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01255 Where did all the coal gas go?
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels) encountered issues, mass to volume equivalencies (barrels to tonnes) and for broad energy measures encountered in world oil statistics. This paper will seek to demonstrate how inappropriate and misused conversion factors can yield wildly varying results and ultimately distort oil statistics. Examples will show that while discrepancies in commonly used conversion factors may seem trivial, their impact on the assessment of a world oil balance is far from negligible. A unified and harmonized convention for conversion factors is necessary to achieve accurate comparisons and aggregate oil statistics for the benefit of both end-users and policy makers.
04•01252 Hydrogen as an energy carrier: scenarios for future use of hydrogen in the Danish energy system S0rensen, B. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (1), 23-32. Scenarios for a transition to a hydrogen society are constructed for Denmark. The physical basis for the scenarios is the exploitation of renewable energy resources already in progress in Denmark. Hydrogen is proposed as a convenient energy carrier due to its versatility in use, transmission and as an energy storage medium. Two main scenarios are constructed, differing in the degree of decentralization of energy production and management: one resembles the current system with centralized facilities and commercial management, the other being based upon a projected scale-independent cost structure of energy producing and handling equipment, that will allow extreme decentralization of the physical energy conversion system, possibly accompanied by a similar decentralization of ownership and control. The simulation studies show that both scenarios are technically feasible, and that the storage problems arising from the mismatch between demand and intermittent sources can be solved in both a centralized and a decentralized fashion.
04/01253 Natural gas as a promising alternative fuel for passenger cars Shakour, A. A. et aI. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2003, 2, (2), 184-196. The present work (as a field study) investigated the role of compressed natural gas (CNG), as an automotive fuel in CO, HC and CO2 emissions in vehicle exhaust. Besides evaluating the influence of the fuel-feed systems into their cylinders on a vehicular emission level, two different systems were examined; electronic fuel-injection and wellcarburetted engines. The chosen vehicles were already in service without catalytic converters and alternatively operating on either petrol or CNG fuel. Their equivalence ratios were very near to the integer unit (~ ~ 1) and they were of the same model and capacity (1800 cc) but differed in their manufacturing date. CO, HC and CO2 concentrations were determined by using the exhaust analyser (SNAP). The output results illustrated that, compared to petrol, CNG has a vital potential to reduce CO, HC and CO2 concentrations in exhaust released from the electronic fuel-injection and well-carburetted engines by an average of 73% and 66%, 39% and 31% and 21% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the well-carburetted engine's emissions, the use of vehicles with the electronic fuel-injection system reduced the concentrations of the same investigated pollutants in CNG and petrol exhausts by an average of 78% and 70%, 52% and 45% and 17% and 12%, respectively. The results confirmed that auto exhaust air pollutant levels could be reduced by replacing conventional petrol by CNG and using vehicles with electronic fuel-injection systems in all activities.
04/01254
Problems and prospect of synthetic fuels
Yamada, M. Jidosha Gijutsukai Chubu Shibuho, 2003, 52, 79-82. (In Japanese) The paper considers the recent status and the production problems of synthetic fuels, including Fischer-Tropsch products, methanol, and diMe ether, together with production of their starting material, synthesis gas, via reforming.
04•01255
Where did all the coal gas go?
Patience, R. L. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (3), 375-387. Isotropic models indicate that reservoired gases in mld-Norway were generated predominantly from marine source rocks, despite the presence of abundant mature coal and terrestrial carbonaceous shales in the Are Formation. There are at least three different possible explanations as to why this may be the case: (i) source models for gas from coals are not valid; (ii) modification of the carbon isotope signature of gas occurs post-expulsion; or (iii) loss of gas due to poor expulsion efficiencies and complex migration pathways. Each of these possibilities is discussed in turn. The most likely explanation is that loss of gas due to poor expulsion and/or complex migration routes in the Are Formation results in most of the gas not reaching the reservoir. However, it should also be noted that current isotopic models for gas from coal are less rigorous than those for gas from marine source rocks.
