- Email: [email protected]
00829 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 1. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in batch operation
07 Alternative energy sources (bioconversion concentration (l-20 g/l) in the culture medium resulted in higher Hz production, but the yield of Hz production (mol Hz/m01 glucose) gradually decreased with increasing glucose concentration. Carbon mass balance showed that, in addition to cell mass, ethanol, acetate and COz were the major fermentation products and comprised more than 70% of the carbon consumed. The maximal Hz yield and Hz production rate were estimated to be 2.49 molHz/mol glucose and 32.3 mmolHz/gcellh, respectively. The overall performance of Y19 in fermentative Hz production is- quite similar-to that of most Hzproducing bacteria previously studied, especially to that of Rhodopseudomonas palustris P4, and this indicates that the attempt to find an outstanding bacterial strain for fermentative Hz production might be very difficult if not impossible.
04lOO821 Fundamental study on the production biomass fuel using hydrothermal treatment
of woody
Hirajima, T. et al. Shigen ro Sozai, 2003, 119, (3). 118-124. (In Japanese) Woodv biomass (Acacia Maneium) which contains 43% ldrv basis) oxygen was converted by treatment in liquid water at 270-350’: at 8.318.4 MPa, and holding time IO min using an autoclave of 10 L capacity. At these reaction conditions a significant proportion of the oxygen was removed and the oxygen content of the solid product became 14-24%. Removal of oxygen increased the carbon content and the heating value, leadine to a oroduct with more sub-bituminous and bituminous coallike p&pert&. This solid product having heating values of 6900-7160 kcal/kg (dry basis) is an excellent fuel because of its higher volatile matter content, Ibw sulfur, and low ash. After cooling down the reaction mixture to ambient temperatures the liquid product containine the oreanic comuonents was dissolved in nrocess water. It is mainlv composed of MeOh, acetic acid, components derived from cellulose and hemi-cellulose (e.g. S-hydroxvmethvl-2-furancarboxaldehvde and furfural), and lignin compbne& (e.g. 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol and guaiacol). The mechanism of the conversion process is discussed through Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis results. ‘2
04/00822
Y
1
1
Gasification
of wood biomass
Fujinami, S. Eco Industry, 2003, 8, (4) 19-29. (In Japanese) A review on introduction of recent gasification technologies for woody biomass and processes using fluidized-bed furnaces.
~N~~~~
Hydrocarbons
from pyrolysis
and hydrolysis
of
Demirbas, A. Energy Sources, 2003, 25, (l), 67-75. Biomass is available as a potential resource for energy generation and chemicals. The future supply of biomass energy depends on energy prices and technical progress, both of which are driven by energy policy priorities. Pyrolysis and hydrolysis processes have great promise as a means for converting biomass into chemicals and higher value fuels. Total amounts of C-12, C-18, and C-24 hydrocarbons obtained from hazelnut shell, beech wood, spruce wood, tea waste, and filter paper were 37.2, 38.2, 37.6, 39.5, and 41.1% respectively. The straight-chain alkanes from pyrolysis range from C-14 to C-32, and the distribution of straight-chain alkanes exhibit a maximum in the range of C-17 to C-30 in the liquid products of the biomass samples.
04100824 Hydrogen production from sewage sludge solubillzed in hot-compressed water using photocatalyst under light irradiation Kida, T. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (3), 269-274. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from a digested sewage sludge solubilized in hot-compressed water (573K) was investigated in order to develop a low-cost sacrifice agent for CdS-based photocatalysts from biomass. Hz evolution occurred over a LaMnOs/CdS composite photocatalyst under Xe lamp irradiation from water containing the solubilized sewage sludge and the amount of evolved Hz reached more than 30 mmol/g-catalyst for a 200 h-reaction; on the other hand, no Hz was formed in the absence of the solubilized sewage sludge. The Hz evolution rate was comparable to that when typical NazS-NazSOz sacrifice agents were used, suggesting the applicability of a biomassderived sacrifice agent for photocatalysis. Organic compounds, such as methanol and formic acid, contained in the solubilized sewage sludge are responsible for the Ha evolution observed.
