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01811 Gasification of solid fuel using spouted fluidized bed, and gasification apparatus
03 Gaseous fuels (derived gaseous fuels) ane) were used to improve hydrate formation. The experiments of hydrate formation were carried out in the pressure range 3.69-6.82 MPa and the temperature range 274.05-277.55 K. The experimental pressures were kept constant during hydrate formation in each experimental run. The effect of anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)) on natural gas storage in hydrates is more pronounced compared to a non-ionic surfactant (dodecyl polysaccharide glycoside (DPG)). The induction time of hydrate formation was reduced with the presence of cyclopentane (CP). Cyclopentane and methylcyclohexane (MCH) could increase hydrate formation rate, but reduced hydrate storage capacity The higher methylcyclohexane concentration, the lower the hydrate storage capacity.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04•01803 Slow, slow, quick, quick, slow: Saudi Arabia's 'Gas Initiative' Robins, P. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (3), 321-333. This article sets out to analyse the Saudi gas initiative in the context of the decision-making process in Saudi Arabia between 1998 and 2002. It describes the overall context in which the initiative was made. It focuses on the personalities and institutions that were important in its birth and its evolution. The article argues that a mixture of personalities (especially that of Crown Prince Abdullah and foreign minister Saud al-Faisal) and institutions (especially a clutch of new bodies formed in 1999 and 2000) were pivotal in the emergence of the initiative. It also looks at the obstacles that were placed in the way of the initiative, arguing that Saudi Aramco and the minister of oil, All Naimi, were key blocking players. Over time, the Saudi gas initiative has come to be seen as a benchmark of the wider cause of economic liberalization in the Kingdom. The lack of progress in the initiative since the initial indicative contract awards in June 2001 has reflected the lack of movement in the general reformist strategy.
Derived gaseous fuels 04•01804 Catalytic gasification of coal using eutectic salts: reaction kinetics for hydrogasification using binary and ternary eutectic catalysts Sheth, A. C. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (4-5), 557 572. A kinetic study of the hydro-gasification of Illinois #6 coal was carried out using a ternary (43.5 mol% Li2CO3-31.5 mel% NazCO3-25 mot% KzCO3) and a binary (29 tool% Na2CO3-71 mot% K2CO3) eutectic system. Hydro-gasification experiments were carried out in a highpressure, high-temperature differential fixed-bed gasifier unit to evaluate the product inhibition effect of H2 on the overall steam gasification kinetics. The overall gasification rate was found to decrease with an increase in the Hz partial pressure. It was also found that starting with a smaller average particle size of sample gave higher overall gasification rates. A rate expression of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type was then used to satisfy the experimental data at different Hz partial pressures up to carbon conversion of 85-90%.
04/01805 Co-current gasifier with endless screw conveyor for upward feeding of feedstock to gasification chamber Jaccard, L. Enr. Pat. Appl. EP 1,329,494 (Cl. C20J3/46), 23 Jul 2003, CH Appl. 2002/75. (In French) A co-current gasification apparatus is characterized by an endless, essentially vertical screw conveyor for feeding fresh gasification feedstock, passing from bottom to top, to a heating chamber and then to a gasification chamber above the heating chamber. An auxiliary feeding screw conveyor is disposed such that it carries unconverted gasification feedstock back to the first screw conveyor for reintroduction, with fresh feed, to the heating chamber. The heating chamber can be modified by equipping it with primary combustion air and by tailoring the heating bed thickness so as to provide for increased flexibility of feedstocks. Gasifier can be assembled in series for further flexibility (e.g. in output and feedstock).
04•01806
Energy from gasification of solid wastes
Belgiorno, V. et al. Waste Management, 2003, 2, (1), 1 15. Gasification technology is by no means new: in the 1850s, most of the city of London was illuminated by town gas produced from the gasification of coal. Nowadays, gasification is the main technology for biomass conversion to energy and an attractive alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste. The number of different uses of gas shows the flexibility of gasification and therefore allows it to be
integrated with several industrial processes, as well as power generation systems. The use of a waste-biomass energy production system in a rural community is very interesting too. This paper describes the current state of gasification technology, energy recovery systems, pre-treatments and prospective in syngas use with particular attention to the different process cycles and environmental impacts of solid wastes gasification.