172 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2004
Derived gaseous fuels 04/01256 Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbons: kinetic study Rim, M. H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 187-193. Several domestic activated carbons were tested as the catalyst for decomposition of methane. All the activated carbons showed similar deactivation pattern. Mass transport effect in the catalyst particles was observed and the pore mouth blocking appeared to occur noticeably especially in large particles. Between different kinds of the activated carbons, no discernible trend was observed between the initial activity and the surface area, and the initial activities lay in a relatively narrow range. The reaction orders were 0.5 and the same for different samples of the activated carbon. The activation energies were also about the same, ca. 200 kJ/mol, regardless of the kind and suppliers. These results indicate that the reaction mechanism is the same for all the activated carbons. Ashes in the activated carbons do little affect the catalytic activity.
04•01257 Hydrogen-producin.g apparatus and hydrogen production/storage system using it Miyake, J. et al, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 163025 (C1. H01M8/06), 6 Jun 2003, Appl. 2001/362 594. (In Japanese) The hydrogen-producing apparatus is equipped with a device for producing hydrogen from source gas and a fuel cell, where the fuel cell is operated using hydrogen produced from the device. The device is operated by electric power generated from the fuel cell. The hydrogen production/storage system is equipped with the hydrogen-producing apparatus and a hydrogen storage apparatus, where the storage apparatus is also operated using electric power generated from the fuel cell. Hydrogen is produced and stored with high energy efficiency, and the system is stably operated regardless of interruption of the power supply from power companies.
04/01258 process
Improvement of coke-oven gas desulfurization
Egorov, V. N. et al. Koks i Khimiya, 2003, (l), 26 29. (In Russian) The technology of purification of coke-oven gas used in a by-product coking plant is based on the capture of H2S in an aqueous solution of NH3, with its subsequent processing by the Claus process with the production of S, after which the waste gas of the Claus process is returned to raw coke-oven gas, increasing the content of H2S. The presence of elemental S in the waste gas, depositing in gas conduits and on equipment, is the cause of additional operational difficulties. To solve this problem, hydrolysis of sulfur of the waste gas from the Claus installation was studied. The study confirmed the potential of high efficiency hydrolysis of elemental S in the waste gas from the Claus installation at 600-800 K over an aluminosilicate catalyst, which can be used for the reduction (or elimination) of S losses in the Claus plants with the closed HzS circuit.
04/01259 char
Kinetics of steam gasification of partially gasified
Xiang, Y. et al. Huagong Xuebao, 2003, 54, (3), 368-373. (In Chinese) Kinetic studies on char partially gasified in the fixed-bed were carried out on the thermogravimetric analyser. The effects of char type, temperature and the gasification conversion in the fixed-bed on the kinetic parameters and the stage characteristics of gasification are discussed in this paper. Results indicate that the reactant gas-steam could activate the char. With the increase of the gasification conversion in the fixed-bed, the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor decrease, effect of the pressure of steam to gasification rate decreases (there is sometime increase of Wangfeng char at low gasification conversion). For different char types, the effects of gasification conversion in the fixed-bed on the reaction rate constant are different. Char type and temperature are important factors affecting the gasification rate. At the same time, they can also affect seriously the stage characteristics.
