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00918 Study on the influencing factors of migration of trace elements in a pulverized coal-fired boiler
09 Combustion (burners, combustion systems) 2010. Three possible scenarios are used to account for the projected biomass demands by the year 2010, namely incremental biomass demand (IBD), sustainable biomass demand (SBD), and full biomass demand (FBD). Under IBD the surplus land for bioenergy plantation would be 1.94 and 1.16 Mha under Sl and S2, respectively. While under SBD, the remaining land for bioenergy plantation is 1.44 and 0.66 Mha under Sland S2, respectively. Because of the high value of biomass requirements, FBD cannot be applied in the country. Therefore under FBD, there will be no land available for bioenergy plantations. Three major forestry options are also considered for bioenergy production: short rotation forest plantation, long rotation forest plantation and AF. The total annual biomass production potential for energy in the country is in the range of 3.7-20.37 Mt under the different scenarios and options. Assuming the energy content of wood is 15 GJtt’, energy potential of the produced biomass is 55.5 million to 305.6 million GJ. If 1 Mt of woody biomass can generate 1 TWh of electrical power, then the annual electricity generation potential also ranges from 3.7 to 20.37 TWh. The potential amount of electricity generated through bioenergy plantation would be from 3% to 22% of the country’s projected electricity demand by the year 2008. Barriers and policy options for biomass production for energy are also discussed.
04/00914 Sustainable energy development: a challenge Asia and the Pacific region rn the 21st century
for
Saha, P. C. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (ll), 1051-1059. The main challenge to energy policy makers in the 21st century is how to develop and manage adequate, affordable and reliable energy services on a sustainable manner to fuel social and economic development. About 60% of the world’s two billion population, who do not have access to modern energy services, live in Asia and the Pacific region. The demand for energy is expected to continue growing at a high rate well into the century, often at a greater rate than economic growth. Latest assessment of conventional energy resources shows that their availability is not going to be an immediate threat to the security of supply but the question is can the region afford to allow current patterns of production and consumption of energy to continue in a rapidly deteriorating health of the environment? Changing these unsustainable patterns is the main challenge for the developed and developing countries alike. The paper dwells upon what are the major issues facing the region in promoting sustainable energy development and what are some of the policy options and possible strategies that the countries could consider to attain the objective of sustainable energy development. In this respect, the paper also dwells upon the need for strategic planning and management of energy resources.
04/00915 diversion
The Kipawa projects
River versus the Tabaret
River
Karwacki, P. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (34), 221-233. Hydro-Quebec wants to divert the Kipawa River in northwest Quebec from its natural streambed. While the first time visitor is likely to emphatically proclaim the Kipawa River as the most beautiful, most serene place they have ever encountered, hydro consultants and engineers, disconnected from the attractiveness of that place, are making cost/benefit recommendations that marginalize the inherent value of a free-flowing Kipawa. This paper will discuss the following points: (1) The Kipawa River has its own inherent value, which is related to the cost of simulating threatened white-water habitats in general. (2) The costs of recreating white-water habitats are more understandable through the study of man-made white-water venues. (3) The cost to recreate or simulate a threatened white-water habitat should be factored into the cost of the hydro-project feasibility. The Kiuawa River’s own inherent value should be factored into the cost of the Tabaret Diversion Project. (4) Methods of gaining community acceptance should be public and open: independent third-party arbitartion is recommended. Use of monetary incentives to encourage public acceptance is unethical, immoral and unjustly biased against the survival of white-water habitats. (5) Recreational use of white-water habitats, like the Kipawa River are increasingly important engines of economic growth in Canada and around the world.
Boiler operation/design
Yin,
C. er al. Fuel, 2003,
82, (9), 1127-1137.
04/00917 Manufacture of smokeless, low-emissions solid boiler fuel during production of low-temperature tar Bennett, H L. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 97,784 (Cl. 44-607; ClOLSiOO), 29 May 2003, Appl. 994,560. Carbon-derived semicokes suitable for use as smokeless, low COz-low CO-emitting boiler fuels are manufactured by: (1) decreasing the agglomeration behaviour of the carbonaceous material through the addition of inert organic matter, (2) increasing the percentage of volatiles in the carbonaceous material to prevent agglomeration and caking and (3) roasting (e.g. semicoking) the carbonaceous material under anaerobic conditions. Semicoking is carried out at 300-700” for 2-4 h. Carbonaceous precursor materials include bituminous coal, coke, lignite, peat, oil shale, and tar sand; suitable organic additives to decrease the agglomeration behaviour include peat, lignite, animal waste and products, vegetable products, paper, waste food, shredded rubber, and dried municipal waste. The process can be carried out in a multi-hearth semicoking ‘roaster’ consisting of a number of decks that include heat transfer means, a heating means, multiple steam injectors, and rotating-arm mixing means.
