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00836 Production of yeast biomass using waste Chinese cabbage
07
Alternative
energy
The kinetic parameters spent fat into biodiesel in an experimental continuously on their the transesterification. of the temperature on Based on the evaluated
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
for the transesterification of rape seed oil and were evaluated. The syntheses were performed and samples were investigated calorimeter, composition to evaluate the reaction kinetics of Various catalysts were tested, and the influence the transesterification efficiency was measured. data a kinetic model was developed.
04lOO830 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 2. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in continuous operation Dittmar, T. et al. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2003, 75, (5), 601-608. (In German) Experiments were performed to detect the stationary conversion of triglycerides from rape seed oil and spent fats into fatty acid Me esters on a continuously operating plant with three stages. The plant operated with an intermediate glycerin/water separator and methanol/catalyst additional in the second and third stage. The experimental results agreed well with results achieved by kinetic modelling, and the presented technology was suitable for the conversion of a variable fat feedstock into biodiesel.
Biomass was pre-treated with phosphoric acid and dried prior to analytical pyrolysis. The influence of pre-treatment parameters, i.e. concentration of phosphoric acid, its uptake by biomass, and drying temperature-upon the pyrolysis process of various cellulose containing raw materials has been studied. The concentration of the impregnation solution should be chosen according to the sorption capacity of the cellulosic feedstock. By varying the concentration of phos boric acid, R the pyrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose Thermocell may be directed toward elevated production of levoglucosan (40%) and levoglucosenone (34%). The protective role of lignin in birch wood towards the cellulose moiety is discussed in connection with radical scavenging properties of lignin. Birch wood treated with phosphoric acid solutions (having concentrations less than 2%) yields approx. 15% levoglucosan. At higher concentrations, a decline of the radical scavenging activity of lignin occurs, which increments the role of dehydration reactions, and, as a consequence, the formation of more levoglucosenone (17%).
04100835 Process and device for gas scrubbing of biogas used for gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants
Wan, T. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (I), 89-93. (In Chinese) With naphthalene as model compound the catalytic cracking experiments on biomass tar are made on Ni catalysts, and its catalyst preparation activity, coke forming, and regeneration is analysed. Single conversion of naphthalene is 95% at space velocity 0.8 L h-’ and 700”. With saturated wet air as regeneration gas, the regeneration time is within 0.5 h. Compared with heat cracking at the same reaction temperature, the catalytic cracking is propitious to deep cracking of naphthalene.
Schwerdt, P. and Doczyck, W. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1,316,350 (Cl. BOlD53/14), 4 Jun 2003, DE Appl. 10,158,804. (In German) The invention concerns a procedure as well as a plant for the purification of fermentation gases, which are subjected to gas scrubbing. High-molecule Si compounds of the raw gas are catalyticconverted into low-molecule Si compounds before gas scrubbing, whereby the gas scrubbing is carried out with a polar solvent (especially water). The procedure as well as the plant are used for the low-cost removal of siloxanes from fermentation gases with different compositions. The purified biogas is especially used for operating of gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants to prevent wear, service expenditure as well as damages at the gas engines.
04100832 Photobiological hydrogen production by using olive mill wastewater as a sole substrate source
04100836 cabbage
04/00831 Performance and catalyst preparation
of catalytic
cracking
of biomass
tar
Eroglu, E. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 163-171. In the present work olive mill wastewater (OMW) collected from West Anatolia-Turkey during 2001, containing 36.02 g carbon, 5.26 g hydrogen, and 0.96 g nitrogen in 100 g suspended solid was used as a sole substrate for the production of hydrogen gas by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in 400 ml glass, column-photobioreactors. Hydrogen production studies on diluted-OMW were investigated in the range of 20% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) OMW containing media. Below 5% OMW containing media, bacterial growth rate fitted well to the logistic model where hydrogen production was observed for the ones below 4% OMW. A maximum hydrogen production potential (HPP) of 13.9 IR/Io~w was obtained at 2% OMW. During the biological hydrogen production process, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the diluted wastewater decreased from 1100 to 720 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreased from 475 to 200 mgil, and the total recoverable phenol content (orthoand meta-substitutions) decreased from 2.32 to 0.93 mg/l. In addition, valuable by-products such as carotenoid (40 mg/loMw) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (60 mg/ lo~w) were obtained. According to these results, OMW was concluded to be a very promising substrate source for biohydrogen production process, with additional benefits of its utilization with regard to environmental and economical aspects.
04100833 Prediction of the working parameters waste gasifier through an equilibrium model
of a wood
Altafini, C. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Managemenr, 2003.44, (17), 2763-2777. This paper deals with the computational simulation of a wood waste (sawdust) gasifier using an equilibrium model based on minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The gasifier has been tested with Pinus Elliotis sawdust, an exotic specie largely cultivated in the South of Brazil. The biomass used in the tests presented a moisture of nearly 10% (wt% on wet basis), and the average composition results of the gas produced (without tar) are compared with the equilibrium models used. Sensitivity studies to verify the influence of the moisture sawdust content on the fuel gas composition and on its heating value were made. More complex models to reproduce with better accuracy the gasifier studied were elaborated. Although the equilibrium models do not represent the reactions that occur at relatively high temperatures (-800°C) very well, these models can be useful to show some tendencies on the working parameter variations of a gasifier.