04/00825 Improved conditionina
hydrosolar
roof for buildings’
air
Lucas, M. et 11. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (9), 963-970. An improved heat dissipation system for buildings’ air conditioning, based on a previous prototype, has been developed and tested. It acts as an extended solar driven cooling tower, reducing service water temperature. The paper presents the physical basis of the system, the geometrical modifications of the new prototype, the mathematical model and the performed tests. Experimental results obtained during
energy)
summer 2000 in a full-scale prototype showed that the cooling power capacity of this model is about 50% greater than that of the preliminary model. For each square meter of Hydrosolar Roof, more than 400 W of heat released can be reached under common operating conditions. Correlations of the system thermal performance have been obtained as functions of solar radiation, wind velocity and ambient conditions, allowing the design of system for actual buildings’ applications.
04100826 influence of chemical nature of organic wastes on their conversion to hydrogen by heat-shock digested sludge Lay, J.-J. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (IZ), 1361-1367. The influence of the chemical nature of high-solid organic wastes (HSOW) on their biohydrogen generation was investigated using simulated high-solid bioreactors under mesophilic conditions. The bioreactors were filled with 10% total solid of rice, potato, fat meat, chicken skin, egg, and lean meat. Experimental results indicate that hydrogen-producing potential of carbohydrate-rich HSOW (rice and potato) was approximately 20 times larger than that of fat-rich HSOW (fat meat and chicken skin) and of protein-rich HSOW (egg and lean meat). According to development trends of pH and hydrogen, pH around 6.0 might be threshold for heat-shock digested sludge; that is Clostridium-rich sludge, converting fat- and protein-rich HSOW to hydrogen; but pH threshold for Closfridium-rich sludge consuming carbohydrates-rich HSOW occurred at around 5.0. In bulk solution, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alcohols occurred concurrently and the trends of carbohydrate-rich HSOW were similar to those of proteinrich HSOW. Considering developments of carbohydrates and VFAs together with that of hydrogen one infers that lipids would be hydrolysed to carbohydrates and the carbon flow would proceed through acetate/Hz + CO2 cleavage. Indications from cluster analysis of pH development trends are that a cometabolism would be obtained in wastes rich in carbohydrate and protein.
04100827 Investigation of biomass steam gasification gas using a GaAs based quantum cascade laser emitting at 11 pm
Lackner, M. et al. Optics Communications, 2003, 216, (46), 357-360. A GaAs-based quantum cascade laser was used to record the absorption spectrum of product gas from a biomass steam gasification plant. The quantum cascade laser, processed as distributed feedback laser, emitted single mode. Its emission wavelength was tuned from 886.76 to 889.16 cm-’ by sweeping the operation temperature of the laser from 185 to 225 K. The spectrum of the biomass steam gasification gas was compared to the measured spectra of C2H4 and NH3 that agree well with the HITRAN 2000 database. The biomass steam gasification contains 2% of Cz,+. NHs could not be detected in the synthesis gas.
04/00828 cropping
Life cycle assessment system
of a willow
bioenergy
Heller, M. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 147-165. The environmental performance of willow biomass crop production systems in New York (NY) is analysed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The base-case, which represents current practices in NY, produces 55 units of biomass energy per unit of fossil energy consumed over the biomass crop’s 23-year lifetime. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer inputs have a strong influence on overall system performance, accounting for 37% of the non-renewable fossil energy input into the system. Net energy ratio varies from 58 to below 40 as a function of fertilizer application rate, but application rate also has implications on the system nutrient balance. Substituting inorganic N fertilizer with sewage sludge biosolids increases the net energy ratio of the willow biomass crop production system by more than 40%. While CO, emitted in cornbusting dedicated biomass-is balanced by COz adsorbed in the arowine biomass. nroduction nrocesses contribute to the svstem’s net global warming potential. Taking into account direct and indirect fuel use, NzO emissions from applied fertilizer and leaf litter, and carbon sequestration in below ground biomass and soil carbon, the net greenhouse gas emissions total 0.68 gCOz eq. MJaiomassproduced-‘. Site saecific narameters such as soil carbon seouestration could easilv offset these emissions resulting in a net rediction of greenhouse’ gases. Assuming reasonable biomass transportation distance and energy conversion efficiencies, this study implies that generating electricity from willow biomass crops could produce 11 units of electricity per unit of fossil energy consumed. Results form the LCA support the assertion that willow biomass crops are sustainable from an energy balance perspective and contribute additional environmental benefits.
04100829 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 1. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in batch operation Dittmar, German)
T. et al. Chemie
Fuel
Ingenieur
end
Energy
Technik,
2003. 75, (5), 595-601.
