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01686 Management of environmental and energy economy systems of Central and Eastern European countries
17 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts) With an installed geothermal electric capacity of 853 MWe, Mexico is currently the third largest producer of geothermal power worldwide, after the USA and the Philippines. There are four geothermal fields now under exploitation: Cerro Prieto, Los Azufres, Los Humeros and Las Tres Vfirgenes. Cerro Prieto is the second largest field in the world, with 720 MWe and 138 production wells in operation; sedimentary (sandstone) rocks host its geothermal fluids. Los Azufres (88 MWe), Los Humeros (35 MWe) and Las Tres VlLlrgenes (10 MWe) are volcanic fields, with fluids hosted by volcanic (andesites) and intrusive (granodiorite) rocks. Four additional units, 25 MWe each, are under construction in Los Azufres and due to go into operation in April 2003. One sinai1 (300 kW) binary-cycle unit is operating in Maguarichi, a small village in an isolated area with no link to the national grid. The geothermal power installed in Mexico represents 2% of the total installed electric capacity, but the electricity generated from geothermal accounts for almost 3% of the national total.
replace its default data which are primarily based on the Western lifestyle and do not cater for developing countries such as Kuwait. Results showed that the annual electricity consumption would rise by 21% when the new data from the survey was used as opposed to the use of default data. Data analysis also showed that the Kuwaiti occupants tend to leave all lights on even when the rooms are vacant, and that they prefer to keep the rooms cooler with the A/C thermostat set at 22°C. Simulation runs showed that by matching light schedules with occupancy patterns, and with A/C thermostat set at 24°C instead of 22°C, the annual electricity consumption would drop down by 39%. The authors argue that more regional responsive data should be used in energy simulation softwares in order to achieve better-informed predictions, and finally they suggest several strategies to reduce the electricity consumption based on the findings of this study.
04/01685 sector
Fukuda, K. Applied Energy, 2004, 76, (4), 435-448. An indivisible relation between exergy of labour as well as of the energy resources and real economics are theoretically shown. In discussions on historical changes of productive activities of h u m a n beings from agriculture to industries, the proof of the theory of labour and the existence of an upper ceiling on Gross National Product (GNP) are given. The essential role of exergy in the market economy system in terms of productivities of goods, as well as their exchange are discussed.
Management changes in the Lithuanian energy
Miskinis, V. and Deksnys, R. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2003, 4, (2/3), 145-157. Lithuania was invited at the end of 2002 to become a member of the European Union and to join NATO. The country, being in transition from a centrally planned to a free-market economy, is experiencing fundamental transformations. Lithuania has inherited an energy sector with a comparatively good technical infrastructure but inappropriate for a small independent state. In order to transform the management in the energy sector, it was necessary to perform a lot of significant changes. Positive changes are based on the implementation of experience in other Central and Eastern European countries and many studies prepared by national specialists in cooperation with foreign experts. This paper describes the main alterations in management of the Lithuanian economy and energy sectors and recent changes in the power sector. The paper aims to analyse the country's progress in transition to a free market economy and necessary improvements in the near future.
04/01686 Management of environmental and energy economy systems of Central and Eastern European countries Frormann, D. and Michna, J. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2003, 4, (2/3), 130-144. In this paper the efficiency of institutional support for energy and environmental economy problems in Central and Eastern European countries (on different levels) is discussed. The results of the research provided by the International Centre on Energy and Environmental Policy (ICEEP) in 2001-2002 are considered. These results permit recommendations for managers interested in efficient institutional support.
04•01687 Multi-objective optimization in energy systems: the case study of Lesvos Island, Greece Koroneos, C. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2004, 8, (1), 91-100. The process of decision-making determines the choice of a possible course of action amongst a wide variety of available alternatives. The difficult point in decision-making is the multiplicity of the criteria set for judging the alternatives. The decision maker needs to attain more than one objective in achieving the final goal set, while satisfying constraints dictated by the environment, processes and resources. A mulfi-objecfive optimization methodology is applied on the island of Lesvos, Greece, where various renewable energy sources (RES) can be found and could be exploited to satisfy part of the needs of the island's economy. These resources must be examined from all aspects and a case study is performed for Lesvos that involves application of specific mathematical tools that will lead to a set of energy solutions (Pareto set). These solutions will concern the use of various energy sources that will satisfy a multiplicity of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints). The research for this mathematical model has led to the creation of a system with two objective functions that work reversely. Considering the existing constraints, a series of solutions is derived providing decision makers with the flexibility to choose the appropriate solution with respect to the given situation.
