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00880 Energy sector and wind energy potential in Turkey
07 Alternative
energy
sources
(others,
including
development,
economics)
particular low mean velocity region near the ground, submitted intermittent shear by the nearby vortex structures and influenced features of the canopy top mixing layer.
04/00878 Development of local area wind prediction for selecting suitable site for windmill
to by
system
Murakami, S. et al. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2003, 91, (12-15), 1759-1776. Nowadays, environmental concerns on the causes of global warming have led many countries to introduce renewable energy technologies like wind power. An appropriate selection of a suitable land for wind power plants can provide significant output of energy. The final goal of this study is to develop a numerical prediction model, based on computational wind engineering, as accurate as possible to predict wind energy distribution of a local area. It aims to develop a ‘local area wind energy prediction system’ (hereafter LAWEPS). The works involved in this project are divided into three phases. In the initial phase of the study, a multi-step wind simulation with nesting method was designed. In the second phase of the work, each sub-model was coded and evaluated. Data of observation and experiment are obtained in parallel and used for verification with computation. At the present stage of the final phase of the project, the performance of the entire simulation system, LAWEPS, is tested and examined by comparing its results with measured data. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for meteorological phenomena and building scale phenomena are developed within LAWEPS for large and small areas, respectively. Results obtained from LAWEPS are promising and stimulating. This paper reports on the current status of this project and highlights on the achievements obtained within this study so far.
04lOO879 Efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms-keys to cost optimized operation and maintenance Krokoszinski, H. J. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 2165-2178. Operation and maintenance (O&M) cost will be the key to the economic viability of large offshore wind farms planned worldwide. In order to support investment decisions a systematic mathematical approach to the O&M cost contributions is required prior to detailed engineering or even construction of the wind farm. Adopting the general terms of efficiency, productivity and effectiveness defined for production processes, the wind farm process and its total overall equipment effectiveness (Total onn) was introduced by considering wind farms performing a transformation of produced electrical energy to delivered (sold) electrical energy. This transformation process consists of an installation, i.e. property selected wind energy converters and their arrangement to form a wind farm, and of a process comprising operation and maintenance. Both are the subject of optimization to maximize the annual energy output by minimizing the different kinds of losses. In a systematic approach to the causes and nature of losses in wind farms the terms theoretical production time, available production time and valuable production time are redefined in unit full load hours. Then, a calculation scheme is developed to quantify wind farm production losses in terms of planned or unplanned downtimes and speed losses and to relate the associated reduction of revenues (R to the theoretical maximum of annual wind park revenues Ru,,, (park). It leads to the simple equation AR/Rlh,, = Totalonn 1 < 0.
04100880 Turkey
Energy
sector and wind energy
potential
in
Ogulata, R. T. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 4699484. Turkey has very limited indigenous energy resources and has to import around 65% of primary energy to meet her needs. It is a large importer of primary energy despite having ample renewable energy sources. Turkey’s vibrant economy has led to increased energy demand in recent years. This situation is expected to continue in the near future because its economy is dependent mainly on imported oil, natural gas and electricity. This paper presents the prevailing and the expected energy situation and energy demand. Wind energy potential in Turkey is also discussed.
04/00881 Feasibility wind energy program
evaluation
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
04100882
March 2004
Protecting
seashores
Tatu, G. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 235-237. Waves, contain great amounts of wind energy, and represent a real danger for seashores generally. In Romania, along the Black Sea shore, many beaches and resorts have been damaged by waves. This paper describes a solution for protecting the seashores against wave aggression: it is based on the presence of a submerged dike in front of and around the affected zone. The solution is cheap, efficient, does not disturb the landscape and does not interfere with small nautical and other entertainment activities.
04/00883 Weibull representative &;:mrsenergy and performance
compressed wind speed calculabons of wmd energy
Celik, A. N. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (19), 3057-3072. The present article presents the development of compressed wind speed data to be used in wind energy and performance calculations of stand alone or hybrid wind energy systems. Compressed data attempts to represent the important statistics of an entire month of days with d selected days, where d is less than the actual number of days in the month. In the present article, compressed wind speed data are generated based on the Weibull wind speed distribution model. Two different sets of wind speed data are generated, three- and four-day month, each month being represented by 72 and 96 h of wind speed, respectively. The three- and four-day month wind speed data are then used to calculate the monthly energy yields, which, in turn, are compared to those calculated from the measured hourly time series data. A total of eight years long of measured hourly time series data from five different locations throughout the world are used to validate the method presented. The overall errors in estimation of the wind energy yield using the Weibull representative compressed wind speed data are 3.67% and 3.21% for the threeand four-day months, respectively.
