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00687 Mechanism of methane flow through sheared coals and its role on methane recovery
03
Gaseous
fuels
(transport,
storage)
04lOO684 Evaluation of undiscovered natural gas in the Upper Cretaceous Ferron CoalMlasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System, Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, Utah Henry, M. E. and Finn, T. M. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2003, 56, (l-2). 3-37. The Total Petroleum System approach was used to estimate undiscovered gas potential of the Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, central Utah. The Ferron CoaliWasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System was geologically defined and subdivided into seven assessment units, six of which were formally evaluated. Geologic data considered in defining the assessment unit boundaries included thermal maturity, coal presence and thickness, overburden thickness, and faulting intensity. Historical production data were also used to estimate volumes of gas from un-drilled areas. The one conventional assessment unit includes almost the entire area of the petroleum system and is characterized by known accumulations that occur in structural or combination traps in sandstone reservoirs. The estimated undiscovered conventional producible gas that may be added to reserves of this unit ranges from a low (F951 of 14.8 b’lli ion cubic feet (BCFG) [419 million cubic meters (Mm)] of gas to a high (F5) of 82 BCFG [2321 Mm31 and a mean value of 39.9 BCFG [1130 Mm3]. Continuous gas accumulations are those in which the entire assessment unit is considered to be gas-charged. Within these assessment units, there may be wells drilled that are not economic successes but all are expected to contain gas. Coalbed gas is in this continuous category. Mean estimates of undiscovered gas for the five continuous assessment units are: (l)?Northern Coal Fairway/ Drunkards Wash-752.3 BCFG [21,323 Mm-]; (2) Central Coal Fairway/Buzzard Bench-536.7 BCFG [15,194 Mm-]; (3) Southern Coal Fairway-152.6 BCFG [4320 Mm?]; (4) Deep (6000 feet plus) Coal and Sandstone-59.1 BCFG [1673 Mm3]; (5) Southern Coal Outcrop-10.6 BCFG [300 Mm3]; and Joes Valley and Musinia Grahens-not assessed. The mean estimate of undiscovered gas for the entire TPS is 1551.2 BCFG (43,914 Mm3]. There is a 95% chance that at least 855.7 BCFG [24,225 Mm”] and a 5% chance that at least 2504 BCFG [70,888 Mm31 of undiscovered producible gas remain in the TPS.
04/00685 optimizing
Formation and dissociation studies for the uptake of methane by methane hydrates
Link, D. D. et al. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2003, 2 I I, (l), I-10. Characteristics such as temperature and pressure profiles for methane hydrate formation and dissociation in pure water, simulated seawater, and water-surfactant systems have been established. A hysteresis effect has been observed for repeated formation-dissociation cycles of the same methane-water system. In an attempt to maximize the uptake of methane during methane hydrate formation, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate provided methane uptake of over 97% of the theoretical maximum uptake. Additional surfactants were tested for their ability to enhance the uptake of methane for hydrate formation. Successful demonstration of efficient methane storage using hydrate formation enhanced by addition of surfactants could provide a safe, low-cost alternative method for storage of natural gas at remote locations.
04/00686
Helium
in inert matrix dispersion
fuels
van Veen, A. et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2003. 320, (I-2). 77-84. The behaviour of helium, an important decay product in the transmutation chains of actinides, in dispersion-type inert matrix fuels is discussed. A phenomenological description of its accumulation and release in CERCER and CERMET fuel is given. A summary of recent He-implantation studies with inert matrix metal oxides (Zr02, MgAlz04, MgO and AlzOs) is presented. A general picture is that for high helium concentrations helium and vacancy defects form helium clusters which convert into over-pressurized bubbles. At elevated temperature helium is released from the bubbles. On some occasions thermal stable nano-cavities or nano-pores remain. On the basis of these results the consequences for helium induced swelling and helium storage in oxide matrices kept at SOO-1000°C will be discussed. In addition, results of He-implantation studies for metal matrices (W, MO, Nb and V alloys) will be presented. Introduction of helium in metals at elevated temperatures leads to clustering of helium to bubbles. When operational temperatures are higher than 0.5 melting temperature, swelling and helium embrittlement might occur.
