading on elastic-plastic fracture of PHT system piping material of PHWR
Singh, P. K. et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2003, 80, (lo), 745-752. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of cyclic loading on the fracture resistance of the SA 333 Gr.6 carbon steel material of the primary heat transport (PHT) system piping of Indian pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR). Tests have been carried out on compact tension specimens machined from the pipe used in the PHT system. The effect of load ratio, incremental plastic displacement and loading displacement rate on fracture resistance properties of the material has been studied. The cyclic fracture resistance curve has been compared with the monotonic fracture resistance curve and has been found to vary significantly. A negative load ratio with very low incremental plastic displacement between two consecutive loading cycles, significantly affects the fracture resistance of the material.
04lOO656 Fischer-Tropsch reaction process for converting synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons in reactors that are arranged in series Minkkinen, A. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 96,881 (Cl. 518728; CO7C27106). 22 May 2003, FR Appl. 2002112,043. A process is described for converting synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons used in at least two reactors that are arranged in series and that contain a catalytic suspension of at least one solid catalyst in suspension in a liquid phase, in which reactors are essentially perfectly mixed. The last reactor is at least in part fed by at least a portion of at least one of the gaseous fractions that are collected at the outlet of at least one of the other reactors, at least one reactor is fed by a flow of catalytic suspension that is obtained directly from another reactor, and at least one flow of catalytic suspension that is obtained from a reactor is at least in part separated so as to obtain a liquid product that is essentially free of catalyst and a catalytic suspension that is high in catalyst, which is recycled.
04/00657 Gasoline manufacture from Fischer-Troosch primary naphtha by cracking, isomerization, and ’ etherification Font-Freide, J. J. H. M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 40,261 (Cl. ClOG), 15 May 2003, GB Appl. 2001/26,648, 6 Nov 2001. Gasoline manufactured from a Fischer-Tropsch-derived r&a stream is characterized by a true boiling point (TBP) of 50-300”,
66 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2004
and 0.5-3.0 wt% oxygenates, and has a RON of >80 and a MON > 80. The gasoline is manufactured by: (1) cracking of the crude C
04/00656 Hydrogen isotopic fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons during vaporization: implications for assessing artificial and natural remediation of petroleum contamination Wang, Y. and Huang, Y. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (lo), 16411651. Compound-specific H isotope analysis has been used to monitor bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the success of this approach requires a full evaluation of the isotopic effects resulting from evaporation, because light petroleum hydrocarbons undergo both biodegradation and evaporation under natural conditions. The authors determined the H isotooe fractionation of common volatile 1oetroleum hydrocarbons, including ’ the C1a-Ci4n-alkanes, MTBE (tert-butyl methyl ether), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene) during progressive vaporization under simulated experimental conditions. A decrease in 6D values for n-alkanes of up to 33.3% and up to 44.5t for BTEX compounds when 99% of these substances had evaporated was observed. The results also show that H isotope fractionation increases with n-alkane chain length. Such fractionation patterns are interpreted in terms of competition between the decreased intermolecular binding energy in D-enriched species, and the isotope effect due to the mass difference. In contrast to hydrocarbons, methanol and ethanol show H isotopic enrichment during vaporization, indicating that H-bonding, when present in organic molecules, plays a controlling role on the vapour pressure of different isotope species.
04/00659 HP-reduced heptane isomerization
Pt/MoOB as a selective
catalyst for
Matsuda, T. ef al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (l), 3142. Hz reduction of Pt/MoOs was accompanied by an increase in the surface area. Hz-reduced Pt/MoO, exhibited the largest surface area of 250 m&z at reduction decrees of 60-70%. The surface area was enlarggd”only when Pt/Mo& was reduced after heating in a stream of Hr. The catalytic activity of Hz-reduced Pt/MoOa for heptane isomerization was also dependent on the extent of reduction: The highest isomerization activity appeared at a reduction degree of about 70%. Heptane was selectively isomerized on Hz-reduced Pt/MoOs with reduction degrees below 80%, and the high selectivity was preserved even at high conversion levels. The catalytic behaviours of Hz-reduced Pt/MoO? were stronnlv affected bv heatinn atmosohere. Reduction after heating in Hz provided a much more a:tive and selective catalyst for heptane isomerization than reduction after heating in Nz. It is suggested from the results of XRD measurements that reduction of Pti Mobs through the formation of a H,MoOr phase can be an important step to enlarge the surface area and to generate the active sites for heptane isomerization.