04/01688 Occupants' behavior and activity patterns influencing the energy consumption in the Kuwaiti residences A1-Mumin, A. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (6), 549-559. This paper provides an account on energy use in Kuwaiti residences and attempts to explain the reasons for the high electrical consumption in the country. A sample of 30 residences was selected for the study. Occupancy patterns and operation schedules of electrical appliances used in these residences were surveyed. The results were summarized and presented in bar charts format. The values obtained were then used as input data into the thermal simulation program, ENERWIN, to
228
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2004
04101689 Production of exergy from labour and energy resources
04101690 Promotion of geothermal energy in Switzerland: a recent programme for a long-term task Vuataz, F.-D. et al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (4-6), 789-797. In 2001, a 10:year programme called 'SwissEnergy' was initiated by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, mainly devoted to a more efficient use of energy, with specific tasks such as energy saving, reduction of CO2 emissions and a definitive increase in the contribution of renewable energies. The Swiss Geothermal Society (SGS) was therefore given a mandate to promote the application of geothermal energy at a national level. The main objectives of their programme are to develop a sound image for geothermal energy in general, to disseminate information on the various technologies already in use all over the country and to illustrate the future potential of this sector. All entities involved in the energy sector are to be called on to collaborate in the programme, including the Federal Office of Energy, local utility companies and energy agencies, as well as the various networks present in the field of renewable energy (geothermal, sun, wind and biomass). The programme covers all the geothermal resources and technologies available in Switzerland, such as borehole heat exchangers, groundwater wells, foundation piles, thermal springs, deep aquifers and warm tunnel drainage waters. The programme is organized into five activity modules: information, basic and continuous education, marketing, quality insurance, and consulting services. Three Regional Promotion Centres (RPC) have also been set up in the three linguistic regions of Switzerland, one in the German-speaking region, one in the Frenchspeaking region and one in the Italian-speaking region. The strong interest and favourable reception given to all aspects of the Swiss geothermal promotion programme during its first 2 years of activity have confirmed how important it is to disseminate information on energy matters.
04101691 Realisation of the energy saving policy in the Czech Republic Pou~ek, J. et al. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 2003, 19, (2/3), 123-139. The article provides a survey on the principal tendencies during the implementation of the energy saving policy in the last decade in the Czech Republic, and the principal framework for improvement of the system for the implementation of the policy of energy saving and utilization of renewable energy sources in the Czech Republic as provided by the Energy Management Act. The energy savings projects are financially supported by the National Programme of Economic Management and use of renewable and of secondary energy sources. The article also informs about the results achieved in the field of decreasing fuels and energy consumption and improvement in the impact of the energy sector on the environment. A significant contribution can be seen in the cooperation with EU states the results of which are also outlined.
04/01692
Review of transport energy statistics
Heslop, M. The Journal of Energy Literature, 2003, 9, (2), 26-38. Transport holds a unique position in the energy equation. It is the only market that is almost entirely supplied by a single source of primary energy: crude oil. Options for substitutes are limited and those that are available remain costly. Transport also remains a key revenue stream for governments and industry alike, both in terms of taxation of vehicles, and of fuel products. Studies have shown that people will pay large sums, relative to the value of the fuel, for the benefits that
replace its default data which are primarily based on the Western lifestyle and do not cater for developing countries such as Kuwait. Results showed that the annual electricity consumption would rise by 21% when the new data from the survey was used as opposed to the use of default data. Data analysis also showed that the Kuwaiti occupants tend to leave all lights on even when the rooms are vacant, and that they prefer to keep the rooms cooler with the A/C thermostat set at 22°C. Simulation runs showed that by matching light schedules with occupancy patterns, and with A/C thermostat set at 24°C instead of 22°C, the annual electricity consumption would drop down by 39%. The authors argue that more regional responsive data should be used in energy simulation softwares in order to achieve better-informed predictions, and finally they suggest several strategies to reduce the electricity consumption based on the findings of this study.
04/01685 sector
Fukuda, K. Applied Energy, 2004, 76, (4), 435-448. An indivisible relation between exergy of labour as well as of the energy resources and real economics are theoretically shown. In discussions on historical changes of productive activities of h u m a n beings from agriculture to industries, the proof of the theory of labour and the existence of an upper ceiling on Gross National Product (GNP) are given. The essential role of exergy in the market economy system in terms of productivities of goods, as well as their exchange are discussed.
Management changes in the Lithuanian energy
Miskinis, V. and Deksnys, R. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2003, 4, (2/3), 145-157. Lithuania was invited at the end of 2002 to become a member of the European Union and to join NATO. The country, being in transition from a centrally planned to a free-market economy, is experiencing fundamental transformations. Lithuania has inherited an energy sector with a comparatively good technical infrastructure but inappropriate for a small independent state. In order to transform the management in the energy sector, it was necessary to perform a lot of significant changes. Positive changes are based on the implementation of experience in other Central and Eastern European countries and many studies prepared by national specialists in cooperation with foreign experts. This paper describes the main alterations in management of the Lithuanian economy and energy sectors and recent changes in the power sector. The paper aims to analyse the country's progress in transition to a free market economy and necessary improvements in the near future.