04/01260 Manufacture of clean-burning fuel gas (magnegas) by submerged electric arc processing of wastes, petroleum, water, wastewater, and seawater Santilli, R. M. U.S, Pat. AppI. Publ. US 2003 106787 (Cl. 204-164; B01J19/08), 12 Jun 2003, Appl. 8 813. An apparatus for manufacture of a clean-burning fuel gas, called magnegas, from crude petroleum or an oil-based or water-based liquid waste, involves a submerged electric arc between at least one pair of long-lived electrodes, and is characterized by minimal power losses and multiple flows through the submerged electric arc. The apparatus further comprises: (1) a pressure-resistant vessel filled with the liquid feedstock, (2) a pair of electrodes having copper holders extending into copper rods from inside the pressure-resistant vessel to the outside of
04•01252 Hydrogen as an energy carrier: scenarios for future use of hydrogen in the Danish energy system S0rensen, B. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (1), 23-32. Scenarios for a transition to a hydrogen society are constructed for Denmark. The physical basis for the scenarios is the exploitation of renewable energy resources already in progress in Denmark. Hydrogen is proposed as a convenient energy carrier due to its versatility in use, transmission and as an energy storage medium. Two main scenarios are constructed, differing in the degree of decentralization of energy production and management: one resembles the current system with centralized facilities and commercial management, the other being based upon a projected scale-independent cost structure of energy producing and handling equipment, that will allow extreme decentralization of the physical energy conversion system, possibly accompanied by a similar decentralization of ownership and control. The simulation studies show that both scenarios are technically feasible, and that the storage problems arising from the mismatch between demand and intermittent sources can be solved in both a centralized and a decentralized fashion.
04/01253 Natural gas as a promising alternative fuel for passenger cars Shakour, A. A. et aI. International Journal of Environment and Sustainable Development, 2003, 2, (2), 184-196. The present work (as a field study) investigated the role of compressed natural gas (CNG), as an automotive fuel in CO, HC and CO2 emissions in vehicle exhaust. Besides evaluating the influence of the fuel-feed systems into their cylinders on a vehicular emission level, two different systems were examined; electronic fuel-injection and wellcarburetted engines. The chosen vehicles were already in service without catalytic converters and alternatively operating on either petrol or CNG fuel. Their equivalence ratios were very near to the integer unit (~ ~ 1) and they were of the same model and capacity (1800 cc) but differed in their manufacturing date. CO, HC and CO2 concentrations were determined by using the exhaust analyser (SNAP). The output results illustrated that, compared to petrol, CNG has a vital potential to reduce CO, HC and CO2 concentrations in exhaust released from the electronic fuel-injection and well-carburetted engines by an average of 73% and 66%, 39% and 31% and 21% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, compared to the well-carburetted engine's emissions, the use of vehicles with the electronic fuel-injection system reduced the concentrations of the same investigated pollutants in CNG and petrol exhausts by an average of 78% and 70%, 52% and 45% and 17% and 12%, respectively. The results confirmed that auto exhaust air pollutant levels could be reduced by replacing conventional petrol by CNG and using vehicles with electronic fuel-injection systems in all activities.
04/01254
Problems and prospect of synthetic fuels
Yamada, M. Jidosha Gijutsukai Chubu Shibuho, 2003, 52, 79-82. (In Japanese) The paper considers the recent status and the production problems of synthetic fuels, including Fischer-Tropsch products, methanol, and diMe ether, together with production of their starting material, synthesis gas, via reforming.
04•01255
Where did all the coal gas go?
Patience, R. L. Organic Geochemistry, 2003, 34, (3), 375-387. Isotropic models indicate that reservoired gases in mld-Norway were generated predominantly from marine source rocks, despite the presence of abundant mature coal and terrestrial carbonaceous shales in the Are Formation. There are at least three different possible explanations as to why this may be the case: (i) source models for gas from coals are not valid; (ii) modification of the carbon isotope signature of gas occurs post-expulsion; or (iii) loss of gas due to poor expulsion efficiencies and complex migration pathways. Each of these possibilities is discussed in turn. The most likely explanation is that loss of gas due to poor expulsion and/or complex migration routes in the Are Formation results in most of the gas not reaching the reservoir. However, it should also be noted that current isotopic models for gas from coal are less rigorous than those for gas from marine source rocks.