04100918 Study on the influencing factors of migration trace elements in a pulverized coal-fired boiler
deviation
in
of
Huang, Y. ef al. Reneng Dongli Gongcheng, 2003, 18, (l), 30-34. (In Chinese) By using a Z-8200 at. absorption spectrophotometer and a VF-320 Xray fluorescent spectrograph the content of nine trace elements in raw coal, bottom slag and fly ash was measured quantity in a 220 t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler. On the basis of an improved relative enrichment factor of Meij and from the perspective of two aspects, namely, bottom slag and fly ash, a systematic analysis was performed of the influence of various factors on the law of migration. Such factors include: temperature, oxygen content, fly ash diameter, the properties of trace elements per se and the characteristics of coal rank. The results of the analysis indicate that a rise in furnace temperature can quicken the volatilization of some of the trace elements. The content of Cr and Mn in fly ash and bottom slag is comparable, but the two elements differ markedly in respect of relative enrichment factor. Low oxygen content does not always promote the volatilization of all trace elements. The content of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr in the bottom slag and fly ash does not assume a linear relationship with their respective boiling points. The smaller the diameter of the fly ash, the greater the enrichment factor of the trace elements. The tendency of variation of various trace elements with the decrease in fly ash diameter has been found to be not identical for different trace elements.
09 COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems 04100919 A comparative kinetic three different wood species
08 STEAM RAISING
04/00916 Further study of the gas temperature large-scale tangentially coal-fired boilers
Gas temperature deviation in upper furnace is an important but a less reported issue in large-scale tangentially fired boilers, since they endanger largely boilers operation. Simulations are conducted in this paper to study the deviation. Perfect agreement between the simulation results and key boiler design values and available site operation records indicates that the calculations are reliable. Based on the simulations, effect of some factors, including residual airflow swirling at furnace exit, super-heaters panels, coal particle trajectories and their combustion histories, on temperature deviations are studied in details. The most important cause and how it affects the temperature deviation are located. Two new methods, a nose on front-wall and re-arranged superheater panels, are put forward unprecedentedly to alleviate the deviations.
study on the pyrolysis
of
Mtiller-Hagedorn, M. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003. 68-69. 231-249. The ‘catalytic effect of pH-neutral inorganic salts on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution was studied by fractionated pyrolysis followed by GC/MS and GC/FID and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of cold-water-washed hornbeam wood. Sodium and potassium chloride have a remarkable effect on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution, whereas calcium chloride only changes the low temperature degradation of hornbeam wood and the product distribution is nearly unchanged compared with waterwashed hornbeam wood. All studied potassium salts (KCI, KHCOs, and KzS04) decrease the amount of levoglucosan the order of Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
119
04/00914 Sustainable energy development: a challenge Asia and the Pacific region rn the 21st century
for
Saha, P. C. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (ll), 1051-1059. The main challenge to energy policy makers in the 21st century is how to develop and manage adequate, affordable and reliable energy services on a sustainable manner to fuel social and economic development. About 60% of the world’s two billion population, who do not have access to modern energy services, live in Asia and the Pacific region. The demand for energy is expected to continue growing at a high rate well into the century, often at a greater rate than economic growth. Latest assessment of conventional energy resources shows that their availability is not going to be an immediate threat to the security of supply but the question is can the region afford to allow current patterns of production and consumption of energy to continue in a rapidly deteriorating health of the environment? Changing these unsustainable patterns is the main challenge for the developed and developing countries alike. The paper dwells upon what are the major issues facing the region in promoting sustainable energy development and what are some of the policy options and possible strategies that the countries could consider to attain the objective of sustainable energy development. In this respect, the paper also dwells upon the need for strategic planning and management of energy resources.
04/00915 diversion
The Kipawa projects
River versus the Tabaret
River
Karwacki, P. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (34), 221-233. Hydro-Quebec wants to divert the Kipawa River in northwest Quebec from its natural streambed. While the first time visitor is likely to emphatically proclaim the Kipawa River as the most beautiful, most serene place they have ever encountered, hydro consultants and engineers, disconnected from the attractiveness of that place, are making cost/benefit recommendations that marginalize the inherent value of a free-flowing Kipawa. This paper will discuss the following points: (1) The Kipawa River has its own inherent value, which is related to the cost of simulating threatened white-water habitats in general. (2) The costs of recreating white-water habitats are more understandable through the study of man-made white-water venues. (3) The cost to recreate or simulate a threatened white-water habitat should be factored into the cost of the hydro-project feasibility. The Kiuawa River’s own inherent value should be factored into the cost of the Tabaret Diversion Project. (4) Methods of gaining community acceptance should be public and open: independent third-party arbitartion is recommended. Use of monetary incentives to encourage public acceptance is unethical, immoral and unjustly biased against the survival of white-water habitats. (5) Recreational use of white-water habitats, like the Kipawa River are increasingly important engines of economic growth in Canada and around the world.
