- Email: [email protected]
01029 Exhaust emission and combustion evaluation of coconut oil-powered indirect injection diesel engine
15 Environment (pollution, development are both exemplified. Progress in ruggedization and miniaturization of electroanalytical devices has led to significant improvements for on-site monitoring applications, e.g. in harsh environments and in biological monitoring. Sensor arrays and modified electrodes offer considerable promise for improved electrochemical sensing, i.e. through multi-species detection and enhanced selectivity. On-site electroanalytical detection and measurement in the field may become more widely used for applications in occupational health monitoring.
04/01021 developing pollutants
Domestic combustion of biomass fuels in countries: A major source of atmospheric
04/01022 Electricity the Nordic countries
trade and COP emission
reductions
in
Hauch, J. Energy Economics, 2003, 25, (5), 509-526. Agreements on emissions of COz change the basic conditions for use of fossil fuels and by that the electricity markets. This paper describes, by using an equilibrium model, the challenge of meeting the Kyoto target and how the recently liberalized energy markets can help easing the joint target of the Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Electricity trade serves in some cases as a substitute if emission trading is not allowed, but can even if permit trading is possible reduce marginal emission reduction costs further. The costs of meeting the Kyoto target differ among countries owing to different targets and different reduction costs. The analyses indicate that Denmark and Norway in terms of marginal reduction costs have accepted higher costs than Sweden and Finland.
04/01023 Electron beam technologies for control gaseslwastewater and their applications
of flue
Kojima, T. Oyo Butsuri, 2003, 72, (4) 405414. (In Japanese) Advanced technologies are needed to control pollutants such as dioxins in gas or water present in extremely low concentrations. The present paper reviews typical basic studies, developments of control technologies, and examples of industrial applications of electron beam technology having the features of oxidation, decomposition and detoxification of pollutants even those present in low concentrations. It covers removal of SO, and NO, from coal-combustion flue gases, decomposition of gaseous volatile organic compound in off gas and dioxins in gas emitted through the incinerator flue, purification of tap and wastewaters, and treatment of sewage/sludge.
04/01024 Electron-beam flue-gas treatment multicomponent air-pollution control
for
Licki, J. er ul. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 145-154. During coal combustion, different pollutants such as fly ash, sulfur oxides (SO2 and SOs), nitrogen oxides (NO, = NO + NO*) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted. These pollutants are harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore different airpollution-control technologies are used. Usually these technologies are designed for removing only a single pollutant. An integrated system for SOz, NO, and VOC simultaneous emission control is presented in the paper. The technology uses a high-energy electron-beam from an accelerator and ammonia to treat simultaneously SO2 and NO,, the obtained by-product can be used as a fertilizer. The industrialdemonstration plant at EPS Pomorzany in Szczecin is under optimization tests now. Moreover, the tests carried out with the pilot plant at EPS Kawdczyn have demonstrated the possibility of volatile-organiccompounds destruction and their final toxicity reduction.
04/01025 Environmental benefits of electricity interconnections In Northeast Asia
grid
Streets, D. G. Energy, 2003, 28, (8), 789-807. From an environmental perspective, electricity grid interconnections in Northeast Asia make sense. Cities in Northeast China, Mongolia, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), and the Republic of Korea (ROK) suffer from poor air quality due to the extensive use of coal-fired power generation. Rural communities suffer from a deficit of electricity, forcing reliance on coal and biofuels for cooking and heating in the home, which causes health-damaging indoor air pollution. Regional air pollution from acid rain and ozone is widespread. In addition, Japan is finding it hard to meet its
protection, safety)
commitment under the Kyoto Protocol. Yet, just across their borders in far eastern Russia are extensive, clean energy resources: hydroelectricity and natural gas, and (potentially) nuclear power and tidal power. It would be environmentally beneficial to generate electricity cleanly in far eastern Russia and transmit the electricity across the borders into China, Mongolia, the DPRK, the ROK, and Japan, thereby displacing coal-fired electricity generation. It was estimated that currently planned projects could alleviate the problems of two to five Chinese cities, with the potential for much larger benefits in the future.
