- Email: [email protected]
00913 Sustainable biomass production for energy in the Phillippines
07 Alternative energy sources (others, including development, economics) enhance the prospects that the hydrogen fuel cell car would eventually become the Car of the Future, while pursuing innovations relating to options based on internal combustion engines that would both assist a transition to hydrogen fuel cell cars and provide significant reductions of externality costs in the near term.
;4K&908
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Li, J. and Hu, R. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 483499. This study aims to estimate the land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options by yield ha-’ and financial viability, estimate the sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production. Two scenarios are considered to estimate the land availability for biomass production by 2010, namely Scenario 1 (Sl) and Scenario 2 (S2). Sl assumes that the land use pattern will remain constant until 2010 while S2 considers the surplus land available and also the projected area under plantation in 2010. Two biomass demand scenarios are also considered, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD) scenario and full biomass demand (FBD) scenario. IBD assumes that only the incremental biomass demand (industrial wood, sawn wood and fuelwood) from 1997 to 2010 will be generated through harvests from new plantation using the available land. FBD assumes that all the biomass demand (fuelwood + sawn wood + industrial wood) projected for the year 2010 will be met from new plantation. Under the IBD scenario, the annual biomass production potential for energy would be 210.47 and 182.53 Mt for Sl and S2, respectively. The surplus area for energy would be 39.64 and 32.51 Mha for Sl and S2, respectively. Under the FBD scenario, the land required for biomass demand would be 99.71 Mha, which is larger than the feasible surplus land of 90.73 and 83.60 Mha under Sl and S2, respectively. Therefore, the surplus area for energy is negative, that means the biomass supply by plantation will not be met by full biomass demand in 2010 even if all feasible lands would be developed. Electricity generation potential from plantation under Sl and S2 will supply about 8.8% and 7.6% of total electricity demand, respectively. The plantation cost of major species and the biomass production for energy by plantation in 2010 under these scenarios are also calculated. Investment required for biomass production for energy is projected. Barriers and strategies for biomass production for energy are also discussed in this study.
;;$~SOS
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Sudha, P. cl al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 501-515. The availability of land for biomass production, the various biomass production options, biomass productivity rates, financial viability, investment required to produce biomass for energy and the barriers to biomass production are analysed. The scenarios considered for estimating the biomass potential are incremental biomass demand, sustainable biomass demand and the full biomass demand. Under these scenarios, two situations namely no increase in cropland by 2010 and increase in cropland by 10% over 1995 area have been considered. The land available for biomass production ranges from 9.6 to 36.5 Mha under the different scenarios. Annually 62-310 Mt of wood could be generated from the surplus land, after meeting all the requirements of biomass, such as domestic fuelwood, industrial wood and sawnwood, with an investment of Rs168-780 billion. An electricity generation potential of 62-310 TWh annually is estimated. The key barriers to produce biomass sustainably for energy are lack of commercial demand for wood for energy, lack of financial incentives, low productivity of plantations, land tenurial barriers and lack of institutions to integrate biomass production for energy and bioenergy utilities.
04100910 Malaysia
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Koh, M. P. and Hoi, W. K. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 517529. This paper addresses issues on sustainable biomass production for energy in Malaysia. Three biomass demand scenarios, namely incremental biomass demand, sustainable biomass demand and full biomass demand are introduced. In order to meet these demands, two surplus land availability scenarios (Scenarios I and II) are also introduced. In Scenario I, it is assumed that the area under plantation will remain constant and 100% of surplus land is available for plantation, while Scenario II considers a 25% increase of food production and a reduction of the potential surplus land available by the same proportion. The land area to meet the demands for fuelwood, sawn wood, and industrial wood are estimated and by deducting this area from total surplus land, the land area available for energy plantations are estimated. By subjecting these lands to different forestry and productivity options, sustainable biomass productions for energy are estimated. Each plantation option is also evaluated using the financial viability of the system. By identifying appropriate technologies for electricity generation, the energy potential of biomass produced is estimated. The annual electricity generation potential from incremen118
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
tal biomass demand under land Scenarios I and II are 1.66 and 0.38 TWh year-‘, respectively. There is insufficient surplus land for dedicated energy plantations for both the sustainable biomass demand and full biomass demand scenarios under the two biomass production (land) scenarios. This paper finally discusses the barriers and policy options for energy plantations and recommends some strategies to promote them.