04100884
Wind energy
status and its assessment
in Turkey
Aras, H. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14). 2213-2220. The increase in negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment has forced many countries, especially the developed ones, to use renewable energy sources. Currently the fastest developing energy source technology is wind energy. Because wind energy is renewable and environment friendly, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Wind energy is an alternative clear energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the lower layer of atmosphere. Because wind energy will be used more and more in the future, its current potential, usage, and assessment in Turkey is the focus of this study.
fItI;;8n85
Wind turbine
utilization
for water pumping
in
Badran, 0. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2003, 91, (lo), 1203-1214. This paper presents a survey of wind turbine water-pumping applications in Jordan, either by direct pumping through mechanical means, or indirectly by generating electric power to drive pumps. Up until now Jordan does not have any proven indigenous traditional energy resources such as coal, gas, or oil, therefore it has to look at renewable energy resources with all sincerity and concern to utilize it for multi-purpose functions such as water pumping. Wind energy is recommended to meet the energy requirements for remote villages, settlements, and farms of Jordan.
of Greek State 1990-2001
Kaldellis, J. K. Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 1375-1394. An extensive financial analysis of the entire Greek State wind parks is carried out taking into account the life-long variation of every wind power installation techno-economic parameter. This investigation is based on a well-elaborated and integrated cost-benefit model developed by the authors and properly adapted to the local market situation. On top of that, the time-evolution of the local market financial parameters is included, using official data. In this context, the payback period and the corresponding benefit to cost ratio (BCR) values of all wind power installations analysed are computed. As a general conclusion, one may clearly declare that the Greek State wind power program leads to substantial financial loss, despite the existing
114
advantageous conditions. The main reason for this unexpected financial behaviour is the unexpected low energy production of most wind power plants along with their long-term failures. In conclusion, the future of every State wind park may be redefined in view of the attempted European electricity market deregulation.
Others, including development, economics 04lOO886
A ‘sleeper’
awakes: tidal current
power
Charlier, R. H. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 515-529. Tidal currents are formed by the energy dissipated by the tides. These can be thalassic, estuarine or fluvial. There has been a growing interest to harness these currents and turn the energy into electrical power. The potentiai is considerable. The technology is in existence or adaptable. The sites are numerous, though as with most ocean energies, only a
energy
sources
(others,
including
development,
economics)
particular low mean velocity region near the ground, submitted intermittent shear by the nearby vortex structures and influenced features of the canopy top mixing layer.
04/00878 Development of local area wind prediction for selecting suitable site for windmill
to by
system
Murakami, S. et al. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2003, 91, (12-15), 1759-1776. Nowadays, environmental concerns on the causes of global warming have led many countries to introduce renewable energy technologies like wind power. An appropriate selection of a suitable land for wind power plants can provide significant output of energy. The final goal of this study is to develop a numerical prediction model, based on computational wind engineering, as accurate as possible to predict wind energy distribution of a local area. It aims to develop a ‘local area wind energy prediction system’ (hereafter LAWEPS). The works involved in this project are divided into three phases. In the initial phase of the study, a multi-step wind simulation with nesting method was designed. In the second phase of the work, each sub-model was coded and evaluated. Data of observation and experiment are obtained in parallel and used for verification with computation. At the present stage of the final phase of the project, the performance of the entire simulation system, LAWEPS, is tested and examined by comparing its results with measured data. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models for meteorological phenomena and building scale phenomena are developed within LAWEPS for large and small areas, respectively. Results obtained from LAWEPS are promising and stimulating. This paper reports on the current status of this project and highlights on the achievements obtained within this study so far.
04lOO879 Efficiency and effectiveness of wind farms-keys to cost optimized operation and maintenance Krokoszinski, H. J. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 2165-2178. Operation and maintenance (O&M) cost will be the key to the economic viability of large offshore wind farms planned worldwide. In order to support investment decisions a systematic mathematical approach to the O&M cost contributions is required prior to detailed engineering or even construction of the wind farm. Adopting the general terms of efficiency, productivity and effectiveness defined for production processes, the wind farm process and its total overall equipment effectiveness (Total onn) was introduced by considering wind farms performing a transformation of produced electrical energy to delivered (sold) electrical energy. This transformation process consists of an installation, i.e. property selected wind energy converters and their arrangement to form a wind farm, and of a process comprising operation and maintenance. Both are the subject of optimization to maximize the annual energy output by minimizing the different kinds of losses. In a systematic approach to the causes and nature of losses in wind farms the terms theoretical production time, available production time and valuable production time are redefined in unit full load hours. Then, a calculation scheme is developed to quantify wind farm production losses in terms of planned or unplanned downtimes and speed losses and to relate the associated reduction of revenues (R to the theoretical maximum of annual wind park revenues Ru,,, (park). It leads to the simple equation AR/Rlh,, = Totalonn 1 < 0.