04/01026
Ludwig, J. et al. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2003, 44, (l), 23-37. Combustion of biofuels for cooking and heating is a widespread biomass burning activity. This study investigated the emissions of COz, CO, and NO from >lOO domestic fires fueled by wood, agricultural residues, and dung in rural Zimbabwe. It was found that compared to open savanna fires, the emissions from domestic fires were shifted towards products of incomplete combustion. A tentative global analysis showed that the source strength of domestic biomass burning is of the order of 1500 Tg COz-C year-‘, 140 Tg CO-C year-‘, and 2.5 Tg NON year-‘. This represents contributions of =7-20% to the global budget of these gases.
health
Environmental
effect of rapeseed
oil ethyl ester
Makareviciene, V. and Janulis, P. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (15) 2395-2403. Exhaust emission tests were conducted on rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), rapeseed oil ethyl ester (REE) and fossil diesel fuel as well as on their mixtures. Results showed that when considering emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO,), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke density, rapeseed oil ethyl ester had less negative effect on the environment in comparison with that of rapeseed oil methyl ester. When fuelled with rapeseed oil ethyl ester, the emissions of NO, showed an increase of 8.3% over those of fossil diesel fuel. When operated on 25-50% bioester mixed with fossil diesel fuel, NO, emissions marginally decreased. When fuelled with pure rapeseed oil ethyl ester, HC emissions decreased by 53%, CO emissions by 7.2% and smoke density 72.6% when compared with emissions when fossil diesel fuel was used. Carbon dioxide (COz) emissions, which cause greenhouse effect, decreased by 782.87 g/kWh when rapeseed oil ethyl ester was used and by 782.26 g/ kWh when rapeseed oil methyl ester was used instead of fossil diesel fuel. Rapeseed oil ethyl ester was more rapidly biodegradable in aqua environment when compared with rapeseed oil methyl ester and especially with fossil diesel fuel. During a standard 21 day period, 97.7% of rapeseed oil methyl ester, 98% of rapeseed oil ethyl ester and only 61.3% of fossil diesel fuel were biologically decomposed.
04/01027 analysis
Equity and carbon
emissions
trading:
a model
Leimbach, M. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (10). 1033-1044. Carbon emissions trading is a key instrument of climate policy. It helps to bring about emission reductions in that place where they are least costly. However, fair burden sharing is about more than just costefficiency. While focussing on the instrument of emissions trading, this paper touches upon equity issues that frame decisions on emission rights allocation. The analysis is based on the ICLIPS model. The model study gives new insights on how the equal per capita allocation principle influences the intertemporal emission paths and about the distribution of mitigation costs in the long run. Apart from the intuitive economic evaluation of model results, this paper also attempts to provide an evaluation from an equity point of view. For a variety of assumptions, model results show that several developing countries could benefit considerably from joining an international emissions trading system, thereby becoming potential collaborators in post-Kyoto climate agreements.
04/01026 Evidence of long-lived I and Pu isotopes enrichment in vegetation samples around the Marcoule Nuclear Reprocessing Plant (France) Duffa, C. and Frechou, C. Applied Geochemistry. 2003, 18, (12). 18677 1873. Iodine-129 and 23sPu, 239Pu and “’ Pu are radio-nuclides posing a longterm safety concern due to their potential integration in bio- and geochemical cycles and their significant half-lives. They are present throughout the environment at very low levels, and more particularly, nuclear fuel reprocessing plants (NRP) have been identified as local sources of these radio-nuclides. However, due to measurement difficulties, published data concerning their activity levels in terrestrial environments around NRP facilities remain scarce. The aim of the present paper is to communicate rz91, z3sPu and 23y+z40Pu measurements results from the area surrounding the Marcoule NRP, which is situated in SE France. Several vegetation samples were collected around the nuclear installation in 1999 and 2000, in order to examine the possible impacts of its atmospheric I and Pu discharges. Based on 2’sPul 23g+240Pu activity ratios and ‘291/‘271 isotopic ratios, local increases in Pu and tz91 were detected and related to industrial activity.