04100687 Mechanism of methane flow through coals and its role on methane recovery
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
04100688 New insight in the partial oxidation
into the role of gas phase reactions of butane
Marengo, S. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003. 8 1, (2), 205-2 13. The partial oxidation of n-butane at high alkane to oxygen ratio was studied in the presence of a Pt-Rh gauze and in an empty tubular reactor under identical conditions. Temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) experiments with the metal gauze showed dramatic changes in the product distribution in the range 255500°C. Total oxidation of butane at low temperature is followed by selective conversion to olefins and oxygenates around 400°C; a further increase in the oven temperature enhances selectively olefins formation. In situ infrared and visible imaging of the reacting gauze revealed remarkable ignition/ extinction phenomena of the surface reactions. Fast ignition on the metal catalyst was observed around 200°C; upon further raising the oven temperature, suppression of these reactions occurred at a temperature level corresponding to the transition to high selectivity conditions. These results indicate a shift from heterogeneous to homogeneous reaction mechanism, the latter being responsible for high selectivity to partial oxidation products (84% olefins + oxygenates). With the empty reactor, conversion and selectivity were similar to those obtained in the presence of the catalyst. The study shows that the gauze plays no significant role in butane partial oxidation, as reactions take place in the void upstream of the catalyst, presumably via an alkylperoxy intermediate.
04/00689 Petroleum biomarker sources in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Fraser River Basin and Strait of Georgia, Canada Yunker, M. B. and Macdonald, R. W. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (ll), 1525-1541. In the Fraser River Basin and the Strait of Georgia, a pristine hydrocarbon background is evident in older sediments and suspended sediments from remote regions. This natural background has been augmented over the past century by variable amounts of combustion PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons derived from human activities, with impacts most evident near industrialized or highly populated regions. Traditional petroleum indicators, including alkane and alkyl PAH distributions and unresolved complex mixtures (LJCMs), identify petroleum contamination in suspended particulates transported by the Fraser River and in modern sediments from lakes and rivers in the lower Fraser Basin and the Strait of Georgia. However, these markers have proven to be of limited quantitative use either because they overlap combustion PAH profiles or because they are prone to degradation in the environment. More specific and refractory petroleum markers such as the steranes, rearranged hopanes and triand tetracyclic terpanes are found where there are enhanced concentrations of traditional indicators, confirming previous assignments of petroleum contamination near industrial regions. Furthermore, the low or non-detectable quantities of these biomarkers in remote regions reinforce the conclusion that these areas remain pristine and suggest that these markers may provide useful indicators of any future contamination. Biomarkers of petroleum origin (reservoir location or age) do not provide incisive indicators of the origins of hydrocarbon contamination in the Fraser Basin but they have helped to narrow down the sources. In particular, the absence of structurally rearranged hopanes (25,28,30-trisnorhopane and 28,30-bisnorhopane) rules out contamination from Californian oils, while the presence of enhanced oleanane in samples from the lower Fraser River suggests a source in coal dust lost during railroad transportation to the coast.
sheared
Li, H. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (lo), 1271-1279. Tectonically sheared coals are closely related with coalbed methane exploitation, and are classified into cataclastic coals and mylonitic coals in view of their deformation mechanism, either brittle or ductile. Scanning electron microscopy and reflected light microscopy observations showed that cataclastic coals possess a hierarchy of open, continuous and connecting fractures, whereas mylonitic coals always display tightly compressed and collapsed fractures. Mercury porosimetry studies also indicated that compared with normal coals, 92
cataclastic coals possess greater porosity, more specific surface area and wider average fracture aperture; whereas mylonitic coals are characterized by narrower average fracture aperture and a great deal of specific surface area. Based on experimental data and actual site experiences, a new model of methane flow within coals was proposed. Gas flow through sheared coals, unlike normal coals - a simple dual porosity system comprising a matrix of micropores that are surrounded by cleats, also contain additional steps because of overwhelming sheared fractures and different deformation mechanisms. This model can explain why gas outbursts are always accompanied by small-scale compressively geological structures where mylonitic coals often occur, and why in such area the rate of gas extraction is unexpectedly lower, despite the presence of a great volume of methane.
Transport, storage 04/00690 Constant rate natural in a hydrate reservoir Ji, C. 2423.
et al.