Abstracts
March 2004
(In
107
07
Alternative
energy
The kinetic parameters spent fat into biodiesel in an experimental continuously on their the transesterification. of the temperature on Based on the evaluated
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
for the transesterification of rape seed oil and were evaluated. The syntheses were performed and samples were investigated calorimeter, composition to evaluate the reaction kinetics of Various catalysts were tested, and the influence the transesterification efficiency was measured. data a kinetic model was developed.
04lOO830 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 2. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in continuous operation Dittmar, T. et al. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2003, 75, (5), 601-608. (In German) Experiments were performed to detect the stationary conversion of triglycerides from rape seed oil and spent fats into fatty acid Me esters on a continuously operating plant with three stages. The plant operated with an intermediate glycerin/water separator and methanol/catalyst additional in the second and third stage. The experimental results agreed well with results achieved by kinetic modelling, and the presented technology was suitable for the conversion of a variable fat feedstock into biodiesel.
Biomass was pre-treated with phosphoric acid and dried prior to analytical pyrolysis. The influence of pre-treatment parameters, i.e. concentration of phosphoric acid, its uptake by biomass, and drying temperature-upon the pyrolysis process of various cellulose containing raw materials has been studied. The concentration of the impregnation solution should be chosen according to the sorption capacity of the cellulosic feedstock. By varying the concentration of phos boric acid, R the pyrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose Thermocell may be directed toward elevated production of levoglucosan (40%) and levoglucosenone (34%). The protective role of lignin in birch wood towards the cellulose moiety is discussed in connection with radical scavenging properties of lignin. Birch wood treated with phosphoric acid solutions (having concentrations less than 2%) yields approx. 15% levoglucosan. At higher concentrations, a decline of the radical scavenging activity of lignin occurs, which increments the role of dehydration reactions, and, as a consequence, the formation of more levoglucosenone (17%).
04100835 Process and device for gas scrubbing of biogas used for gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants
Wan, T. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (I), 89-93. (In Chinese) With naphthalene as model compound the catalytic cracking experiments on biomass tar are made on Ni catalysts, and its catalyst preparation activity, coke forming, and regeneration is analysed. Single conversion of naphthalene is 95% at space velocity 0.8 L h-’ and 700”. With saturated wet air as regeneration gas, the regeneration time is within 0.5 h. Compared with heat cracking at the same reaction temperature, the catalytic cracking is propitious to deep cracking of naphthalene.
Schwerdt, P. and Doczyck, W. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1,316,350 (Cl. BOlD53/14), 4 Jun 2003, DE Appl. 10,158,804. (In German) The invention concerns a procedure as well as a plant for the purification of fermentation gases, which are subjected to gas scrubbing. High-molecule Si compounds of the raw gas are catalyticconverted into low-molecule Si compounds before gas scrubbing, whereby the gas scrubbing is carried out with a polar solvent (especially water). The procedure as well as the plant are used for the low-cost removal of siloxanes from fermentation gases with different compositions. The purified biogas is especially used for operating of gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants to prevent wear, service expenditure as well as damages at the gas engines.
04100832 Photobiological hydrogen production by using olive mill wastewater as a sole substrate source
04100836 cabbage
04/00831 Performance and catalyst preparation
of catalytic
cracking
of biomass
tar
Eroglu, E. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 163-171. In the present work olive mill wastewater (OMW) collected from West Anatolia-Turkey during 2001, containing 36.02 g carbon, 5.26 g hydrogen, and 0.96 g nitrogen in 100 g suspended solid was used as a sole substrate for the production of hydrogen gas by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in 400 ml glass, column-photobioreactors. Hydrogen production studies on diluted-OMW were investigated in the range of 20% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) OMW containing media. Below 5% OMW containing media, bacterial growth rate fitted well to the logistic model where hydrogen production was observed for the ones below 4% OMW. A maximum hydrogen production potential (HPP) of 13.9 IR/Io~w was obtained at 2% OMW. During the biological hydrogen production process, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the diluted wastewater decreased from 1100 to 720 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreased from 475 to 200 mgil, and the total recoverable phenol content (orthoand meta-substitutions) decreased from 2.32 to 0.93 mg/l. In addition, valuable by-products such as carotenoid (40 mg/loMw) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (60 mg/ lo~w) were obtained. According to these results, OMW was concluded to be a very promising substrate source for biohydrogen production process, with additional benefits of its utilization with regard to environmental and economical aspects.