04/01807 Enhancing the start-up of pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation reactors by applying tailored ex situ presulfided Ni/AI203 catalysts Hoffer, B. W. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (1), 1-8. Convenient and safe start-up procedures were assessed for AI203supported nickel catalysts used in pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation. A model feed was used consisting of styrene, 1,3-pentadiene and 1octene. The Ni surface of the catalysts is partially sulfided ex situ to various degrees of sulfur loading. Temperature Programmed Reduction showed that the ex situ presulfided oxidic catalysts can be activated by reduction at temperatures lower than the non-sulfided oxidic catalyst (~T = 150 K). This was confirmed under reaction conditions. This characteristic allows elimination of the presently applied time- and chemicals-consuming intermediate reduction and passivation procedure, resulting in more efficient catalyst activation procedures.
04•01808 Gasification of biomass model compounds and real biomass in supercritical water Yoshida, T. et aL Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (1), 71-78. Lignin, cellulose, and their mixture were gasified with a nickel catalyst in supercritical water at 673 K and 25 MPa. Gasification efficiency is low, but increases with the amount of the catalyst when softwood lignin is included in the feedstock. One possible mechanism is the catalyst being deactivated by tarry products from the reaction between cellulose and softwood lignin. Mixtures with hardwood and grass lignin were gasified much more easily. Sufficient amount of catalyst achieves high gasification efficiency even for the mixtures of cellulose and softwood lignin. Sawdust and rice straw were also gasified under the same condition. Interaction between each component was observed also for these real biomass feedstocks.
04101809 Gasification of carbonaceous material to produce synthesis gas Kindig, J. K. and Weyand, T. E. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 130,360 (CI. 518-703; C01B3/26), 10 Jul 2003, US Appl. 85,436. Synthesis gas is produced by reacting a reactive molten metal with steam at > 1250°C to produce hydrogen and a metal oxide, and contacting a carbonaceous material with the molten metal and the steam to produce CO. The reactive metal can be Ge, Zn, W, Mo, In, Co, Sb, preferably Fe and/or Sn. The produced gas mixture contains at least 50 volume % of H2, CO, and < 15 volume % CO2. The steam is injected into the molten metal with a lance. The carbonaceous material is particulate devolatized coal, but can also be municipal or hazardous waste, or petroleum coke. The produced gas mixture can be reacted in the presence of a catalyst to produce methane, methanol, or ammonia.
04/01810 Gasification of coal and anthracite in a hightemperature stream Roskoluna, A. I. and Chernyavskii, N. V. Ekotekhnologii i Resursosberezhenie, 2003, (3), 8-14. (In Chinese) Experimental results and total material-heat balance calculations of pulverized bituminous coal and anthracite gasification at the conditions of high-temperature are presented. The dependences are detected of carbon conversion degree and of gaseous products low calorific value on specific gasification agent feed rate and of process temperature. The character of carbon conversion of pulverized coal in high-temperature flow is mainly due to the specific features of high-rate pyrolysis.
04/01811 Gasification of solid fuel using spouted fluidized bed, and gasification apparatus Akiyama, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 231,888 (CI. C10J37/46), 19 Aug 2003, Appl. 2002/34. The title apparatus comprises a gasification furnace, a gas flow route, a washing apparatus for cleaning soot with water, a dehydrator to form a slurry from the collected soot, a slurry pump, and a nozzle for supplying the slurry into the gasification furnace, in which the nozzle is disposed near an upper burner at the exit of the gas. The slurry introduced in the gasification furnace is carried into the downstream in the counter flow direction to the formed gas. The process is able to lower the temperature of the discharged gas while increasing the conversion efficiency of the solid fuel to the gas.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004 253
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04•01803 Slow, slow, quick, quick, slow: Saudi Arabia's 'Gas Initiative' Robins, P. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (3), 321-333. This article sets out to analyse the Saudi gas initiative in the context of the decision-making process in Saudi Arabia between 1998 and 2002. It describes the overall context in which the initiative was made. It focuses on the personalities and institutions that were important in its birth and its evolution. The article argues that a mixture of personalities (especially that of Crown Prince Abdullah and foreign minister Saud al-Faisal) and institutions (especially a clutch of new bodies formed in 1999 and 2000) were pivotal in the emergence of the initiative. It also looks at the obstacles that were placed in the way of the initiative, arguing that Saudi Aramco and the minister of oil, All Naimi, were key blocking players. Over time, the Saudi gas initiative has come to be seen as a benchmark of the wider cause of economic liberalization in the Kingdom. The lack of progress in the initiative since the initial indicative contract awards in June 2001 has reflected the lack of movement in the general reformist strategy.