172 Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2004
Derived gaseous fuels 04/01256 Hydrogen production by catalytic decomposition of methane over activated carbons: kinetic study Rim, M. H. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2004, 29, (2), 187-193. Several domestic activated carbons were tested as the catalyst for decomposition of methane. All the activated carbons showed similar deactivation pattern. Mass transport effect in the catalyst particles was observed and the pore mouth blocking appeared to occur noticeably especially in large particles. Between different kinds of the activated carbons, no discernible trend was observed between the initial activity and the surface area, and the initial activities lay in a relatively narrow range. The reaction orders were 0.5 and the same for different samples of the activated carbon. The activation energies were also about the same, ca. 200 kJ/mol, regardless of the kind and suppliers. These results indicate that the reaction mechanism is the same for all the activated carbons. Ashes in the activated carbons do little affect the catalytic activity.
04•01257 Hydrogen-producin.g apparatus and hydrogen production/storage system using it Miyake, J. et al, Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 163025 (C1. H01M8/06), 6 Jun 2003, Appl. 2001/362 594. (In Japanese) The hydrogen-producing apparatus is equipped with a device for producing hydrogen from source gas and a fuel cell, where the fuel cell is operated using hydrogen produced from the device. The device is operated by electric power generated from the fuel cell. The hydrogen production/storage system is equipped with the hydrogen-producing apparatus and a hydrogen storage apparatus, where the storage apparatus is also operated using electric power generated from the fuel cell. Hydrogen is produced and stored with high energy efficiency, and the system is stably operated regardless of interruption of the power supply from power companies.
04/01258 process
Improvement of coke-oven gas desulfurization
Egorov, V. N. et al. Koks i Khimiya, 2003, (l), 26 29. (In Russian) The technology of purification of coke-oven gas used in a by-product coking plant is based on the capture of H2S in an aqueous solution of NH3, with its subsequent processing by the Claus process with the production of S, after which the waste gas of the Claus process is returned to raw coke-oven gas, increasing the content of H2S. The presence of elemental S in the waste gas, depositing in gas conduits and on equipment, is the cause of additional operational difficulties. To solve this problem, hydrolysis of sulfur of the waste gas from the Claus installation was studied. The study confirmed the potential of high efficiency hydrolysis of elemental S in the waste gas from the Claus installation at 600-800 K over an aluminosilicate catalyst, which can be used for the reduction (or elimination) of S losses in the Claus plants with the closed HzS circuit.
04/01259 char
Kinetics of steam gasification of partially gasified
Xiang, Y. et al. Huagong Xuebao, 2003, 54, (3), 368-373. (In Chinese) Kinetic studies on char partially gasified in the fixed-bed were carried out on the thermogravimetric analyser. The effects of char type, temperature and the gasification conversion in the fixed-bed on the kinetic parameters and the stage characteristics of gasification are discussed in this paper. Results indicate that the reactant gas-steam could activate the char. With the increase of the gasification conversion in the fixed-bed, the activation energy and the pre-exponential factor decrease, effect of the pressure of steam to gasification rate decreases (there is sometime increase of Wangfeng char at low gasification conversion). For different char types, the effects of gasification conversion in the fixed-bed on the reaction rate constant are different. Char type and temperature are important factors affecting the gasification rate. At the same time, they can also affect seriously the stage characteristics.
04/01260 Manufacture of clean-burning fuel gas (magnegas) by submerged electric arc processing of wastes, petroleum, water, wastewater, and seawater Santilli, R. M. U.S, Pat. AppI. Publ. US 2003 106787 (Cl. 204-164; B01J19/08), 12 Jun 2003, Appl. 8 813. An apparatus for manufacture of a clean-burning fuel gas, called magnegas, from crude petroleum or an oil-based or water-based liquid waste, involves a submerged electric arc between at least one pair of long-lived electrodes, and is characterized by minimal power losses and multiple flows through the submerged electric arc. The apparatus further comprises: (1) a pressure-resistant vessel filled with the liquid feedstock, (2) a pair of electrodes having copper holders extending into copper rods from inside the pressure-resistant vessel to the outside of