04/00911 Sustainable biomass selected Asian countries
production
for energy
in
Bhattacharya, S. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 471482. This paper presents a synthesis of assessment of sustainable biomass production potential in six Asian countries - China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and is based on the detailed studies carried out in these countries under the Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC). National level studies were undertaken to estimate land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options in terms of yield per hectare and financial viability, estimate sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production in the six Asian countries. Sustainable biomass production from plantation is estimated to be in the range of 182.5-210.5, 62-310, 0.4-1.7, 3.7-20.4, 2.0-9.9 and 11.6106.6 Mt year-’ for China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, respectively. The maximum annual electricity generation potential, using advanced technologies, from the sustainable biomass production is estimated to be about 27, 114, 4.5, 79, 254 and 195 percentage of the total electricity generation in year 2000 in China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, respectively. Investment cost for bioenergy production varies from US$381 to 1842 ha-’ in the countries considered in this study; investment cost for production of biomass varies from US$5.1 to 23 t-r.
04/00912 Thailand
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Sajjakulnukit, B. and Verapong, P. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 557-570. This study aims to estimate the land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options by yield per ha and financial viability, estimate the sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production. Two scenarios are proposed to determine the feasible land for biomass production by 2010, namely Scenario 1 (Sl) and Scenario 2 (S2). Sl assumes that there will be no increase in the area under food production by 2010 while S2 considers an increase of 10% in the area under food production by 2010. Two biomass demand scenarios are also considered, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD) scenario and full biomass demand (FBD) scenario. The potential land available for biomass production is identified by the use of the Thai Forest Sector Master Plan target area. Under the two scenarios, the land for production of biomass to meet the biomass demands for industrial wood, sawn wood and fuelwood, and the area that can be dedicated for biomass production for bioenergy are estimated. The total potential available for biomass production is 22.5 million ha. The land for production of biomass to meet the demands is 0.512 million ha under the IBD scenario and 6.524 million ha under the FBD scenario. The land dedicated for bioenergy production is 8.329 and 2.911 million ha, respectively for the two scenarios. For the IBD scenario, the land dedicated for bioenergy will be allocated from community forest (CMF) and non-protected area system (NPAS) where both categories are suitable for short rotation plantation or Eucalyptus. For FBD scenario, the land dedicated for bioenergy will be allocated from NPAS only. For IBD scenario, the annual bioenergy production ranges from 106.6 to 33.3 million ton. For FBD scenario, the annual bioenergy production ranges from 37.3 to 11.6 million ton. The potential electricity generation using biomass by 2010 varies from 106.6 to 11.6 TWh. The investment required for biomass production for energy is projected. Barriers and strategies for biomass production for energy are also discussed in this study.
04/00913 Philippines
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy in the
Elauria, J. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergv, 2003, 25, (5), 531-540. This study aims to estimate land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options in terms of yield per hectare and financial viability, estimate sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production in the Philippines. In estimating the area for biomass production, two land availability scenarios are considered, namely, Scenario 1 (Sl) which assumes that there will be no increase in the area under permanent crops, arable lands, forest plantations and agroforestry (AF) lands by 2010 (with 1997 as the base year), and Scenario 2 (S2) which assumes that the total land area under permanent crops, arable lands, forest plantations and AF increases by about 10% by
09 Combustion (burners, combustion systems) 2010. Three possible scenarios are used to account for the projected biomass demands by the year 2010, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD), sustainable biomass demand (SBD), and full biomass demand (FBD). Under IBD the surplus land for bioenergy plantation would be 1.94 and 1.16 Mha under Sl and S2, respectively. While under SBD, the remaining land for bioenergy plantation is 1.44 and 0.66 Mha under Sland S2, respectively. Because of the high value of biomass requirements, FBD cannot be applied in the country. Therefore under FBD, there will be no land available for bioenergy plantations. Three major forestry options are also considered for bioenergy production: short rotation forest plantation, long rotation forest plantation and AF. The total annual biomass production potential for energy in the country is in the range of 3.7-20.37 Mt under the different scenarios and options. Assuming the energy content of wood is 15 GJtt’, energy potential of the produced biomass is 55.5 million to 305.6 million GJ. If 1 Mt of woody biomass can generate 1 TWh of electrical power, then the annual electricity generation potential also ranges from 3.7 to 20.37 TWh. The potential amount of electricity generated through bioenergy plantation would be from 3% to 22% of the country’s projected electricity demand by the year 2008. Barriers and policy options for biomass production for energy are also discussed.