04101029 Exhaust emission coconut oil-powered indirect
and combustion evaluation injection diesel engine
of
Kalam, M. A. ef al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (15) 240552415. This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions characteristics of ordinary Malaysian coconut oil (COCO) blended with conventional diesel oil (OD) fueled in a diesel engine. This project complies with Malaysian Government strategy on biofuel research activity. The results showed that the addition of 30% COCO with OD produced higher brake power and net heat release rate with a net reduction in exhaust emissions such as HC, NO,, CO, smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Above Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
133
15 Environment
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
30% COCO blends, such as 40 and 50% COCO blends, developed lower brake power and net heat release rate were noted due to the fuels lower calorific value; nevertheless, reduced emissions were still noted.
04/01030 Final disposal components from ITER
possibilities
of radioactive
waste
BrodCn, K. and Olsson, G. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2003, 69, (l4), 6955691. Future fusion reactors will generate radioactive material. In the present paper results from a study on disposal possibilities of radioactive waste components from the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor are presented. The possibilities for final disposal of the waste components after 100 years of decay was investigated based on present and planned principles for management of radioactive waste in Germany, Sweden, France and Italy. Four different repository types intended for disposal of low- and intermediate-level waste or non-heat generating radioactive waste from nuclear fission facilities and other sources were considered in the study: Konrad in Germany, SFR in Sweden, Centre de Stockage de 1’Aube in France and a future repository for low-level waste in Italy. For the waste that could not be accepted in those repositories deep geological facilities were considered.
04/01031 coal-fired
Flue-gas desulphurisation power-plants
products
from Polish
Galos, K. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 15, (3-4), 257-265. Many desulphurization installations were constructed in the Polish power industry in recent years, so SOz emissions were reduced by a half to 1.04~10~ tonnes in 2000, while SOa capture increased to 43.7% in 2000. FGD gypsum, obtained by the most important wet-limestone desulphurization method, is recognized as a substitute for natural gypsum. Its production in Poland started in 1994, and amounted to 1.1~10~ tonnes in 2000. It is currently fully used in gypsum binders, plasters and plasterboard manufacture, as well as an additive in the production of Portland cement. Other FGD materials-obtained in dry and semi-dry methods of desulphurization-have variable phase and chemical compositions, so they do not find industrial applications and are mainly stockpiled in underground mines or open pits. The sulphate-calcium ashes from an AFBC process will probably be used in the cement industry simultaneously as a pozzolanic additive and setting-time regulator, provided that their compositions are constant. Their total supply amounted to ca. 1.5~10~ tonnes in 2000, but within 5 years, it should achieve 4.0~10~ tonnes.
04/01032 Fossil-fueled power plants as a source of atmospheric carbon monoxide Nicks, D. K. et al. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2003, 5, (1), 35-39. Elevated carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in excess of those derived from emissions inventories have been observed in plumes from one gas- and coal-fired power plant and three of four lignite coal-fired electric utility power plants observed in east and central Texas. Observations of elevated CO on days characterized by differing wind directions show that CO emissions from the lignite plants were relatively constant over time and cannot be ascribed to separate sources adjacent to the power plants. These three plants were found to be emitting CO at rates 22 to 34 times those tabulated in State and Federal emissions inventories. Elevated CO emissions from the gasand coal-fired plant were highly variable on time scales of hours to days, in one case changing by a factor of 8 within an hour. Three other fossil-fueled power plants, including one lignite-fired plant observed during this study, did not emit substantial amounts of CO, suggesting that a combination of plant operating conditions and the use of lignite coal may contribute to the enhanced emissions. Observed elevated CO emissions from the three lignite plants, if representative of average operating conditions, represent an additional 30% of the annual total CO emissions from point sources for the state of Texas.