04100880 Turkey
Energy
sector and wind energy
potential
in
Ogulata, R. T. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 4699484. Turkey has very limited indigenous energy resources and has to import around 65% of primary energy to meet her needs. It is a large importer of primary energy despite having ample renewable energy sources. Turkey’s vibrant economy has led to increased energy demand in recent years. This situation is expected to continue in the near future because its economy is dependent mainly on imported oil, natural gas and electricity. This paper presents the prevailing and the expected energy situation and energy demand. Wind energy potential in Turkey is also discussed.
04/00881 Feasibility wind energy program
evaluation
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
04100882
March 2004
Protecting
seashores
Tatu, G. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 235-237. Waves, contain great amounts of wind energy, and represent a real danger for seashores generally. In Romania, along the Black Sea shore, many beaches and resorts have been damaged by waves. This paper describes a solution for protecting the seashores against wave aggression: it is based on the presence of a submerged dike in front of and around the affected zone. The solution is cheap, efficient, does not disturb the landscape and does not interfere with small nautical and other entertainment activities.
04/00883 Weibull representative &;:mrsenergy and performance
compressed wind speed calculabons of wmd energy
Celik, A. N. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (19), 3057-3072. The present article presents the development of compressed wind speed data to be used in wind energy and performance calculations of stand alone or hybrid wind energy systems. Compressed data attempts to represent the important statistics of an entire month of days with d selected days, where d is less than the actual number of days in the month. In the present article, compressed wind speed data are generated based on the Weibull wind speed distribution model. Two different sets of wind speed data are generated, three- and four-day month, each month being represented by 72 and 96 h of wind speed, respectively. The three- and four-day month wind speed data are then used to calculate the monthly energy yields, which, in turn, are compared to those calculated from the measured hourly time series data. A total of eight years long of measured hourly time series data from five different locations throughout the world are used to validate the method presented. The overall errors in estimation of the wind energy yield using the Weibull representative compressed wind speed data are 3.67% and 3.21% for the threeand four-day months, respectively.
04100884
Wind energy
status and its assessment
in Turkey
Aras, H. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (14). 2213-2220. The increase in negative effects of fossil fuels on the environment has forced many countries, especially the developed ones, to use renewable energy sources. Currently the fastest developing energy source technology is wind energy. Because wind energy is renewable and environment friendly, systems that convert wind energy to electricity have developed rapidly. Wind energy is an alternative clear energy source compared to the fossil fuels that pollute the lower layer of atmosphere. Because wind energy will be used more and more in the future, its current potential, usage, and assessment in Turkey is the focus of this study.
fItI;;8n85
Wind turbine
utilization
for water pumping
in
Badran, 0. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2003, 91, (lo), 1203-1214. This paper presents a survey of wind turbine water-pumping applications in Jordan, either by direct pumping through mechanical means, or indirectly by generating electric power to drive pumps. Up until now Jordan does not have any proven indigenous traditional energy resources such as coal, gas, or oil, therefore it has to look at renewable energy resources with all sincerity and concern to utilize it for multi-purpose functions such as water pumping. Wind energy is recommended to meet the energy requirements for remote villages, settlements, and farms of Jordan.
of Greek State 1990-2001
Kaldellis, J. K. Energy, 2003, 28, (14), 1375-1394. An extensive financial analysis of the entire Greek State wind parks is carried out taking into account the life-long variation of every wind power installation techno-economic parameter. This investigation is based on a well-elaborated and integrated cost-benefit model developed by the authors and properly adapted to the local market situation. On top of that, the time-evolution of the local market financial parameters is included, using official data. In this context, the payback period and the corresponding benefit to cost ratio (BCR) values of all wind power installations analysed are computed. As a general conclusion, one may clearly declare that the Greek State wind power program leads to substantial financial loss, despite the existing
114
advantageous conditions. The main reason for this unexpected financial behaviour is the unexpected low energy production of most wind power plants along with their long-term failures. In conclusion, the future of every State wind park may be redefined in view of the attempted European electricity market deregulation.
Others, including development, economics 04lOO886
A ‘sleeper’
awakes: tidal current
power
Charlier, R. H. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2003, 7, (6), 515-529. Tidal currents are formed by the energy dissipated by the tides. These can be thalassic, estuarine or fluvial. There has been a growing interest to harness these currents and turn the energy into electrical power. The potentiai is considerable. The technology is in existence or adaptable. The sites are numerous, though as with most ocean energies, only a