04100834 Pre-treatment prior to fast pyrolysis Dobele, G. et al. Journal 69, 197-211.
108
Fuel
and
Energy
of biomass
cf Analyfical
Abstracts
with phosphoric
and Applied
Pyrolysis,
March 2004
acid 2003.
6%
Production
of yeast biomass
using waste Chinese
Choi, M. H. and Park, Y. H. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 221226. The possibility of using waste Chinese cabbage as a substrate for microbial biomass production was investigated. Cell mass and the protein content of four species of yeast, Candidu utilis, Pichia sripitis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were determined when cultured in juice extracted from cabbage waste. Compared to YM broth containing the same level of sugar, all the strains except C. utilis showed higher total protein production in cabbage juice medium (CJM). Cell mass production was lower for all four strains in heat-treated CJM than in membrane-filtered medium, and this adverse effect was pronounced when the CJM was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. As a source of inorganic nitrogen, only ammonium sulfate added at a concentration of 0.5 g nitrogen per liter of CJM increased cell growth. Of the seven organic nitrogen sources tested, only corn steep powder was effective in increasing cell mass (by about 11%). As a micronutrient, the addition of 0.5 mM zinc increased cell mass. The results suggest that juice from waste Chinese cabbages can be used to produce microbial biomass protein without substantial modification, after preliminary heat treatment at temperatures below those required for sterilization.
04100837 Pakistan
Status and outlook
of solar energy use in
Mirza, U. K. PI al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 501-514. Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers also have vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed in this paper. In addition, the role of R&D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy of Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source.
Alternative
energy
The kinetic parameters spent fat into biodiesel in an experimental continuously on their the transesterification. of the temperature on Based on the evaluated
sources
(bioconversion
energy)
for the transesterification of rape seed oil and were evaluated. The syntheses were performed and samples were investigated calorimeter, composition to evaluate the reaction kinetics of Various catalysts were tested, and the influence the transesterification efficiency was measured. data a kinetic model was developed.
04lOO830 Manufacture of biodiesel fuel. Part 2. Production of fatty acid methyl esters from rape oil and spent fat in continuous operation Dittmar, T. et al. Chemie Ingenieur Technik, 2003, 75, (5), 601-608. (In German) Experiments were performed to detect the stationary conversion of triglycerides from rape seed oil and spent fats into fatty acid Me esters on a continuously operating plant with three stages. The plant operated with an intermediate glycerin/water separator and methanol/catalyst additional in the second and third stage. The experimental results agreed well with results achieved by kinetic modelling, and the presented technology was suitable for the conversion of a variable fat feedstock into biodiesel.
Biomass was pre-treated with phosphoric acid and dried prior to analytical pyrolysis. The influence of pre-treatment parameters, i.e. concentration of phosphoric acid, its uptake by biomass, and drying temperature-upon the pyrolysis process of various cellulose containing raw materials has been studied. The concentration of the impregnation solution should be chosen according to the sorption capacity of the cellulosic feedstock. By varying the concentration of phos boric acid, R the pyrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose Thermocell may be directed toward elevated production of levoglucosan (40%) and levoglucosenone (34%). The protective role of lignin in birch wood towards the cellulose moiety is discussed in connection with radical scavenging properties of lignin. Birch wood treated with phosphoric acid solutions (having concentrations less than 2%) yields approx. 15% levoglucosan. At higher concentrations, a decline of the radical scavenging activity of lignin occurs, which increments the role of dehydration reactions, and, as a consequence, the formation of more levoglucosenone (17%).
04100835 Process and device for gas scrubbing of biogas used for gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants
Wan, T. et al. Meifan Zhuanhua, 2003, 26, (I), 89-93. (In Chinese) With naphthalene as model compound the catalytic cracking experiments on biomass tar are made on Ni catalysts, and its catalyst preparation activity, coke forming, and regeneration is analysed. Single conversion of naphthalene is 95% at space velocity 0.8 L h-’ and 700”. With saturated wet air as regeneration gas, the regeneration time is within 0.5 h. Compared with heat cracking at the same reaction temperature, the catalytic cracking is propitious to deep cracking of naphthalene.
Schwerdt, P. and Doczyck, W. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 1,316,350 (Cl. BOlD53/14), 4 Jun 2003, DE Appl. 10,158,804. (In German) The invention concerns a procedure as well as a plant for the purification of fermentation gases, which are subjected to gas scrubbing. High-molecule Si compounds of the raw gas are catalyticconverted into low-molecule Si compounds before gas scrubbing, whereby the gas scrubbing is carried out with a polar solvent (especially water). The procedure as well as the plant are used for the low-cost removal of siloxanes from fermentation gases with different compositions. The purified biogas is especially used for operating of gas engines in combined heat and power generation plants to prevent wear, service expenditure as well as damages at the gas engines.