04lOlO33 Greenhouse gas emission mitigation in the Sri Lanka power sector supply side and demand side options Wijayatunga, P. D. C. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (20), 324773265. Sri Lanka has had a hydropower dominated electricity generation sector for many years with a gradually decreasing percentage contribution from hydroresources. At the same time, the thermal generation share has been increasing over the years. Therefore, the expected fuel mix in the future in the large scale thermal generation system would be dominated by petroleum products and coal. This will result in a gradual increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) and other environmental emissions in the power sector and, hence, require special attention to possible mitigation measures. This paper analyses both the supply side and demand side (DSM) options available in the Sri Lanka power sector in mitigating emissions in the sector considering the technical feasibility and potential of such options. Further, the paper examines the carbon abatement costs associated 134
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
with such supply side and DSM interventions using an integrated resource planning model, which is not used in Sri Lanka at present. The sensitivities of the final generation costs and emissions to different input parameters, such as discount rates, fuel prices and capital costs, are also presented in the paper. It is concluded that while some DSM measures are economically attractive as mitigation measures, all the supply side options have a relatively high cost of mitigation, particularly in the context of GHG emission mitigation. Further it is observed that when compared with the projected price of carbon under different global carbon trading scenarios, these supply side options cannot provide economically beneficial CO* mitigation in countries like Sri Lanka.
04lO1034
How to design
greenhouse
gas trading
in the EU?
Svendsen, G. T. and Vesterdal, M. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (14) 15311539. A new and remarkable Green Paper about how to trade greenhouse gases (GHG) in the EU has recently been published by the Commission of the European Union. This to achieve the stated 8% reduction target level. The Green Paper raises ten questions about how greenhouse gas permit trading should be designed in the EU before year 2005. These ten questions can be compressed into four main issues, namely target group, allocation of emission allowances, how to mix emission trading with other instruments and fourth enforcement. In the literature, there is a strong need to guide decision-makers and stimulate academic debates concerning the actual design of a simple and workable GHG market model for the EU. This model must take economic, administrative and political concerns into account so that it is feasible in practice. Based on the findings of the study, a policy recommendation concerning the future design of GHG permit trading in the EU was developed.
04/01035 Impacts of anthropogenic and natural sources over the U.S. on tropospheric chemistry Zhang, United
R. et al. Proceedings of the National Academy States of America, 2003, 100, (4), 1505-1509.
NO,
of Sciences
of the
The study evaluated the impact of anthropogenic and natural NO, sources over the contiguous United States on tropospheric NO, and 0s levels by using a global 3D chemical transport model. The effects of major US surface NO, emission sources (including anthropogenic, biomass burning, and soil emissions) were compared with that of lightning-produced NO,. Summer lightning was shown to play a dominant role in controlling NO, and 0s concentrations in the middle and upper troposphere, despite the fact that fossil-fuel burning represents the largest source of NO, over the USA. Furthermore, the effect of regional US lightning is propagated through large areas of the Northern Hemisphere by atmospheric circulation. The results revealed that a thorough assessment of atmospheric NO, emission sources and their impact is required to devise control strategies for regional and global air pollution.
04/01036 lnte rated collaborative technolo y development program for C 8 2 sequestratlon in geolo lc ormatlons United States Department of Energy FM G Klara, S. M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (17), 269992712. A major contributor to increased atmospheric CO? levels is fossil fuel combustion. Roughly one-third of the carbon emissions in the United States comes from power plants. Since electric generation is expected to grow and fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant fuel source, there is growing recognition that the energy industry can be part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and permanently sequestering CO*. Consequently, an important component of the United States Department of Energy’s (DOE) research and development program is dedicated to reducing CO2 emissions from power plants by developing technologies for capturing COz and for subsequent utilization and/or sequestration. Injection of COz into geologic formations is being practiced today by the petroleum industry for enhanced oil recovery, but it is not yet possible to predict with confidence storage volumes, formation integrity and permanence over long time periods. Many important issues dealing with geologic storage, monitoring and verification of fluids (including COs) in underground oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds and saline formations must be addressed. Field demonstrations are needed to confirm practical considerations, such as economics, safety, stability, permanence and public acceptance. This paper presents an overview of DOE’s research programme in the area of COz sequestration and storage in geologic formations and specifically addresses the status of new knowledge, improved tools and enhanced technology for cost optimization, monitoring, modeling and capacity estimation. This paper also highlights those fundamental and applied studies, including field tests, sponsored by DOE that are measuring the degree to which COz can be injected and remain safely and permanently sequestered in geologic formations while concurrently assuring no adverse long term ecological impacts.
