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01584 Using carbon adsorbents for removing nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from the flue gases
16 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation) National Programme of Economical Energy Treatment and of Renewable Energy Sources Usage and also gives characteristics of the main types of projects supported.
04/01581 1999
The AIDA soot aerosol characterisation campaign
Saathoff, H. et al. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2003, 34, (10), 1277-1296. An intensive soot aerosol characterization campaign was organized in October 1999 at the large aerosol chamber facility A I D A in Karlsruhe, with the participation of scientists from nine Austrian, German, Russian, and Swiss Research Centres and Universities who contributed special equipment and expertise. The main goal was a comprehensive physical and chemical characterization of soot aerosol from a modern turbo Diesel passenger ear equipped with an oxidation catalyst, in comparison with artificial soot aerosol ('Palas' soot) from a commercial spark discharge generator, which is often used as a surrogate for combustion soot in laboratory studies. Included were experiments with pure ammonium sulphate aerosol as well as its external mixtures with soot aerosols, and their evolution to partially internal mixtures on time scales up to 45 h. Effects of organic coatings on various aerosol properties, generated in situ by heterogeneous nucleation of products from the reaction of c~-pinene with ozone were also investigated. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the whole campaign. This includes the description of technical and modelling tools, standard procedures, and the presentation of experimental parameters in tabular form, as a common background for a series of companion papers which focus on selected scientific issues. Also included is a comparison between Diesel and spark generated soot in terms of their Raman and ESR spectra. The most remarkable difference is the large spin density in spark generated soot, which exceeds that of Diesel soot by an order of magnitude. However, the spin densities in both materials are too small to affect the surface properties of soot aerosols to a significant extent.
04/01582 The ecological footprint: a non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America Senbel, M. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (2), 83-100. This paper employed ecological footprint analysis as a potential nonmonetary metric of human consumption and ecological productivity in a simulation-modelling framework, applied to North America. The ecological footprint provided an indirect basis for considering the longterm ecological risk and sustainability of human settlements, regions or, in this case, a continent. The study examined several scenarios for human consumption, ecological productivity and material efficiency, exploring which variables have influence on the ecological budget of North America over the coming century. Only one scenario, which assumed considerable reductions in h u m a n consumption, was likely to yield an ecological surplus. Unlike monetary measures of societal wellbeing, ecological footprint analysis showed that increased economic activity and consumption creates deficits in terms of the balance of ecological productivity and consumption in a region, and may reduce long-term ecological sustainability. Several advantages and disadvantages of this metric were discussed.
04/01583 The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Wcia Sativa L.) plants Adam, G. and Duncan, H. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2003, 25, (1), 123-130. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes vs other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium muhiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. C o m m o n vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwold's ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 mo in common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerworld's ryegrass planted soil.
04•01584 Using carbon adsorbents for removing nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from the flue gases Blokhin, A. I. et al. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (1), 32 38. The use of carbon adsorbents in industrial power engineering outside Russia is briefly reviewed and the results of the authors' own experimental investigations, made in the laboratory and at a pilot commercial installation, are given. The proposal to use the described device in a KE-25-24-C industrial boiler is outlined.
16
FUEL SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
04/01585 analysis
700-Type coal gas analytical instruments error
Zhao, J.-W. and Ma, F.-B Hebei Gongye Keji, 2003, 20, (1), 32-34. (In Chinese) The paper considers a 700-type gas demanding analysis instrument, which is used to control the rate of combustion-supporting and acid in the Klaus sulfur recycling system from the gas cleaning plants, This text tells of the working principle and the function of the analysis instrument, analyses its present state in detail and makes good statistics of its possible troubles. After 6 months checking, analysing, experimenting, adjusting and necessary alternating, the problem can be solved. This technical alteration gives a clear understanding of the whole analysis instrument, and it makes a solid foundation for troublefree operation.
04•01586 A mathematical modelling technique for gaseous and solid fuel reburning in pulverised coal combustors Dimitriou, D. J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (15 17), 2107-2114. A 'reburn chemistry' modelling method for predicting the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in coal combustors is presented. The model is applied to predict NOx reductions in a large-scale laboratory pulverized fuel combustor with gas as well as coal reburn strategies. Extensive validation is performed in order to establish the model effectiveness through a range of furnace conditions and reburn configurations. The results obtained show good overall agreement with detailed in-flame experimental data including the trend of NO emissions reduction with the reburn zone air/fuel ratio.