04100660 Modern refining concepts - an update on naphtha-isomerization to modern gasoline manufacture Weyda, H. and Kohler, E. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (l), 51-55. The operation of a modern refinery nowadays is becoming more and more complex. World-wide public concerns about the earth’s environment and health considerations led into several new legislative actions all around the world. With the requirement to meet clean fuels challenge the processing configuration has to be adapted accordingly. Apart from this, modern isomerization technology based on state-ofthe-art catalytic solutions provides a number of other substantial advantages to the refiner. Traditionally, users of paraffin isomerization technology had the choice between robust zeolite based catalysts and chlorided alumina based systems. While zeolite catalysts are characterized bv their outstandine tolerance of feedstock ooisons such as sulphur and water - this ‘& particularly true for S?JD-CHEMIE’s HYSOPAR’% catalyst that operates commercially at sulphur levels exceeding 100 ppm - the chlorinated catalysts suffer from extreme sensitivity to all kinds of feed contaminants. This intrinsic property often outweighs the superior activity of the ClIPtlAlzOs system which is based on the more favourable equilibrium at lower operating temperatures. This scenario creates a desire for a catalyst that combines high activity with acceptable poison resistance.
Transport, refining, quality, storage 04/00654 Discovery based on S042-/Zr02 techniques
of new paraffin isomerization catalysts and WOJZr02 applying combinatorial
Corma, A. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (3), 495506. Applying accelerated techniques for catalyst synthesis and testing and a stochastic experimental design, two catalytic systems based on Sod’-/ ZrOz and WO,/ZrOl were seen as active and selective for n-paraffin isomerization. After three optimization cycles, a new catalyst formulation based on promoted SO.,‘-/ZrOz with improved activity and selectivity has been found. Characterization of the best catalysts generated in each cycle has been done. Activity and selectivity of the best catalyst found has been tested in the isomerization of a simulated industrial feed composed by n-pentane, n-hexane and n-heptane. For the second best catalytic system, i.e. WO,/ZrOz, the influence of tungsten content, promotor (Ce), nature of the starting precursor salt (sulfate, nitrate or chloride), and catalyst calcination temperature was studied using a factorial design. The relevance of the interaction between salt precursor and calcination temperature is discussed.
04/00655 resistance
Effect of cyclic loading on elastic-plastic fracture of PHT system piping material of PHWR
Singh, P. K. et al. International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 2003, 80, (lo), 745-752. The objective of the paper is to study the effect of cyclic loading on the fracture resistance of the SA 333 Gr.6 carbon steel material of the primary heat transport (PHT) system piping of Indian pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWR). Tests have been carried out on compact tension specimens machined from the pipe used in the PHT system. The effect of load ratio, incremental plastic displacement and loading displacement rate on fracture resistance properties of the material has been studied. The cyclic fracture resistance curve has been compared with the monotonic fracture resistance curve and has been found to vary significantly. A negative load ratio with very low incremental plastic displacement between two consecutive loading cycles, significantly affects the fracture resistance of the material.
04lOO656 Fischer-Tropsch reaction process for converting synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons in reactors that are arranged in series Minkkinen, A. et al. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 96,881 (Cl. 518728; CO7C27106). 22 May 2003, FR Appl. 2002112,043. A process is described for converting synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons used in at least two reactors that are arranged in series and that contain a catalytic suspension of at least one solid catalyst in suspension in a liquid phase, in which reactors are essentially perfectly mixed. The last reactor is at least in part fed by at least a portion of at least one of the gaseous fractions that are collected at the outlet of at least one of the other reactors, at least one reactor is fed by a flow of catalytic suspension that is obtained directly from another reactor, and at least one flow of catalytic suspension that is obtained from a reactor is at least in part separated so as to obtain a liquid product that is essentially free of catalyst and a catalytic suspension that is high in catalyst, which is recycled.