Energy
Conversion
gas production
and Management,
from a well
2003, 44, (15),
2403-
Gaseous
fuels
(transport,
storage)
04lOO684 Evaluation of undiscovered natural gas in the Upper Cretaceous Ferron CoalMlasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System, Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, Utah Henry, M. E. and Finn, T. M. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2003, 56, (l-2). 3-37. The Total Petroleum System approach was used to estimate undiscovered gas potential of the Wasatch Plateau and Castle Valley, central Utah. The Ferron CoaliWasatch Plateau Total Petroleum System was geologically defined and subdivided into seven assessment units, six of which were formally evaluated. Geologic data considered in defining the assessment unit boundaries included thermal maturity, coal presence and thickness, overburden thickness, and faulting intensity. Historical production data were also used to estimate volumes of gas from un-drilled areas. The one conventional assessment unit includes almost the entire area of the petroleum system and is characterized by known accumulations that occur in structural or combination traps in sandstone reservoirs. The estimated undiscovered conventional producible gas that may be added to reserves of this unit ranges from a low (F951 of 14.8 b’lli ion cubic feet (BCFG) [419 million cubic meters (Mm)] of gas to a high (F5) of 82 BCFG [2321 Mm31 and a mean value of 39.9 BCFG [1130 Mm3]. Continuous gas accumulations are those in which the entire assessment unit is considered to be gas-charged. Within these assessment units, there may be wells drilled that are not economic successes but all are expected to contain gas. Coalbed gas is in this continuous category. Mean estimates of undiscovered gas for the five continuous assessment units are: (l)?Northern Coal Fairway/ Drunkards Wash-752.3 BCFG [21,323 Mm-]; (2) Central Coal Fairway/Buzzard Bench-536.7 BCFG [15,194 Mm-]; (3) Southern Coal Fairway-152.6 BCFG [4320 Mm?]; (4) Deep (6000 feet plus) Coal and Sandstone-59.1 BCFG [1673 Mm3]; (5) Southern Coal Outcrop-10.6 BCFG [300 Mm3]; and Joes Valley and Musinia Grahens-not assessed. The mean estimate of undiscovered gas for the entire TPS is 1551.2 BCFG (43,914 Mm3]. There is a 95% chance that at least 855.7 BCFG [24,225 Mm”] and a 5% chance that at least 2504 BCFG [70,888 Mm31 of undiscovered producible gas remain in the TPS.
04/00685 optimizing
Formation and dissociation studies for the uptake of methane by methane hydrates
Link, D. D. et al. Fluid Phase Equilibria, 2003, 2 I I, (l), I-10. Characteristics such as temperature and pressure profiles for methane hydrate formation and dissociation in pure water, simulated seawater, and water-surfactant systems have been established. A hysteresis effect has been observed for repeated formation-dissociation cycles of the same methane-water system. In an attempt to maximize the uptake of methane during methane hydrate formation, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate provided methane uptake of over 97% of the theoretical maximum uptake. Additional surfactants were tested for their ability to enhance the uptake of methane for hydrate formation. Successful demonstration of efficient methane storage using hydrate formation enhanced by addition of surfactants could provide a safe, low-cost alternative method for storage of natural gas at remote locations.
04/00686
Helium
in inert matrix dispersion
fuels
van Veen, A. et al. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2003. 320, (I-2). 77-84. The behaviour of helium, an important decay product in the transmutation chains of actinides, in dispersion-type inert matrix fuels is discussed. A phenomenological description of its accumulation and release in CERCER and CERMET fuel is given. A summary of recent He-implantation studies with inert matrix metal oxides (Zr02, MgAlz04, MgO and AlzOs) is presented. A general picture is that for high helium concentrations helium and vacancy defects form helium clusters which convert into over-pressurized bubbles. At elevated temperature helium is released from the bubbles. On some occasions thermal stable nano-cavities or nano-pores remain. On the basis of these results the consequences for helium induced swelling and helium storage in oxide matrices kept at SOO-1000°C will be discussed. In addition, results of He-implantation studies for metal matrices (W, MO, Nb and V alloys) will be presented. Introduction of helium in metals at elevated temperatures leads to clustering of helium to bubbles. When operational temperatures are higher than 0.5 melting temperature, swelling and helium embrittlement might occur.