04/01587 A thermochemical concept-based equation to estimate waste combustion enthalpy from elemental composition Meraz, L. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (12), 1499-1507. Waste combustion is an interesting alternative for waste management and energy recovery. Knowledge of the waste higher heating value (HHV) is important for judging it's worth as fuel. This work introduces a new equation, based on thermochemical concepts, to calculate H H V from elemental composition. This equation is expressed in terms of mass percentages on a dry basis of carbon (%C), hydrogen (%H), oxygen (%O), nitrogen (%N), and sulfur (%S); the H H V is computed in MJ/kg. The equation is as follows: H H V = (1 - (%H20/100)) (-0.3708(%C) - 1.1124(%H) + 0.1391(%O) - 0.3178(%N) 0.1391(%S)). The thermochemical concept on which this expression is based involves a wide applicability. This equation neglects the inorganic carbon, hence it is not very adequate when there is a significant concentration of it. The predictions from this approach were contrasted against those proceeding from equations currently used in combustion technology, and also against bomb calorimeter data. The new equation is clearly competitive with respect to other formulations, and it can be very helpful for presenting a waste H H V value based on different derivation suppositions.
04/01588 A wide range kinetic modeling study of the pyrolysis and combustion of naphthenes Granata, S. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2003, 132, (3), 533 544. The aim of this paper is to analyse and discuss the kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of naphthenes. The primary propagation reactions of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane are presented to extend the validity of a semi-detailed kinetic model for the pyrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbons. Naphthenes are relevant species as
Fuel andEnergyAbstracts
May2004
215
04/01581 1999
The AIDA soot aerosol characterisation campaign
Saathoff, H. et al. Journal of Aerosol Science, 2003, 34, (10), 1277-1296. An intensive soot aerosol characterization campaign was organized in October 1999 at the large aerosol chamber facility A I D A in Karlsruhe, with the participation of scientists from nine Austrian, German, Russian, and Swiss Research Centres and Universities who contributed special equipment and expertise. The main goal was a comprehensive physical and chemical characterization of soot aerosol from a modern turbo Diesel passenger ear equipped with an oxidation catalyst, in comparison with artificial soot aerosol ('Palas' soot) from a commercial spark discharge generator, which is often used as a surrogate for combustion soot in laboratory studies. Included were experiments with pure ammonium sulphate aerosol as well as its external mixtures with soot aerosols, and their evolution to partially internal mixtures on time scales up to 45 h. Effects of organic coatings on various aerosol properties, generated in situ by heterogeneous nucleation of products from the reaction of c~-pinene with ozone were also investigated. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the whole campaign. This includes the description of technical and modelling tools, standard procedures, and the presentation of experimental parameters in tabular form, as a common background for a series of companion papers which focus on selected scientific issues. Also included is a comparison between Diesel and spark generated soot in terms of their Raman and ESR spectra. The most remarkable difference is the large spin density in spark generated soot, which exceeds that of Diesel soot by an order of magnitude. However, the spin densities in both materials are too small to affect the surface properties of soot aerosols to a significant extent.
04/01582 The ecological footprint: a non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America Senbel, M. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (2), 83-100. This paper employed ecological footprint analysis as a potential nonmonetary metric of human consumption and ecological productivity in a simulation-modelling framework, applied to North America. The ecological footprint provided an indirect basis for considering the longterm ecological risk and sustainability of human settlements, regions or, in this case, a continent. The study examined several scenarios for human consumption, ecological productivity and material efficiency, exploring which variables have influence on the ecological budget of North America over the coming century. Only one scenario, which assumed considerable reductions in h u m a n consumption, was likely to yield an ecological surplus. Unlike monetary measures of societal wellbeing, ecological footprint analysis showed that increased economic activity and consumption creates deficits in terms of the balance of ecological productivity and consumption in a region, and may reduce long-term ecological sustainability. Several advantages and disadvantages of this metric were discussed.