04100833 Prediction of the working parameters waste gasifier through an equilibrium model
of a wood
Altafini, C. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Managemenr, 2003.44, (17), 2763-2777. This paper deals with the computational simulation of a wood waste (sawdust) gasifier using an equilibrium model based on minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The gasifier has been tested with Pinus Elliotis sawdust, an exotic specie largely cultivated in the South of Brazil. The biomass used in the tests presented a moisture of nearly 10% (wt% on wet basis), and the average composition results of the gas produced (without tar) are compared with the equilibrium models used. Sensitivity studies to verify the influence of the moisture sawdust content on the fuel gas composition and on its heating value were made. More complex models to reproduce with better accuracy the gasifier studied were elaborated. Although the equilibrium models do not represent the reactions that occur at relatively high temperatures (-800°C) very well, these models can be useful to show some tendencies on the working parameter variations of a gasifier.
04100834 Pre-treatment prior to fast pyrolysis Dobele, G. et al. Journal 69, 197-211.
108
Fuel
and
Energy
of biomass
cf Analyfical
Abstracts
with phosphoric
and Applied
Pyrolysis,
March 2004
acid 2003.
6%
Production
of yeast biomass
using waste Chinese
Choi, M. H. and Park, Y. H. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 221226. The possibility of using waste Chinese cabbage as a substrate for microbial biomass production was investigated. Cell mass and the protein content of four species of yeast, Candidu utilis, Pichia sripitis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were determined when cultured in juice extracted from cabbage waste. Compared to YM broth containing the same level of sugar, all the strains except C. utilis showed higher total protein production in cabbage juice medium (CJM). Cell mass production was lower for all four strains in heat-treated CJM than in membrane-filtered medium, and this adverse effect was pronounced when the CJM was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. As a source of inorganic nitrogen, only ammonium sulfate added at a concentration of 0.5 g nitrogen per liter of CJM increased cell growth. Of the seven organic nitrogen sources tested, only corn steep powder was effective in increasing cell mass (by about 11%). As a micronutrient, the addition of 0.5 mM zinc increased cell mass. The results suggest that juice from waste Chinese cabbages can be used to produce microbial biomass protein without substantial modification, after preliminary heat treatment at temperatures below those required for sterilization.
04100837 Pakistan
Status and outlook
of solar energy use in
Mirza, U. K. PI al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 501-514. Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers also have vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed in this paper. In addition, the role of R&D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy of Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source.
04lOO821 Fundamental study on the production biomass fuel using hydrothermal treatment
of woody
Hirajima, T. et al. Shigen ro Sozai, 2003, 119, (3). 118-124. (In Japanese) Woodv biomass (Acacia Maneium) which contains 43% ldrv basis) oxygen was converted by treatment in liquid water at 270-350’: at 8.318.4 MPa, and holding time IO min using an autoclave of 10 L capacity. At these reaction conditions a significant proportion of the oxygen was removed and the oxygen content of the solid product became 14-24%. Removal of oxygen increased the carbon content and the heating value, leadine to a oroduct with more sub-bituminous and bituminous coallike p&pert&. This solid product having heating values of 6900-7160 kcal/kg (dry basis) is an excellent fuel because of its higher volatile matter content, Ibw sulfur, and low ash. After cooling down the reaction mixture to ambient temperatures the liquid product containine the oreanic comuonents was dissolved in nrocess water. It is mainlv composed of MeOh, acetic acid, components derived from cellulose and hemi-cellulose (e.g. S-hydroxvmethvl-2-furancarboxaldehvde and furfural), and lignin compbne& (e.g. 2,6-dimethoxy-phenol and guaiacol). The mechanism of the conversion process is discussed through Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, gas chromatograph mass spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy analysis results. ‘2
04/00822
Y
1
1
Gasification
of wood biomass
Fujinami, S. Eco Industry, 2003, 8, (4) 19-29. (In Japanese) A review on introduction of recent gasification technologies for woody biomass and processes using fluidized-bed furnaces.