04/01021 developing pollutants
Domestic combustion of biomass fuels in countries: A major source of atmospheric
04/01022 Electricity the Nordic countries
trade and COP emission
reductions
in
Hauch, J. Energy Economics, 2003, 25, (5), 509-526. Agreements on emissions of COz change the basic conditions for use of fossil fuels and by that the electricity markets. This paper describes, by using an equilibrium model, the challenge of meeting the Kyoto target and how the recently liberalized energy markets can help easing the joint target of the Nordic countries, Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland. Electricity trade serves in some cases as a substitute if emission trading is not allowed, but can even if permit trading is possible reduce marginal emission reduction costs further. The costs of meeting the Kyoto target differ among countries owing to different targets and different reduction costs. The analyses indicate that Denmark and Norway in terms of marginal reduction costs have accepted higher costs than Sweden and Finland.
04/01023 Electron beam technologies for control gaseslwastewater and their applications
of flue
Kojima, T. Oyo Butsuri, 2003, 72, (4) 405414. (In Japanese) Advanced technologies are needed to control pollutants such as dioxins in gas or water present in extremely low concentrations. The present paper reviews typical basic studies, developments of control technologies, and examples of industrial applications of electron beam technology having the features of oxidation, decomposition and detoxification of pollutants even those present in low concentrations. It covers removal of SO, and NO, from coal-combustion flue gases, decomposition of gaseous volatile organic compound in off gas and dioxins in gas emitted through the incinerator flue, purification of tap and wastewaters, and treatment of sewage/sludge.
04/01024 Electron-beam flue-gas treatment multicomponent air-pollution control
for
Licki, J. er ul. Applied Energy, 2003, 75, (3-4), 145-154. During coal combustion, different pollutants such as fly ash, sulfur oxides (SO2 and SOs), nitrogen oxides (NO, = NO + NO*) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted. These pollutants are harmful to the environment and human health. Therefore different airpollution-control technologies are used. Usually these technologies are designed for removing only a single pollutant. An integrated system for SOz, NO, and VOC simultaneous emission control is presented in the paper. The technology uses a high-energy electron-beam from an accelerator and ammonia to treat simultaneously SO2 and NO,, the obtained by-product can be used as a fertilizer. The industrialdemonstration plant at EPS Pomorzany in Szczecin is under optimization tests now. Moreover, the tests carried out with the pilot plant at EPS Kawdczyn have demonstrated the possibility of volatile-organiccompounds destruction and their final toxicity reduction.
04/01025 Environmental benefits of electricity interconnections In Northeast Asia
grid
Streets, D. G. Energy, 2003, 28, (8), 789-807. From an environmental perspective, electricity grid interconnections in Northeast Asia make sense. Cities in Northeast China, Mongolia, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK), and the Republic of Korea (ROK) suffer from poor air quality due to the extensive use of coal-fired power generation. Rural communities suffer from a deficit of electricity, forcing reliance on coal and biofuels for cooking and heating in the home, which causes health-damaging indoor air pollution. Regional air pollution from acid rain and ozone is widespread. In addition, Japan is finding it hard to meet its
protection, safety)
commitment under the Kyoto Protocol. Yet, just across their borders in far eastern Russia are extensive, clean energy resources: hydroelectricity and natural gas, and (potentially) nuclear power and tidal power. It would be environmentally beneficial to generate electricity cleanly in far eastern Russia and transmit the electricity across the borders into China, Mongolia, the DPRK, the ROK, and Japan, thereby displacing coal-fired electricity generation. It was estimated that currently planned projects could alleviate the problems of two to five Chinese cities, with the potential for much larger benefits in the future.