04/00914 Sustainable energy development: a challenge Asia and the Pacific region rn the 21st century
for
Saha, P. C. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (ll), 1051-1059. The main challenge to energy policy makers in the 21st century is how to develop and manage adequate, affordable and reliable energy services on a sustainable manner to fuel social and economic development. About 60% of the world’s two billion population, who do not have access to modern energy services, live in Asia and the Pacific region. The demand for energy is expected to continue growing at a high rate well into the century, often at a greater rate than economic growth. Latest assessment of conventional energy resources shows that their availability is not going to be an immediate threat to the security of supply but the question is can the region afford to allow current patterns of production and consumption of energy to continue in a rapidly deteriorating health of the environment? Changing these unsustainable patterns is the main challenge for the developed and developing countries alike. The paper dwells upon what are the major issues facing the region in promoting sustainable energy development and what are some of the policy options and possible strategies that the countries could consider to attain the objective of sustainable energy development. In this respect, the paper also dwells upon the need for strategic planning and management of energy resources.
04/00915 diversion
The Kipawa projects
River versus the Tabaret
River
Karwacki, P. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (34), 221-233. Hydro-Quebec wants to divert the Kipawa River in northwest Quebec from its natural streambed. While the first time visitor is likely to emphatically proclaim the Kipawa River as the most beautiful, most serene place they have ever encountered, hydro consultants and engineers, disconnected from the attractiveness of that place, are making cost/benefit recommendations that marginalize the inherent value of a free-flowing Kipawa. This paper will discuss the following points: (1) The Kipawa River has its own inherent value, which is related to the cost of simulating threatened white-water habitats in general. (2) The costs of recreating white-water habitats are more understandable through the study of man-made white-water venues. (3) The cost to recreate or simulate a threatened white-water habitat should be factored into the cost of the hydro-project feasibility. The Kiuawa River’s own inherent value should be factored into the cost of the Tabaret Diversion Project. (4) Methods of gaining community acceptance should be public and open: independent third-party arbitartion is recommended. Use of monetary incentives to encourage public acceptance is unethical, immoral and unjustly biased against the survival of white-water habitats. (5) Recreational use of white-water habitats, like the Kipawa River are increasingly important engines of economic growth in Canada and around the world.
Boiler operation/design
Yin,
C. er al. Fuel, 2003,
82, (9), 1127-1137.
04/00917 Manufacture of smokeless, low-emissions solid boiler fuel during production of low-temperature tar Bennett, H L. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 97,784 (Cl. 44-607; ClOLSiOO), 29 May 2003, Appl. 994,560. Carbon-derived semicokes suitable for use as smokeless, low COz-low CO-emitting boiler fuels are manufactured by: (1) decreasing the agglomeration behaviour of the carbonaceous material through the addition of inert organic matter, (2) increasing the percentage of volatiles in the carbonaceous material to prevent agglomeration and caking and (3) roasting (e.g. semicoking) the carbonaceous material under anaerobic conditions. Semicoking is carried out at 300-700” for 2-4 h. Carbonaceous precursor materials include bituminous coal, coke, lignite, peat, oil shale, and tar sand; suitable organic additives to decrease the agglomeration behaviour include peat, lignite, animal waste and products, vegetable products, paper, waste food, shredded rubber, and dried municipal waste. The process can be carried out in a multi-hearth semicoking ‘roaster’ consisting of a number of decks that include heat transfer means, a heating means, multiple steam injectors, and rotating-arm mixing means.