~N~~~~
Hydrocarbons
from pyrolysis
and hydrolysis
of
Demirbas, A. Energy Sources, 2003, 25, (l), 67-75. Biomass is available as a potential resource for energy generation and chemicals. The future supply of biomass energy depends on energy prices and technical progress, both of which are driven by energy policy priorities. Pyrolysis and hydrolysis processes have great promise as a means for converting biomass into chemicals and higher value fuels. Total amounts of C-12, C-18, and C-24 hydrocarbons obtained from hazelnut shell, beech wood, spruce wood, tea waste, and filter paper were 37.2, 38.2, 37.6, 39.5, and 41.1% respectively. The straight-chain alkanes from pyrolysis range from C-14 to C-32, and the distribution of straight-chain alkanes exhibit a maximum in the range of C-17 to C-30 in the liquid products of the biomass samples.
04100824 Hydrogen production from sewage sludge solubillzed in hot-compressed water using photocatalyst under light irradiation Kida, T. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (3), 269-274. Photocatalytic hydrogen production from a digested sewage sludge solubilized in hot-compressed water (573K) was investigated in order to develop a low-cost sacrifice agent for CdS-based photocatalysts from biomass. Hz evolution occurred over a LaMnOs/CdS composite photocatalyst under Xe lamp irradiation from water containing the solubilized sewage sludge and the amount of evolved Hz reached more than 30 mmol/g-catalyst for a 200 h-reaction; on the other hand, no Hz was formed in the absence of the solubilized sewage sludge. The Hz evolution rate was comparable to that when typical NazS-NazSOz sacrifice agents were used, suggesting the applicability of a biomassderived sacrifice agent for photocatalysis. Organic compounds, such as methanol and formic acid, contained in the solubilized sewage sludge are responsible for the Ha evolution observed.
04/00825 Improved conditionina
hydrosolar
roof for buildings’
air
Lucas, M. et 11. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (9), 963-970. An improved heat dissipation system for buildings’ air conditioning, based on a previous prototype, has been developed and tested. It acts as an extended solar driven cooling tower, reducing service water temperature. The paper presents the physical basis of the system, the geometrical modifications of the new prototype, the mathematical model and the performed tests. Experimental results obtained during
energy)
summer 2000 in a full-scale prototype showed that the cooling power capacity of this model is about 50% greater than that of the preliminary model. For each square meter of Hydrosolar Roof, more than 400 W of heat released can be reached under common operating conditions. Correlations of the system thermal performance have been obtained as functions of solar radiation, wind velocity and ambient conditions, allowing the design of system for actual buildings’ applications.
04100826 influence of chemical nature of organic wastes on their conversion to hydrogen by heat-shock digested sludge Lay, J.-J. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2003, 28, (IZ), 1361-1367. The influence of the chemical nature of high-solid organic wastes (HSOW) on their biohydrogen generation was investigated using simulated high-solid bioreactors under mesophilic conditions. The bioreactors were filled with 10% total solid of rice, potato, fat meat, chicken skin, egg, and lean meat. Experimental results indicate that hydrogen-producing potential of carbohydrate-rich HSOW (rice and potato) was approximately 20 times larger than that of fat-rich HSOW (fat meat and chicken skin) and of protein-rich HSOW (egg and lean meat). According to development trends of pH and hydrogen, pH around 6.0 might be threshold for heat-shock digested sludge; that is Clostridium-rich sludge, converting fat- and protein-rich HSOW to hydrogen; but pH threshold for Closfridium-rich sludge consuming carbohydrates-rich HSOW occurred at around 5.0. In bulk solution, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alcohols occurred concurrently and the trends of carbohydrate-rich HSOW were similar to those of proteinrich HSOW. Considering developments of carbohydrates and VFAs together with that of hydrogen one infers that lipids would be hydrolysed to carbohydrates and the carbon flow would proceed through acetate/Hz + CO2 cleavage. Indications from cluster analysis of pH development trends are that a cometabolism would be obtained in wastes rich in carbohydrate and protein.
04100827 Investigation of biomass steam gasification gas using a GaAs based quantum cascade laser emitting at 11 pm
Lackner, M. et al. Optics Communications, 2003, 216, (46), 357-360. A GaAs-based quantum cascade laser was used to record the absorption spectrum of product gas from a biomass steam gasification plant. The quantum cascade laser, processed as distributed feedback laser, emitted single mode. Its emission wavelength was tuned from 886.76 to 889.16 cm-’ by sweeping the operation temperature of the laser from 185 to 225 K. The spectrum of the biomass steam gasification gas was compared to the measured spectra of C2H4 and NH3 that agree well with the HITRAN 2000 database. The biomass steam gasification contains 2% of Cz,+. NHs could not be detected in the synthesis gas.