04/00657 Gasoline manufacture from Fischer-Troosch primary naphtha by cracking, isomerization, and ’ etherification Font-Freide, J. J. H. M. PCT Int. Appl. WO 03 40,261 (Cl. ClOG), 15 May 2003, GB Appl. 2001/26,648, 6 Nov 2001. Gasoline manufactured from a Fischer-Tropsch-derived r&a stream is characterized by a true boiling point (TBP) of 50-300”,
66 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2004
and 0.5-3.0 wt% oxygenates, and has a RON of >80 and a MON > 80. The gasoline is manufactured by: (1) cracking of the crude C
04/00656 Hydrogen isotopic fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons during vaporization: implications for assessing artificial and natural remediation of petroleum contamination Wang, Y. and Huang, Y. Applied Geochemistry, 2003, 18, (lo), 16411651. Compound-specific H isotope analysis has been used to monitor bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons. However, the success of this approach requires a full evaluation of the isotopic effects resulting from evaporation, because light petroleum hydrocarbons undergo both biodegradation and evaporation under natural conditions. The authors determined the H isotooe fractionation of common volatile 1oetroleum hydrocarbons, including ’ the C1a-Ci4n-alkanes, MTBE (tert-butyl methyl ether), and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene and o-xylene) during progressive vaporization under simulated experimental conditions. A decrease in 6D values for n-alkanes of up to 33.3% and up to 44.5t for BTEX compounds when 99% of these substances had evaporated was observed. The results also show that H isotope fractionation increases with n-alkane chain length. Such fractionation patterns are interpreted in terms of competition between the decreased intermolecular binding energy in D-enriched species, and the isotope effect due to the mass difference. In contrast to hydrocarbons, methanol and ethanol show H isotopic enrichment during vaporization, indicating that H-bonding, when present in organic molecules, plays a controlling role on the vapour pressure of different isotope species.
04/00659 HP-reduced heptane isomerization
Pt/MoOB as a selective
catalyst for
Matsuda, T. ef al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (l), 3142. Hz reduction of Pt/MoOs was accompanied by an increase in the surface area. Hz-reduced Pt/MoO, exhibited the largest surface area of 250 m&z at reduction decrees of 60-70%. The surface area was enlarggd”only when Pt/Mo& was reduced after heating in a stream of Hr. The catalytic activity of Hz-reduced Pt/MoOa for heptane isomerization was also dependent on the extent of reduction: The highest isomerization activity appeared at a reduction degree of about 70%. Heptane was selectively isomerized on Hz-reduced Pt/MoOs with reduction degrees below 80%, and the high selectivity was preserved even at high conversion levels. The catalytic behaviours of Hz-reduced Pt/MoO? were stronnlv affected bv heatinn atmosohere. Reduction after heating in Hz provided a much more a:tive and selective catalyst for heptane isomerization than reduction after heating in Nz. It is suggested from the results of XRD measurements that reduction of Pti Mobs through the formation of a H,MoOr phase can be an important step to enlarge the surface area and to generate the active sites for heptane isomerization.
04100660 Modern refining concepts - an update on naphtha-isomerization to modern gasoline manufacture Weyda, H. and Kohler, E. Catalysis Today, 2003, 81, (l), 51-55. The operation of a modern refinery nowadays is becoming more and more complex. World-wide public concerns about the earth’s environment and health considerations led into several new legislative actions all around the world. With the requirement to meet clean fuels challenge the processing configuration has to be adapted accordingly. Apart from this, modern isomerization technology based on state-ofthe-art catalytic solutions provides a number of other substantial advantages to the refiner. Traditionally, users of paraffin isomerization technology had the choice between robust zeolite based catalysts and chlorided alumina based systems. While zeolite catalysts are characterized bv their outstandine tolerance of feedstock ooisons such as sulphur and water - this ‘& particularly true for S?JD-CHEMIE’s HYSOPAR’% catalyst that operates commercially at sulphur levels exceeding 100 ppm - the chlorinated catalysts suffer from extreme sensitivity to all kinds of feed contaminants. This intrinsic property often outweighs the superior activity of the ClIPtlAlzOs system which is based on the more favourable equilibrium at lower operating temperatures. This scenario creates a desire for a catalyst that combines high activity with acceptable poison resistance.