Boiler operation/design
Yin,
C. er al. Fuel, 2003,
82, (9), 1127-1137.
04/00917 Manufacture of smokeless, low-emissions solid boiler fuel during production of low-temperature tar Bennett, H L. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 97,784 (Cl. 44-607; ClOLSiOO), 29 May 2003, Appl. 994,560. Carbon-derived semicokes suitable for use as smokeless, low COz-low CO-emitting boiler fuels are manufactured by: (1) decreasing the agglomeration behaviour of the carbonaceous material through the addition of inert organic matter, (2) increasing the percentage of volatiles in the carbonaceous material to prevent agglomeration and caking and (3) roasting (e.g. semicoking) the carbonaceous material under anaerobic conditions. Semicoking is carried out at 300-700” for 2-4 h. Carbonaceous precursor materials include bituminous coal, coke, lignite, peat, oil shale, and tar sand; suitable organic additives to decrease the agglomeration behaviour include peat, lignite, animal waste and products, vegetable products, paper, waste food, shredded rubber, and dried municipal waste. The process can be carried out in a multi-hearth semicoking ‘roaster’ consisting of a number of decks that include heat transfer means, a heating means, multiple steam injectors, and rotating-arm mixing means.
04100918 Study on the influencing factors of migration trace elements in a pulverized coal-fired boiler
deviation
in
of
Huang, Y. ef al. Reneng Dongli Gongcheng, 2003, 18, (l), 30-34. (In Chinese) By using a Z-8200 at. absorption spectrophotometer and a VF-320 Xray fluorescent spectrograph the content of nine trace elements in raw coal, bottom slag and fly ash was measured quantity in a 220 t/h pulverized coal-fired boiler. On the basis of an improved relative enrichment factor of Meij and from the perspective of two aspects, namely, bottom slag and fly ash, a systematic analysis was performed of the influence of various factors on the law of migration. Such factors include: temperature, oxygen content, fly ash diameter, the properties of trace elements per se and the characteristics of coal rank. The results of the analysis indicate that a rise in furnace temperature can quicken the volatilization of some of the trace elements. The content of Cr and Mn in fly ash and bottom slag is comparable, but the two elements differ markedly in respect of relative enrichment factor. Low oxygen content does not always promote the volatilization of all trace elements. The content of Pb, Cd, Zn and Cr in the bottom slag and fly ash does not assume a linear relationship with their respective boiling points. The smaller the diameter of the fly ash, the greater the enrichment factor of the trace elements. The tendency of variation of various trace elements with the decrease in fly ash diameter has been found to be not identical for different trace elements.
09 COMBUSTION Burners, combustion systems 04100919 A comparative kinetic three different wood species
08 STEAM RAISING
04/00916 Further study of the gas temperature large-scale tangentially coal-fired boilers
Gas temperature deviation in upper furnace is an important but a less reported issue in large-scale tangentially fired boilers, since they endanger largely boilers operation. Simulations are conducted in this paper to study the deviation. Perfect agreement between the simulation results and key boiler design values and available site operation records indicates that the calculations are reliable. Based on the simulations, effect of some factors, including residual airflow swirling at furnace exit, super-heaters panels, coal particle trajectories and their combustion histories, on temperature deviations are studied in details. The most important cause and how it affects the temperature deviation are located. Two new methods, a nose on front-wall and re-arranged superheater panels, are put forward unprecedentedly to alleviate the deviations.
study on the pyrolysis
of
Mtiller-Hagedorn, M. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2003. 68-69. 231-249. The ‘catalytic effect of pH-neutral inorganic salts on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution was studied by fractionated pyrolysis followed by GC/MS and GC/FID and by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of cold-water-washed hornbeam wood. Sodium and potassium chloride have a remarkable effect on the pyrolysis temperature and on the product distribution, whereas calcium chloride only changes the low temperature degradation of hornbeam wood and the product distribution is nearly unchanged compared with waterwashed hornbeam wood. All studied potassium salts (KCI, KHCOs, and KzS04) decrease the amount of levoglucosan the order of Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
119