04/00828 cropping
Life cycle assessment system
of a willow
bioenergy
Heller, M. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 147-165. The environmental performance of willow biomass crop production systems in New York (NY) is analysed using life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The base-case, which represents current practices in NY, produces 55 units of biomass energy per unit of fossil energy consumed over the biomass crop’s 23-year lifetime. Inorganic nitrogen fertilizer inputs have a strong influence on overall system performance, accounting for 37% of the non-renewable fossil energy input into the system. Net energy ratio varies from 58 to below 40 as a function of fertilizer application rate, but application rate also has implications on the system nutrient balance. Substituting inorganic N fertilizer with sewage sludge biosolids increases the net energy ratio of the willow biomass crop production system by more than 40%. While CO, emitted in cornbusting dedicated biomass-is balanced by COz adsorbed in the arowine biomass. nroduction nrocesses contribute to the svstem’s net global warming potential. Taking into account direct and indirect fuel use, NzO emissions from applied fertilizer and leaf litter, and carbon sequestration in below ground biomass and soil carbon, the net greenhouse gas emissions total 0.68 gCOz eq. MJaiomassproduced-‘. Site saecific narameters such as soil carbon seouestration could easilv offset these emissions resulting in a net rediction of greenhouse’ gases. Assuming reasonable biomass transportation distance and energy conversion efficiencies, this study implies that generating electricity from willow biomass crops could produce 11 units of electricity per unit of fossil energy consumed. Results form the LCA support the assertion that willow biomass crops are sustainable from an energy balance perspective and contribute additional environmental benefits.
04100829 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 1. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in batch operation Dittmar, German)
T. et al. Chemie
Fuel
Ingenieur
end
Energy
Technik,
2003. 75, (5), 595-601.
Abstracts
March 2004
(In
107
07
Alternative
energy
The kinetic parameters spent fat into biodiesel in an experimental continuously on their the transesterification. of the temperature on Based on the evaluated
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
for the transesterification of rape seed oil and were evaluated. The syntheses were performed and samples were investigated calorimeter, composition to evaluate the reaction kinetics of Various catalysts were tested, and the influence the transesterification efficiency was measured. data a kinetic model was developed.
04lOO830 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 2. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in continuous operation Dittmar, T. et al. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2003, 75, (5), 601-608. (In German) Experiments were performed to detect the stationary conversion of triglycerides from rape seed oil and spent fats into fatty acid Me esters on a continuously operating plant with three stages. The plant operated with an intermediate glycerin/water separator and methanol/catalyst additional in the second and third stage. The experimental results agreed well with results achieved by kinetic modelling, and the presented technology was suitable for the conversion of a variable fat feedstock into biodiesel.
Biomass was pre-treated with phosphoric acid and dried prior to analytical pyrolysis. The influence of pre-treatment parameters, i.e. concentration of phosphoric acid, its uptake by biomass, and drying temperature-upon the pyrolysis process of various cellulose containing raw materials has been studied. The concentration of the impregnation solution should be chosen according to the sorption capacity of the cellulosic feedstock. By varying the concentration of phos boric acid, R the pyrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose Thermocell may be directed toward elevated production of levoglucosan (40%) and levoglucosenone (34%). The protective role of lignin in birch wood towards the cellulose moiety is discussed in connection with radical scavenging properties of lignin. Birch wood treated with phosphoric acid solutions (having concentrations less than 2%) yields approx. 15% levoglucosan. At higher concentrations, a decline of the radical scavenging activity of lignin occurs, which increments the role of dehydration reactions, and, as a consequence, the formation of more levoglucosenone (17%).
04100835 Process and device for gas scrubbing of biogas used for gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants
Wan, T. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (I), 89-93. (In Chinese) With naphthalene as model compound the catalytic cracking experiments on biomass tar are made on Ni catalysts, and its catalyst preparation activity, coke forming, and regeneration is analysed. Single conversion of naphthalene is 95% at space velocity 0.8 L h-’ and 700”. With saturated wet air as regeneration gas, the regeneration time is within 0.5 h. Compared with heat cracking at the same reaction temperature, the catalytic cracking is propitious to deep cracking of naphthalene.