04100918 Study on the influencing factors of migration trace elements in a pulverized coal-fired boiler
deviation
in
of
Huang, Y. ef al. Reneng Dongli Gongcheng, 2003, 18, (l), 30-34. (In Chinese) By using a Z-8200 at. absorption spectrophotometer and a VF-320 Xray fluorescent spectrograph the content of nine trace elements in raw coal, bottom slag and fly ash was measured quantity in a 220 t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler. On the basis of an improved relative enrichment factor of Meij and from the perspective of two aspects, namely, bottom slag and fly ash, a systematic analysis was performed of the influence of various factors on the law of migration. Such factors include: temperature, oxygen content, fly ash diameter, the properties of trace elements per se and the characteristics of coal rank. The results of the analysis indicate that a rise in furnace temperature can quicken the volatilization of some of the trace elements. The content of Cr and Mn in fly ash and bottom slag is comparable, but the two elements differ markedly in respect of relative enrichment factor. Low oxygen content does not always promote the volatilization of all trace elements. The content of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr in the bottom slag and fly ash does not assume a linear relationship with their respective boiling points. The smaller the diameter of the fly ash, the greater the enrichment factor of the trace elements. The tendency of variation of various trace elements with the decrease in fly ash diameter has been found to be not identical for different trace elements.
09 COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems 04100919 A comparative kinetic three different wood species
08 STEAM RAISING
04/00916 Further study of the gas temperature large-scale tangentially coal-fired boilers
Gas temperature deviation in upper furnace is an important but a less reported issue in large-scale tangentially fired boilers, since they endanger largely boilers operation. Simulations are conducted in this paper to study the deviation. Perfect agreement between the simulation results and key boiler design values and available site operation records indicates that the calculations are reliable. Based on the simulations, effect of some factors, including residual airflow swirling at furnace exit, super-heaters panels, coal particle trajectories and their combustion histories, on temperature deviations are studied in details. The most important cause and how it affects the temperature deviation are located. Two new methods, a nose on front-wall and re-arranged superheater panels, are put forward unprecedentedly to alleviate the deviations.
study on the pyrolysis
of
Mtiller-Hagedorn, M. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003. 68-69. 231-249. The ‘catalytic effect of pH-neutral inorganic salts on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution was studied by fractionated pyrolysis followed by GC/MS and GC/FID and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of cold-water-washed hornbeam wood. Sodium and potassium chloride have a remarkable effect on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution, whereas calcium chloride only changes the low temperature degradation of hornbeam wood and the product distribution is nearly unchanged compared with waterwashed hornbeam wood. All studied potassium salts (KCI, KHCOs, and KzS04) decrease the amount of levoglucosan the order of Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
119
;4K&908
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Li, J. and Hu, R. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 483499. This study aims to estimate the land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options by yield ha-’ and financial viability, estimate the sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production. Two scenarios are considered to estimate the land availability for biomass production by 2010, namely Scenario 1 (Sl) and Scenario 2 (S2). Sl assumes that the land use pattern will remain constant until 2010 while S2 considers the surplus land available and also the projected area under plantation in 2010. Two biomass demand scenarios are also considered, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD) scenario and full biomass demand (FBD) scenario. IBD assumes that only the incremental biomass demand (industrial wood, sawn wood and fuelwood) from 1997 to 2010 will be generated through harvests from new plantation using the available land. FBD assumes that all the biomass demand (fuelwood + sawn wood + industrial wood) projected for the year 2010 will be met from new plantation. Under the IBD scenario, the annual biomass production potential for energy would be 210.47 and 182.53 Mt for Sl and S2, respectively. The surplus area for energy would be 39.64 and 32.51 Mha for Sl and S2, respectively. Under the FBD scenario, the land required for biomass demand would be 99.71 Mha, which is larger than the feasible surplus land of 90.73 and 83.60 Mha under Sl and S2, respectively. Therefore, the surplus area for energy is negative, that means the biomass supply by plantation will not be met by full biomass demand in 2010 even if all feasible lands would be developed. Electricity generation potential from plantation under Sl and S2 will supply about 8.8% and 7.6% of total electricity demand, respectively. The plantation cost of major species and the biomass production for energy by plantation in 2010 under these scenarios are also calculated. Investment required for biomass production for energy is projected. Barriers and strategies for biomass production for energy are also discussed in this study.