04100832 Photobiological hydrogen production by using olive mill wastewater as a sole substrate source
04100836 cabbage
04/00831 Performance and catalyst preparation
of catalytic
cracking
of biomass
tar
Eroglu, E. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 163-171. In the present work olive mill wastewater (OMW) collected from West Anatolia-Turkey during 2001, containing 36.02 g carbon, 5.26 g hydrogen, and 0.96 g nitrogen in 100 g suspended solid was used as a sole substrate for the production of hydrogen gas by Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in 400 ml glass, column-photobioreactors. Hydrogen production studies on diluted-OMW were investigated in the range of 20% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) OMW containing media. Below 5% OMW containing media, bacterial growth rate fitted well to the logistic model where hydrogen production was observed for the ones below 4% OMW. A maximum hydrogen production potential (HPP) of 13.9 IR/Io~w was obtained at 2% OMW. During the biological hydrogen production process, chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the diluted wastewater decreased from 1100 to 720 mg/l; biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) decreased from 475 to 200 mgil, and the total recoverable phenol content (orthoand meta-substitutions) decreased from 2.32 to 0.93 mg/l. In addition, valuable by-products such as carotenoid (40 mg/loMw) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) (60 mg/ lo~w) were obtained. According to these results, OMW was concluded to be a very promising substrate source for biohydrogen production process, with additional benefits of its utilization with regard to environmental and economical aspects.
04100833 Prediction of the working parameters waste gasifier through an equilibrium model
of a wood
Altafini, C. R. et al. Energy Conversion and Managemenr, 2003.44, (17), 2763-2777. This paper deals with the computational simulation of a wood waste (sawdust) gasifier using an equilibrium model based on minimization of the Gibbs free energy. The gasifier has been tested with Pinus Elliotis sawdust, an exotic specie largely cultivated in the South of Brazil. The biomass used in the tests presented a moisture of nearly 10% (wt% on wet basis), and the average composition results of the gas produced (without tar) are compared with the equilibrium models used. Sensitivity studies to verify the influence of the moisture sawdust content on the fuel gas composition and on its heating value were made. More complex models to reproduce with better accuracy the gasifier studied were elaborated. Although the equilibrium models do not represent the reactions that occur at relatively high temperatures (-800°C) very well, these models can be useful to show some tendencies on the working parameter variations of a gasifier.
04100834 Pre-treatment prior to fast pyrolysis Dobele, G. et al. Journal 69, 197-211.
108
Fuel
and
Energy
of biomass
cf Analyfical
Abstracts
with phosphoric
and Applied
Pyrolysis,
March 2004
acid 2003.
6%
Production
of yeast biomass
using waste Chinese
Choi, M. H. and Park, Y. H. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (2), 221226. The possibility of using waste Chinese cabbage as a substrate for microbial biomass production was investigated. Cell mass and the protein content of four species of yeast, Candidu utilis, Pichia sripitis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, were determined when cultured in juice extracted from cabbage waste. Compared to YM broth containing the same level of sugar, all the strains except C. utilis showed higher total protein production in cabbage juice medium (CJM). Cell mass production was lower for all four strains in heat-treated CJM than in membrane-filtered medium, and this adverse effect was pronounced when the CJM was autoclaved at 121°C for 15 min. As a source of inorganic nitrogen, only ammonium sulfate added at a concentration of 0.5 g nitrogen per liter of CJM increased cell growth. Of the seven organic nitrogen sources tested, only corn steep powder was effective in increasing cell mass (by about 11%). As a micronutrient, the addition of 0.5 mM zinc increased cell mass. The results suggest that juice from waste Chinese cabbages can be used to produce microbial biomass protein without substantial modification, after preliminary heat treatment at temperatures below those required for sterilization.
04100837 Pakistan
Status and outlook
of solar energy use in
Mirza, U. K. PI al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 501-514. Pakistan is an energy deficient country, where a large fraction of the population still does not have access to modern day energy services such as electricity. This is due to very limited fossil fuel resources and poor economy, which restrains the import of fossil fuels on a large scale. To overcome energy shortage, Pakistan needs to develop its indigenous energy resources like hydropower, solar and wind. Pakistan lies in an area of one of the highest solar insolation in the world. This vast potential can be exploited to produce electricity, which could be provided to off-grid communities in the northern hilly areas and the southern and western deserts. Applications other than electricity production such as solar water heaters and solar cookers also have vast applications. All this will help in both reducing the import of fossil fuels and dependency of people on fuel wood, which in turn will provide some respite for the dwindling forest reserves of Pakistan. Accordingly, the status and outlook of solar energy use in Pakistan is discussed in this paper. In addition, the role of R&D organizations in the promotion of solar energy technologies in Pakistan is also presented including a description of some proposed projects. It is concluded that the current infrastructure has not been able to advance the status of solar energy of Pakistan. Significant efforts are needed to effectively utilize this cheap renewable energy source.