Schwerdt, P. and Doczyck, W. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1,316,350 (Cl. BOlD53/14), 4 Jun 2003, DE Appl. 10,158,804. (In German) The invention concerns a procedure as well as a plant for the purification of fermentation gases, which are subjected to gas scrubbing. High-molecule Si compounds of the raw gas are catalyticconverted into low-molecule Si compounds before gas scrubbing, whereby the gas scrubbing is carried out with a polar solvent (especially water). The procedure as well as the plant are used for the low-cost removal of siloxanes from fermentation gases with different compositions. The purified biogas is especially used for operating of gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants to prevent wear, service expenditure as well as damages at the gas engines.
04100832 Photobiological hydrogen production by using olive mill wastewater as a sole substrate source
04100836 cabbage
04/00831 Performance and catalyst preparation
of catalytic
cracking
of biomass
tar
Eroglu, E. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 163-171. In the present work olive mill wastewater (OMW) collected from West Anatolia-Turkey during 2001, containing 36.02 g carbon, 5.26 g hydrogen, and 0.96 g nitrogen in 100 g suspended solid was used as a sole substrate for the production of hydrogen gas by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in 400 ml glass, column-photobioreactors. Hydrogen production studies on diluted-OMW were investigated in the range of 20% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) OMW containing media. Below 5% OMW containing media, bacterial growth rate fitted well to the logistic model where hydrogen production was observed for the ones below 4% OMW. A maximum hydrogen production potential (HPP) of 13.9 IR/Io~w was obtained at 2% OMW. During the biological hydrogen production process, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the diluted wastewater decreased from 1100 to 720 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreased from 475 to 200 mgil, and the total recoverable phenol content (orthoand meta-substitutions) decreased from 2.32 to 0.93 mg/l. In addition, valuable by-products such as carotenoid (40 mg/loMw) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (60 mg/ lo~w) were obtained. According to these results, OMW was concluded to be a very promising substrate source for biohydrogen production process, with additional benefits of its utilization with regard to environmental and economical aspects.
04100833 Prediction of the working parameters waste gasifier through an equilibrium model
of a wood
Altafini, C. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Managemenr, 2003.44, (17), 2763-2777. This paper deals with the computational simulation of a wood waste (sawdust) gasifier using an equilibrium model based on minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The gasifier has been tested with Pinus Elliotis sawdust, an exotic specie largely cultivated in the South of Brazil. The biomass used in the tests presented a moisture of nearly 10% (wt% on wet basis), and the average composition results of the gas produced (without tar) are compared with the equilibrium models used. Sensitivity studies to verify the influence of the moisture sawdust content on the fuel gas composition and on its heating value were made. More complex models to reproduce with better accuracy the gasifier studied were elaborated. Although the equilibrium models do not represent the reactions that occur at relatively high temperatures (-800°C) very well, these models can be useful to show some tendencies on the working parameter variations of a gasifier.
04100834 Pre-treatment prior to fast pyrolysis Dobele, G. et al. Journal 69, 197-211.
108
Fuel
and
Energy
of biomass
cf Analyfical
Abstracts
with phosphoric
and Applied
Pyrolysis,
March 2004
acid 2003.
6%
Production
of yeast biomass
using waste Chinese
Choi, M. H. and Park, Y. H. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 221226. The possibility of using waste Chinese cabbage as a substrate for microbial biomass production was investigated. Cell mass and the protein content of four species of yeast, Candidu utilis, Pichia sripitis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were determined when cultured in juice extracted from cabbage waste. Compared to YM broth containing the same level of sugar, all the strains except C. utilis showed higher total protein production in cabbage juice medium (CJM). Cell mass production was lower for all four strains in heat-treated CJM than in membrane-filtered medium, and this adverse effect was pronounced when the CJM was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. As a source of inorganic nitrogen, only ammonium sulfate added at a concentration of 0.5 g nitrogen per liter of CJM increased cell growth. Of the seven organic nitrogen sources tested, only corn steep powder was effective in increasing cell mass (by about 11%). As a micronutrient, the addition of 0.5 mM zinc increased cell mass. The results suggest that juice from waste Chinese cabbages can be used to produce microbial biomass protein without substantial modification, after preliminary heat treatment at temperatures below those required for sterilization.
04100837 Pakistan
Status and outlook
of solar energy use in
Mirza, U. K. PI al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 501-514. Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers also have vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed in this paper. In addition, the role of R&D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy of Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source.