;;$~SOS
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Sudha, P. cl al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 501-515. The availability of land for biomass production, the various biomass production options, biomass productivity rates, financial viability, investment required to produce biomass for energy and the barriers to biomass production are analysed. The scenarios considered for estimating the biomass potential are incremental biomass demand, sustainable biomass demand and the full biomass demand. Under these scenarios, two situations namely no increase in cropland by 2010 and increase in cropland by 10% over 1995 area have been considered. The land available for biomass production ranges from 9.6 to 36.5 Mha under the different scenarios. Annually 62-310 Mt of wood could be generated from the surplus land, after meeting all the requirements of biomass, such as domestic fuelwood, industrial wood and sawnwood, with an investment of Rs168-780 billion. An electricity generation potential of 62-310 TWh annually is estimated. The key barriers to produce biomass sustainably for energy are lack of commercial demand for wood for energy, lack of financial incentives, low productivity of plantations, land tenurial barriers and lack of institutions to integrate biomass production for energy and bioenergy utilities.
04100910 Malaysia
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Koh, M. P. and Hoi, W. K. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 517529. This paper addresses issues on sustainable biomass production for energy in Malaysia. Three biomass demand scenarios, namely incremental biomass demand, sustainable biomass demand and full biomass demand are introduced. In order to meet these demands, two surplus land availability scenarios (Scenarios I and II) are also introduced. In Scenario I, it is assumed that the area under plantation will remain constant and 100% of surplus land is available for plantation, while Scenario II considers a 25% increase of food production and a reduction of the potential surplus land available by the same proportion. The land area to meet the demands for fuelwood, sawn wood, and industrial wood are estimated and by deducting this area from total surplus land, the land area available for energy plantations are estimated. By subjecting these lands to different forestry and productivity options, sustainable biomass productions for energy are estimated. Each plantation option is also evaluated using the financial viability of the system. By identifying appropriate technologies for electricity generation, the energy potential of biomass produced is estimated. The annual electricity generation potential from incremen118
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
tal biomass demand under land Scenarios I and II are 1.66 and 0.38 TWh year-‘, respectively. There is insufficient surplus land for dedicated energy plantations for both the sustainable biomass demand and full biomass demand scenarios under the two biomass production (land) scenarios. This paper finally discusses the barriers and policy options for energy plantations and recommends some strategies to promote them.
04/00911 Sustainable biomass selected Asian countries
production
for energy
in
Bhattacharya, S. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 471482. This paper presents a synthesis of assessment of sustainable biomass production potential in six Asian countries - China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, and is based on the detailed studies carried out in these countries under the Asian Regional Research Programme in Energy, Environment and Climate (ARRPEEC). National level studies were undertaken to estimate land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options in terms of yield per hectare and financial viability, estimate sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production in the six Asian countries. Sustainable biomass production from plantation is estimated to be in the range of 182.5-210.5, 62-310, 0.4-1.7, 3.7-20.4, 2.0-9.9 and 11.6106.6 Mt year-’ for China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, respectively. The maximum annual electricity generation potential, using advanced technologies, from the sustainable biomass production is estimated to be about 27, 114, 4.5, 79, 254 and 195 percentage of the total electricity generation in year 2000 in China, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, respectively. Investment cost for bioenergy production varies from US$381 to 1842 ha-’ in the countries considered in this study; investment cost for production of biomass varies from US$5.1 to 23 t-r.
04/00912 Thailand
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy
in
Sajjakulnukit, B. and Verapong, P. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2003, 25, (5), 557-570. This study aims to estimate the land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options by yield per ha and financial viability, estimate the sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production. Two scenarios are proposed to determine the feasible land for biomass production by 2010, namely Scenario 1 (Sl) and Scenario 2 (S2). Sl assumes that there will be no increase in the area under food production by 2010 while S2 considers an increase of 10% in the area under food production by 2010. Two biomass demand scenarios are also considered, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD) scenario and full biomass demand (FBD) scenario. The potential land available for biomass production is identified by the use of the Thai Forest Sector Master Plan target area. Under the two scenarios, the land for production of biomass to meet the biomass demands for industrial wood, sawn wood and fuelwood, and the area that can be dedicated for biomass production for bioenergy are estimated. The total potential available for biomass production is 22.5 million ha. The land for production of biomass to meet the demands is 0.512 million ha under the IBD scenario and 6.524 million ha under the FBD scenario. The land dedicated for bioenergy production is 8.329 and 2.911 million ha, respectively for the two scenarios. For the IBD scenario, the land dedicated for bioenergy will be allocated from community forest (CMF) and non-protected area system (NPAS) where both categories are suitable for short rotation plantation or Eucalyptus. For FBD scenario, the land dedicated for bioenergy will be allocated from NPAS only. For IBD scenario, the annual bioenergy production ranges from 106.6 to 33.3 million ton. For FBD scenario, the annual bioenergy production ranges from 37.3 to 11.6 million ton. The potential electricity generation using biomass by 2010 varies from 106.6 to 11.6 TWh. The investment required for biomass production for energy is projected. Barriers and strategies for biomass production for energy are also discussed in this study.