04/01026
Ludwig, J. et al. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 2003, 44, (l), 23-37. Combustion of biofuels for cooking and heating is a widespread biomass burning activity. This study investigated the emissions of COz, CO, and NO from >lOO domestic fires fueled by wood, agricultural residues, and dung in rural Zimbabwe. It was found that compared to open savanna fires, the emissions from domestic fires were shifted towards products of incomplete combustion. A tentative global analysis showed that the source strength of domestic biomass burning is of the order of 1500 Tg COz-C year-‘, 140 Tg CO-C year-‘, and 2.5 Tg NON year-‘. This represents contributions of =7-20% to the global budget of these gases.
health
Environmental
effect of rapeseed
oil ethyl ester
Makareviciene, V. and Janulis, P. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (15) 2395-2403. Exhaust emission tests were conducted on rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME), rapeseed oil ethyl ester (REE) and fossil diesel fuel as well as on their mixtures. Results showed that when considering emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO,), carbon monoxide (CO) and smoke density, rapeseed oil ethyl ester had less negative effect on the environment in comparison with that of rapeseed oil methyl ester. When fuelled with rapeseed oil ethyl ester, the emissions of NO, showed an increase of 8.3% over those of fossil diesel fuel. When operated on 25-50% bioester mixed with fossil diesel fuel, NO, emissions marginally decreased. When fuelled with pure rapeseed oil ethyl ester, HC emissions decreased by 53%, CO emissions by 7.2% and smoke density 72.6% when compared with emissions when fossil diesel fuel was used. Carbon dioxide (COz) emissions, which cause greenhouse effect, decreased by 782.87 g/kWh when rapeseed oil ethyl ester was used and by 782.26 g/ kWh when rapeseed oil methyl ester was used instead of fossil diesel fuel. Rapeseed oil ethyl ester was more rapidly biodegradable in aqua environment when compared with rapeseed oil methyl ester and especially with fossil diesel fuel. During a standard 21 day period, 97.7% of rapeseed oil methyl ester, 98% of rapeseed oil ethyl ester and only 61.3% of fossil diesel fuel were biologically decomposed.
04/01027 analysis
Equity and carbon
emissions
trading:
a model
Leimbach, M. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (10). 1033-1044. Carbon emissions trading is a key instrument of climate policy. It helps to bring about emission reductions in that place where they are least costly. However, fair burden sharing is about more than just costefficiency. While focussing on the instrument of emissions trading, this paper touches upon equity issues that frame decisions on emission rights allocation. The analysis is based on the ICLIPS model. The model study gives new insights on how the equal per capita allocation principle influences the intertemporal emission paths and about the distribution of mitigation costs in the long run. Apart from the intuitive economic evaluation of model results, this paper also attempts to provide an evaluation from an equity point of view. For a variety of assumptions, model results show that several developing countries could benefit considerably from joining an international emissions trading system, thereby becoming potential collaborators in post-Kyoto climate agreements.
04/01026 Evidence of long-lived I and Pu isotopes enrichment in vegetation samples around the Marcoule Nuclear Reprocessing Plant (France) Duffa, C. and Frechou, C. Applied Geochemistry. 2003, 18, (12). 18677 1873. Iodine-129 and 23sPu, 239Pu and “’ Pu are radio-nuclides posing a longterm safety concern due to their potential integration in bio- and geochemical cycles and their significant half-lives. They are present throughout the environment at very low levels, and more particularly, nuclear fuel reprocessing plants (NRP) have been identified as local sources of these radio-nuclides. However, due to measurement difficulties, published data concerning their activity levels in terrestrial environments around NRP facilities remain scarce. The aim of the present paper is to communicate rz91, z3sPu and 23y+z40Pu measurements results from the area surrounding the Marcoule NRP, which is situated in SE France. Several vegetation samples were collected around the nuclear installation in 1999 and 2000, in order to examine the possible impacts of its atmospheric I and Pu discharges. Based on 2’sPul 23g+240Pu activity ratios and ‘291/‘271 isotopic ratios, local increases in Pu and tz91 were detected and related to industrial activity.
04101029 Exhaust emission coconut oil-powered indirect
and combustion evaluation injection diesel engine
of
Kalam, M. A. ef al. Renewable Energy, 2003, 28, (15) 240552415. This paper presents the results of experimental work carried out to evaluate the exhaust emissions characteristics of ordinary Malaysian coconut oil (COCO) blended with conventional diesel oil (OD) fueled in a diesel engine. This project complies with Malaysian Government strategy on biofuel research activity. The results showed that the addition of 30% COCO with OD produced higher brake power and net heat release rate with a net reduction in exhaust emissions such as HC, NO,, CO, smoke and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Above Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
133
15 Environment
(pollution,
health
protection,
safety)
30% COCO blends, such as 40 and 50% COCO blends, developed lower brake power and net heat release rate were noted due to the fuels lower calorific value; nevertheless, reduced emissions were still noted.