04100687 Mechanism of methane flow through coals and its role on methane recovery
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
04100688 New insight in the partial oxidation
into the role of gas phase reactions of butane
Marengo, S. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003. 8 1, (2), 205-2 13. The partial oxidation of n-butane at high alkane to oxygen ratio was studied in the presence of a Pt-Rh gauze and in an empty tubular reactor under identical conditions. Temperature-programmed reaction (TPR) experiments with the metal gauze showed dramatic changes in the product distribution in the range 255500°C. Total oxidation of butane at low temperature is followed by selective conversion to olefins and oxygenates around 400°C; a further increase in the oven temperature enhances selectively olefins formation. In situ infrared and visible imaging of the reacting gauze revealed remarkable ignition/ extinction phenomena of the surface reactions. Fast ignition on the metal catalyst was observed around 200°C; upon further raising the oven temperature, suppression of these reactions occurred at a temperature level corresponding to the transition to high selectivity conditions. These results indicate a shift from heterogeneous to homogeneous reaction mechanism, the latter being responsible for high selectivity to partial oxidation products (84% olefins + oxygenates). With the empty reactor, conversion and selectivity were similar to those obtained in the presence of the catalyst. The study shows that the gauze plays no significant role in butane partial oxidation, as reactions take place in the void upstream of the catalyst, presumably via an alkylperoxy intermediate.
04/00689 Petroleum biomarker sources in suspended particulate matter and sediments from the Fraser River Basin and Strait of Georgia, Canada Yunker, M. B. and Macdonald, R. W. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (ll), 1525-1541. In the Fraser River Basin and the Strait of Georgia, a pristine hydrocarbon background is evident in older sediments and suspended sediments from remote regions. This natural background has been augmented over the past century by variable amounts of combustion PAHs and petroleum hydrocarbons derived from human activities, with impacts most evident near industrialized or highly populated regions. Traditional petroleum indicators, including alkane and alkyl PAH distributions and unresolved complex mixtures (LJCMs), identify petroleum contamination in suspended particulates transported by the Fraser River and in modern sediments from lakes and rivers in the lower Fraser Basin and the Strait of Georgia. However, these markers have proven to be of limited quantitative use either because they overlap combustion PAH profiles or because they are prone to degradation in the environment. More specific and refractory petroleum markers such as the steranes, rearranged hopanes and triand tetracyclic terpanes are found where there are enhanced concentrations of traditional indicators, confirming previous assignments of petroleum contamination near industrial regions. Furthermore, the low or non-detectable quantities of these biomarkers in remote regions reinforce the conclusion that these areas remain pristine and suggest that these markers may provide useful indicators of any future contamination. Biomarkers of petroleum origin (reservoir location or age) do not provide incisive indicators of the origins of hydrocarbon contamination in the Fraser Basin but they have helped to narrow down the sources. In particular, the absence of structurally rearranged hopanes (25,28,30-trisnorhopane and 28,30-bisnorhopane) rules out contamination from Californian oils, while the presence of enhanced oleanane in samples from the lower Fraser River suggests a source in coal dust lost during railroad transportation to the coast.
sheared
Li, H. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (lo), 1271-1279. Tectonically sheared coals are closely related with coalbed methane exploitation, and are classified into cataclastic coals and mylonitic coals in view of their deformation mechanism, either brittle or ductile. Scanning electron microscopy and reflected light microscopy observations showed that cataclastic coals possess a hierarchy of open, continuous and connecting fractures, whereas mylonitic coals always display tightly compressed and collapsed fractures. Mercury porosimetry studies also indicated that compared with normal coals, 92
cataclastic coals possess greater porosity, more specific surface area and wider average fracture aperture; whereas mylonitic coals are characterized by narrower average fracture aperture and a great deal of specific surface area. Based on experimental data and actual site experiences, a new model of methane flow within coals was proposed. Gas flow through sheared coals, unlike normal coals - a simple dual porosity system comprising a matrix of micropores that are surrounded by cleats, also contain additional steps because of overwhelming sheared fractures and different deformation mechanisms. This model can explain why gas outbursts are always accompanied by small-scale compressively geological structures where mylonitic coals often occur, and why in such area the rate of gas extraction is unexpectedly lower, despite the presence of a great volume of methane.
Transport, storage 04/00690 Constant rate natural in a hydrate reservoir Ji, C. 2423.
et al.
Energy
Conversion
gas production
and Management,
from a well
2003, 44, (15),
2403-