04/00913 Philippines
Sustainable
biomass
production
for energy in the
Elauria, J. C. et al. Biomass and Bioenergv, 2003, 25, (5), 531-540. This study aims to estimate land availability for biomass production, identify and evaluate the biomass production options in terms of yield per hectare and financial viability, estimate sustainable biomass production for energy, and estimate the energy potential of biomass production in the Philippines. In estimating the area for biomass production, two land availability scenarios are considered, namely, Scenario 1 (Sl) which assumes that there will be no increase in the area under permanent crops, arable lands, forest plantations and agroforestry (AF) lands by 2010 (with 1997 as the base year), and Scenario 2 (S2) which assumes that the total land area under permanent crops, arable lands, forest plantations and AF increases by about 10% by
09 Combustion (burners, combustion systems) 2010. Three possible scenarios are used to account for the projected biomass demands by the year 2010, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD), sustainable biomass demand (SBD), and full biomass demand (FBD). Under IBD the surplus land for bioenergy plantation would be 1.94 and 1.16 Mha under Sl and S2, respectively. While under SBD, the remaining land for bioenergy plantation is 1.44 and 0.66 Mha under Sland S2, respectively. Because of the high value of biomass requirements, FBD cannot be applied in the country. Therefore under FBD, there will be no land available for bioenergy plantations. Three major forestry options are also considered for bioenergy production: short rotation forest plantation, long rotation forest plantation and AF. The total annual biomass production potential for energy in the country is in the range of 3.7-20.37 Mt under the different scenarios and options. Assuming the energy content of wood is 15 GJtt’, energy potential of the produced biomass is 55.5 million to 305.6 million GJ. If 1 Mt of woody biomass can generate 1 TWh of electrical power, then the annual electricity generation potential also ranges from 3.7 to 20.37 TWh. The potential amount of electricity generated through bioenergy plantation would be from 3% to 22% of the country’s projected electricity demand by the year 2008. Barriers and policy options for biomass production for energy are also discussed.
04/00914 Sustainable energy development: a challenge Asia and the Pacific region rn the 21st century
for
Saha, P. C. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (ll), 1051-1059. The main challenge to energy policy makers in the 21st century is how to develop and manage adequate, affordable and reliable energy services on a sustainable manner to fuel social and economic development. About 60% of the world’s two billion population, who do not have access to modern energy services, live in Asia and the Pacific region. The demand for energy is expected to continue growing at a high rate well into the century, often at a greater rate than economic growth. Latest assessment of conventional energy resources shows that their availability is not going to be an immediate threat to the security of supply but the question is can the region afford to allow current patterns of production and consumption of energy to continue in a rapidly deteriorating health of the environment? Changing these unsustainable patterns is the main challenge for the developed and developing countries alike. The paper dwells upon what are the major issues facing the region in promoting sustainable energy development and what are some of the policy options and possible strategies that the countries could consider to attain the objective of sustainable energy development. In this respect, the paper also dwells upon the need for strategic planning and management of energy resources.
04/00915 diversion
The Kipawa projects
River versus the Tabaret
River
Karwacki, P. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (34), 221-233. Hydro-Quebec wants to divert the Kipawa River in northwest Quebec from its natural streambed. While the first time visitor is likely to emphatically proclaim the Kipawa River as the most beautiful, most serene place they have ever encountered, hydro consultants and engineers, disconnected from the attractiveness of that place, are making cost/benefit recommendations that marginalize the inherent value of a free-flowing Kipawa. This paper will discuss the following points: (1) The Kipawa River has its own inherent value, which is related to the cost of simulating threatened white-water habitats in general. (2) The costs of recreating white-water habitats are more understandable through the study of man-made white-water venues. (3) The cost to recreate or simulate a threatened white-water habitat should be factored into the cost of the hydro-project feasibility. The Kiuawa River’s own inherent value should be factored into the cost of the Tabaret Diversion Project. (4) Methods of gaining community acceptance should be public and open: independent third-party arbitartion is recommended. Use of monetary incentives to encourage public acceptance is unethical, immoral and unjustly biased against the survival of white-water habitats. (5) Recreational use of white-water habitats, like the Kipawa River are increasingly important engines of economic growth in Canada and around the world.