04/01030 Final disposal components from ITER
possibilities
of radioactive
waste
BrodCn, K. and Olsson, G. Fusion Engineering and Design, 2003, 69, (l4), 6955691. Future fusion reactors will generate radioactive material. In the present paper results from a study on disposal possibilities of radioactive waste components from the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor are presented. The possibilities for final disposal of the waste components after 100 years of decay was investigated based on present and planned principles for management of radioactive waste in Germany, Sweden, France and Italy. Four different repository types intended for disposal of low- and intermediate-level waste or non-heat generating radioactive waste from nuclear fission facilities and other sources were considered in the study: Konrad in Germany, SFR in Sweden, Centre de Stockage de 1’Aube in France and a future repository for low-level waste in Italy. For the waste that could not be accepted in those repositories deep geological facilities were considered.
04/01031 coal-fired
Flue-gas desulphurisation power-plants
products
from Polish
Galos, K. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2003, 15, (3-4), 257-265. Many desulphurization installations were constructed in the Polish power industry in recent years, so SOz emissions were reduced by a half to 1.04~10~ tonnes in 2000, while SOa capture increased to 43.7% in 2000. FGD gypsum, obtained by the most important wet-limestone desulphurization method, is recognized as a substitute for natural gypsum. Its production in Poland started in 1994, and amounted to 1.1~10~ tonnes in 2000. It is currently fully used in gypsum binders, plasters and plasterboard manufacture, as well as an additive in the production of Portland cement. Other FGD materials-obtained in dry and semi-dry methods of desulphurization-have variable phase and chemical compositions, so they do not find industrial applications and are mainly stockpiled in underground mines or open pits. The sulphate-calcium ashes from an AFBC process will probably be used in the cement industry simultaneously as a pozzolanic additive and setting-time regulator, provided that their compositions are constant. Their total supply amounted to ca. 1.5~10~ tonnes in 2000, but within 5 years, it should achieve 4.0~10~ tonnes.
04/01032 Fossil-fueled power plants as a source of atmospheric carbon monoxide Nicks, D. K. et al. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2003, 5, (1), 35-39. Elevated carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios in excess of those derived from emissions inventories have been observed in plumes from one gas- and coal-fired power plant and three of four lignite coal-fired electric utility power plants observed in east and central Texas. Observations of elevated CO on days characterized by differing wind directions show that CO emissions from the lignite plants were relatively constant over time and cannot be ascribed to separate sources adjacent to the power plants. These three plants were found to be emitting CO at rates 22 to 34 times those tabulated in State and Federal emissions inventories. Elevated CO emissions from the gasand coal-fired plant were highly variable on time scales of hours to days, in one case changing by a factor of 8 within an hour. Three other fossil-fueled power plants, including one lignite-fired plant observed during this study, did not emit substantial amounts of CO, suggesting that a combination of plant operating conditions and the use of lignite coal may contribute to the enhanced emissions. Observed elevated CO emissions from the three lignite plants, if representative of average operating conditions, represent an additional 30% of the annual total CO emissions from point sources for the state of Texas.