04/01686 Management of environmental and energy economy systems of Central and Eastern European countries Frormann, D. and Michna, J. International Journal of Risk Assessment and Management, 2003, 4, (2/3), 130-144. In this paper the efficiency of institutional support for energy and environmental economy problems in Central and Eastern European countries (on different levels) is discussed. The results of the research provided by the International Centre on Energy and Environmental Policy (ICEEP) in 2001-2002 are considered. These results permit recommendations for managers interested in efficient institutional support.
04•01687 Multi-objective optimization in energy systems: the case study of Lesvos Island, Greece Koroneos, C. et al. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2004, 8, (1), 91-100. The process of decision-making determines the choice of a possible course of action amongst a wide variety of available alternatives. The difficult point in decision-making is the multiplicity of the criteria set for judging the alternatives. The decision maker needs to attain more than one objective in achieving the final goal set, while satisfying constraints dictated by the environment, processes and resources. A mulfi-objecfive optimization methodology is applied on the island of Lesvos, Greece, where various renewable energy sources (RES) can be found and could be exploited to satisfy part of the needs of the island's economy. These resources must be examined from all aspects and a case study is performed for Lesvos that involves application of specific mathematical tools that will lead to a set of energy solutions (Pareto set). These solutions will concern the use of various energy sources that will satisfy a multiplicity of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints). The research for this mathematical model has led to the creation of a system with two objective functions that work reversely. Considering the existing constraints, a series of solutions is derived providing decision makers with the flexibility to choose the appropriate solution with respect to the given situation.
04/01688 Occupants' behavior and activity patterns influencing the energy consumption in the Kuwaiti residences A1-Mumin, A. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2003, 35, (6), 549-559. This paper provides an account on energy use in Kuwaiti residences and attempts to explain the reasons for the high electrical consumption in the country. A sample of 30 residences was selected for the study. Occupancy patterns and operation schedules of electrical appliances used in these residences were surveyed. The results were summarized and presented in bar charts format. The values obtained were then used as input data into the thermal simulation program, ENERWIN, to
228
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2004
04101689 Production of exergy from labour and energy resources
04101690 Promotion of geothermal energy in Switzerland: a recent programme for a long-term task Vuataz, F.-D. et al. Geothermics, 2003, 32, (4-6), 789-797. In 2001, a 10:year programme called 'SwissEnergy' was initiated by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, mainly devoted to a more efficient use of energy, with specific tasks such as energy saving, reduction of CO2 emissions and a definitive increase in the contribution of renewable energies. The Swiss Geothermal Society (SGS) was therefore given a mandate to promote the application of geothermal energy at a national level. The main objectives of their programme are to develop a sound image for geothermal energy in general, to disseminate information on the various technologies already in use all over the country and to illustrate the future potential of this sector. All entities involved in the energy sector are to be called on to collaborate in the programme, including the Federal Office of Energy, local utility companies and energy agencies, as well as the various networks present in the field of renewable energy (geothermal, sun, wind and biomass). The programme covers all the geothermal resources and technologies available in Switzerland, such as borehole heat exchangers, groundwater wells, foundation piles, thermal springs, deep aquifers and warm tunnel drainage waters. The programme is organized into five activity modules: information, basic and continuous education, marketing, quality insurance, and consulting services. Three Regional Promotion Centres (RPC) have also been set up in the three linguistic regions of Switzerland, one in the German-speaking region, one in the Frenchspeaking region and one in the Italian-speaking region. The strong interest and favourable reception given to all aspects of the Swiss geothermal promotion programme during its first 2 years of activity have confirmed how important it is to disseminate information on energy matters.
04101691 Realisation of the energy saving policy in the Czech Republic Pou~ek, J. et al. International Journal of Global Energy Issues, 2003, 19, (2/3), 123-139. The article provides a survey on the principal tendencies during the implementation of the energy saving policy in the last decade in the Czech Republic, and the principal framework for improvement of the system for the implementation of the policy of energy saving and utilization of renewable energy sources in the Czech Republic as provided by the Energy Management Act. The energy savings projects are financially supported by the National Programme of Economic Management and use of renewable and of secondary energy sources. The article also informs about the results achieved in the field of decreasing fuels and energy consumption and improvement in the impact of the energy sector on the environment. A significant contribution can be seen in the cooperation with EU states the results of which are also outlined.
04/01692
Review of transport energy statistics
Heslop, M. The Journal of Energy Literature, 2003, 9, (2), 26-38. Transport holds a unique position in the energy equation. It is the only market that is almost entirely supplied by a single source of primary energy: crude oil. Options for substitutes are limited and those that are available remain costly. Transport also remains a key revenue stream for governments and industry alike, both in terms of taxation of vehicles, and of fuel products. Studies have shown that people will pay large sums, relative to the value of the fuel, for the benefits that