Boiler operation/design
Yin,
C. er al. Fuel, 2003,
82, (9), 1127-1137.
04/00917 Manufacture of smokeless, low-emissions solid boiler fuel during production of low-temperature tar Bennett, H L. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 97,784 (Cl. 44-607; ClOLSiOO), 29 May 2003, Appl. 994,560. Carbon-derived semicokes suitable for use as smokeless, low COz-low CO-emitting boiler fuels are manufactured by: (1) decreasing the agglomeration behaviour of the carbonaceous material through the addition of inert organic matter, (2) increasing the percentage of volatiles in the carbonaceous material to prevent agglomeration and caking and (3) roasting (e.g. semicoking) the carbonaceous material under anaerobic conditions. Semicoking is carried out at 300-700” for 2-4 h. Carbonaceous precursor materials include bituminous coal, coke, lignite, peat, oil shale, and tar sand; suitable organic additives to decrease the agglomeration behaviour include peat, lignite, animal waste and products, vegetable products, paper, waste food, shredded rubber, and dried municipal waste. The process can be carried out in a multi-hearth semicoking ‘roaster’ consisting of a number of decks that include heat transfer means, a heating means, multiple steam injectors, and rotating-arm mixing means.
04100918 Study on the influencing factors of migration trace elements in a pulverized coal-fired boiler
deviation
in
of
Huang, Y. ef al. Reneng Dongli Gongcheng, 2003, 18, (l), 30-34. (In Chinese) By using a Z-8200 at. absorption spectrophotometer and a VF-320 Xray fluorescent spectrograph the content of nine trace elements in raw coal, bottom slag and fly ash was measured quantity in a 220 t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler. On the basis of an improved relative enrichment factor of Meij and from the perspective of two aspects, namely, bottom slag and fly ash, a systematic analysis was performed of the influence of various factors on the law of migration. Such factors include: temperature, oxygen content, fly ash diameter, the properties of trace elements per se and the characteristics of coal rank. The results of the analysis indicate that a rise in furnace temperature can quicken the volatilization of some of the trace elements. The content of Cr and Mn in fly ash and bottom slag is comparable, but the two elements differ markedly in respect of relative enrichment factor. Low oxygen content does not always promote the volatilization of all trace elements. The content of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr in the bottom slag and fly ash does not assume a linear relationship with their respective boiling points. The smaller the diameter of the fly ash, the greater the enrichment factor of the trace elements. The tendency of variation of various trace elements with the decrease in fly ash diameter has been found to be not identical for different trace elements.
09 COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems 04100919 A comparative kinetic three different wood species
08 STEAM RAISING
04/00916 Further study of the gas temperature large-scale tangentially coal-fired boilers
Gas temperature deviation in upper furnace is an important but a less reported issue in large-scale tangentially fired boilers, since they endanger largely boilers operation. Simulations are conducted in this paper to study the deviation. Perfect agreement between the simulation results and key boiler design values and available site operation records indicates that the calculations are reliable. Based on the simulations, effect of some factors, including residual airflow swirling at furnace exit, super-heaters panels, coal particle trajectories and their combustion histories, on temperature deviations are studied in details. The most important cause and how it affects the temperature deviation are located. Two new methods, a nose on front-wall and re-arranged superheater panels, are put forward unprecedentedly to alleviate the deviations.
study on the pyrolysis
of
Mtiller-Hagedorn, M. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003. 68-69. 231-249. The ‘catalytic effect of pH-neutral inorganic salts on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution was studied by fractionated pyrolysis followed by GC/MS and GC/FID and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of cold-water-washed hornbeam wood. Sodium and potassium chloride have a remarkable effect on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution, whereas calcium chloride only changes the low temperature degradation of hornbeam wood and the product distribution is nearly unchanged compared with waterwashed hornbeam wood. All studied potassium salts (KCI, KHCOs, and KzS04) decrease the amount of levoglucosan the order of Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
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