04lOlO33 Greenhouse gas emission mitigation in the Sri Lanka power sector supply side and demand side options Wijayatunga, P. D. C. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (20), 324773265. Sri Lanka has had a hydropower dominated electricity generation sector for many years with a gradually decreasing percentage contribution from hydroresources. At the same time, the thermal generation share has been increasing over the years. Therefore, the expected fuel mix in the future in the large scale thermal generation system would be dominated by petroleum products and coal. This will result in a gradual increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) and other environmental emissions in the power sector and, hence, require special attention to possible mitigation measures. This paper analyses both the supply side and demand side (DSM) options available in the Sri Lanka power sector in mitigating emissions in the sector considering the technical feasibility and potential of such options. Further, the paper examines the carbon abatement costs associated 134
Fuel
and
Energy
Abstracts
March 2004
with such supply side and DSM interventions using an integrated resource planning model, which is not used in Sri Lanka at present. The sensitivities of the final generation costs and emissions to different input parameters, such as discount rates, fuel prices and capital costs, are also presented in the paper. It is concluded that while some DSM measures are economically attractive as mitigation measures, all the supply side options have a relatively high cost of mitigation, particularly in the context of GHG emission mitigation. Further it is observed that when compared with the projected price of carbon under different global carbon trading scenarios, these supply side options cannot provide economically beneficial CO* mitigation in countries like Sri Lanka.
04lO1034
How to design
greenhouse
gas trading
in the EU?
Svendsen, G. T. and Vesterdal, M. Energy Policy, 2003, 31, (14) 15311539. A new and remarkable Green Paper about how to trade greenhouse gases (GHG) in the EU has recently been published by the Commission of the European Union. This to achieve the stated 8% reduction target level. The Green Paper raises ten questions about how greenhouse gas permit trading should be designed in the EU before year 2005. These ten questions can be compressed into four main issues, namely target group, allocation of emission allowances, how to mix emission trading with other instruments and fourth enforcement. In the literature, there is a strong need to guide decision-makers and stimulate academic debates concerning the actual design of a simple and workable GHG market model for the EU. This model must take economic, administrative and political concerns into account so that it is feasible in practice. Based on the findings of the study, a policy recommendation concerning the future design of GHG permit trading in the EU was developed.
04/01035 Impacts of anthropogenic and natural sources over the U.S. on tropospheric chemistry Zhang, United
R. et al. Proceedings of the National Academy States of America, 2003, 100, (4), 1505-1509.
NO,
of Sciences
of the
The study evaluated the impact of anthropogenic and natural NO, sources over the contiguous United States on tropospheric NO, and 0s levels by using a global 3D chemical transport model. The effects of major US surface NO, emission sources (including anthropogenic, biomass burning, and soil emissions) were compared with that of lightning-produced NO,. Summer lightning was shown to play a dominant role in controlling NO, and 0s concentrations in the middle and upper troposphere, despite the fact that fossil-fuel burning represents the largest source of NO, over the USA. Furthermore, the effect of regional US lightning is propagated through large areas of the Northern Hemisphere by atmospheric circulation. The results revealed that a thorough assessment of atmospheric NO, emission sources and their impact is required to devise control strategies for regional and global air pollution.
04/01036 lnte rated collaborative technolo y development program for C 8 2 sequestratlon in geolo lc ormatlons United States Department of Energy FM G Klara, S. M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2003, 44, (17), 269992712. A major contributor to increased atmospheric CO? levels is fossil fuel combustion. Roughly one-third of the carbon emissions in the United States comes from power plants. Since electric generation is expected to grow and fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant fuel source, there is growing recognition that the energy industry can be part of the solution to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by capturing and permanently sequestering CO*. Consequently, an important component of the United States Department of Energy’s (DOE) research and development program is dedicated to reducing CO2 emissions from power plants by developing technologies for capturing COz and for subsequent utilization and/or sequestration. Injection of COz into geologic formations is being practiced today by the petroleum industry for enhanced oil recovery, but it is not yet possible to predict with confidence storage volumes, formation integrity and permanence over long time periods. Many important issues dealing with geologic storage, monitoring and verification of fluids (including COs) in underground oil and gas reservoirs, coal beds and saline formations must be addressed. Field demonstrations are needed to confirm practical considerations, such as economics, safety, stability, permanence and public acceptance. This paper presents an overview of DOE’s research programme in the area of COz sequestration and storage in geologic formations and specifically addresses the status of new knowledge, improved tools and enhanced technology for cost optimization, monitoring, modeling and capacity estimation. This paper also highlights those fundamental and applied studies, including field tests, sponsored by DOE that are measuring the degree to which COz can be injected and remain safely and permanently sequestered in geologic formations while concurrently assuring no adverse long term ecological impacts.