04/01583 The effect of diesel fuel on common vetch (Wcia Sativa L.) plants Adam, G. and Duncan, H. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2003, 25, (1), 123-130. When petroleum hydrocarbons contaminate soil, the carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio of the soil is altered. The added carbon stimulates microbial numbers but causes an imbalance in the C:N ratio which may result in immobilization of soil nitrogen by the microbial biomass, leaving none available for plant growth. As members of Leguminosae fix atmospheric nitrogen to produce their own nitrogen for growth, they may prove more successful at growing on petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites. During a wider study on phytoremediation of diesel fuel contaminated soil, particular attention was given to the performance of legumes vs other plant species. During harvesting of pot experiments containing leguminous plants, a recurring difference in the number and formation of root nodules present on control and contaminated common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) plants was observed. The total number of nodules per plant was significantly reduced in contaminated plants compared to control plants but nodules on contaminated plants were more developed than corresponding nodules on control plants. Plant performance of common vetch and Westerwold's ryegrass (Lolium muhiflorum L.) was compared to illustrate any difference between the ability of legumes and grasses to grow on diesel fuel contaminated soil. C o m m o n vetch was less affected by diesel fuel and performed better in low levels of diesel fuel contaminated soil than Westerwold's ryegrass. The total amount of diesel fuel remaining after 4 mo in common vetch planted soil was slightly less than in Westerworld's ryegrass planted soil.
04•01584 Using carbon adsorbents for removing nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from the flue gases Blokhin, A. I. et al. International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (1), 32 38. The use of carbon adsorbents in industrial power engineering outside Russia is briefly reviewed and the results of the authors' own experimental investigations, made in the laboratory and at a pilot commercial installation, are given. The proposal to use the described device in a KE-25-24-C industrial boiler is outlined.
16
FUEL SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
04/01585 analysis
700-Type coal gas analytical instruments error
Zhao, J.-W. and Ma, F.-B Hebei Gongye Keji, 2003, 20, (1), 32-34. (In Chinese) The paper considers a 700-type gas demanding analysis instrument, which is used to control the rate of combustion-supporting and acid in the Klaus sulfur recycling system from the gas cleaning plants, This text tells of the working principle and the function of the analysis instrument, analyses its present state in detail and makes good statistics of its possible troubles. After 6 months checking, analysing, experimenting, adjusting and necessary alternating, the problem can be solved. This technical alteration gives a clear understanding of the whole analysis instrument, and it makes a solid foundation for troublefree operation.
04•01586 A mathematical modelling technique for gaseous and solid fuel reburning in pulverised coal combustors Dimitriou, D. J. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (15 17), 2107-2114. A 'reburn chemistry' modelling method for predicting the reduction of nitrogen oxide emissions in coal combustors is presented. The model is applied to predict NOx reductions in a large-scale laboratory pulverized fuel combustor with gas as well as coal reburn strategies. Extensive validation is performed in order to establish the model effectiveness through a range of furnace conditions and reburn configurations. The results obtained show good overall agreement with detailed in-flame experimental data including the trend of NO emissions reduction with the reburn zone air/fuel ratio.
04/01587 A thermochemical concept-based equation to estimate waste combustion enthalpy from elemental composition Meraz, L. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (12), 1499-1507. Waste combustion is an interesting alternative for waste management and energy recovery. Knowledge of the waste higher heating value (HHV) is important for judging it's worth as fuel. This work introduces a new equation, based on thermochemical concepts, to calculate H H V from elemental composition. This equation is expressed in terms of mass percentages on a dry basis of carbon (%C), hydrogen (%H), oxygen (%O), nitrogen (%N), and sulfur (%S); the H H V is computed in MJ/kg. The equation is as follows: H H V = (1 - (%H20/100)) (-0.3708(%C) - 1.1124(%H) + 0.1391(%O) - 0.3178(%N) 0.1391(%S)). The thermochemical concept on which this expression is based involves a wide applicability. This equation neglects the inorganic carbon, hence it is not very adequate when there is a significant concentration of it. The predictions from this approach were contrasted against those proceeding from equations currently used in combustion technology, and also against bomb calorimeter data. The new equation is clearly competitive with respect to other formulations, and it can be very helpful for presenting a waste H H V value based on different derivation suppositions.
04/01588 A wide range kinetic modeling study of the pyrolysis and combustion of naphthenes Granata, S. et al. Combustion and Flame, 2003, 132, (3), 533 544. The aim of this paper is to analyse and discuss the kinetics of the pyrolysis and combustion of naphthenes. The primary propagation reactions of cyclohexane and methylcyclohexane are presented to extend the validity of a semi-detailed kinetic model for the pyrolysis and oxidation of hydrocarbons. Naphthenes are relevant species as
Fuel andEnergyAbstracts
May2004
215