Derived gaseous fuels 04•01804 Catalytic gasification of coal using eutectic salts: reaction kinetics for hydrogasification using binary and ternary eutectic catalysts Sheth, A. C. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (4-5), 557 572. A kinetic study of the hydro-gasification of Illinois #6 coal was carried out using a ternary (43.5 mol% Li2CO3-31.5 mel% NazCO3-25 mot% KzCO3) and a binary (29 tool% Na2CO3-71 mot% K2CO3) eutectic system. Hydro-gasification experiments were carried out in a highpressure, high-temperature differential fixed-bed gasifier unit to evaluate the product inhibition effect of H2 on the overall steam gasification kinetics. The overall gasification rate was found to decrease with an increase in the Hz partial pressure. It was also found that starting with a smaller average particle size of sample gave higher overall gasification rates. A rate expression of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type was then used to satisfy the experimental data at different Hz partial pressures up to carbon conversion of 85-90%.
04/01805 Co-current gasifier with endless screw conveyor for upward feeding of feedstock to gasification chamber Jaccard, L. Enr. Pat. Appl. EP 1,329,494 (Cl. C20J3/46), 23 Jul 2003, CH Appl. 2002/75. (In French) A co-current gasification apparatus is characterized by an endless, essentially vertical screw conveyor for feeding fresh gasification feedstock, passing from bottom to top, to a heating chamber and then to a gasification chamber above the heating chamber. An auxiliary feeding screw conveyor is disposed such that it carries unconverted gasification feedstock back to the first screw conveyor for reintroduction, with fresh feed, to the heating chamber. The heating chamber can be modified by equipping it with primary combustion air and by tailoring the heating bed thickness so as to provide for increased flexibility of feedstocks. Gasifier can be assembled in series for further flexibility (e.g. in output and feedstock).
04•01806
Energy from gasification of solid wastes
Belgiorno, V. et al. Waste Management, 2003, 2, (1), 1 15. Gasification technology is by no means new: in the 1850s, most of the city of London was illuminated by town gas produced from the gasification of coal. Nowadays, gasification is the main technology for biomass conversion to energy and an attractive alternative for the thermal treatment of solid waste. The number of different uses of gas shows the flexibility of gasification and therefore allows it to be
integrated with several industrial processes, as well as power generation systems. The use of a waste-biomass energy production system in a rural community is very interesting too. This paper describes the current state of gasification technology, energy recovery systems, pre-treatments and prospective in syngas use with particular attention to the different process cycles and environmental impacts of solid wastes gasification.
04/01807 Enhancing the start-up of pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation reactors by applying tailored ex situ presulfided Ni/AI203 catalysts Hoffer, B. W. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (1), 1-8. Convenient and safe start-up procedures were assessed for AI203supported nickel catalysts used in pyrolysis gasoline hydrogenation. A model feed was used consisting of styrene, 1,3-pentadiene and 1octene. The Ni surface of the catalysts is partially sulfided ex situ to various degrees of sulfur loading. Temperature Programmed Reduction showed that the ex situ presulfided oxidic catalysts can be activated by reduction at temperatures lower than the non-sulfided oxidic catalyst (~T = 150 K). This was confirmed under reaction conditions. This characteristic allows elimination of the presently applied time- and chemicals-consuming intermediate reduction and passivation procedure, resulting in more efficient catalyst activation procedures.
04•01808 Gasification of biomass model compounds and real biomass in supercritical water Yoshida, T. et aL Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (1), 71-78. Lignin, cellulose, and their mixture were gasified with a nickel catalyst in supercritical water at 673 K and 25 MPa. Gasification efficiency is low, but increases with the amount of the catalyst when softwood lignin is included in the feedstock. One possible mechanism is the catalyst being deactivated by tarry products from the reaction between cellulose and softwood lignin. Mixtures with hardwood and grass lignin were gasified much more easily. Sufficient amount of catalyst achieves high gasification efficiency even for the mixtures of cellulose and softwood lignin. Sawdust and rice straw were also gasified under the same condition. Interaction between each component was observed also for these real biomass feedstocks.
04101809 Gasification of carbonaceous material to produce synthesis gas Kindig, J. K. and Weyand, T. E. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 130,360 (CI. 518-703; C01B3/26), 10 Jul 2003, US Appl. 85,436. Synthesis gas is produced by reacting a reactive molten metal with steam at > 1250°C to produce hydrogen and a metal oxide, and contacting a carbonaceous material with the molten metal and the steam to produce CO. The reactive metal can be Ge, Zn, W, Mo, In, Co, Sb, preferably Fe and/or Sn. The produced gas mixture contains at least 50 volume % of H2, CO, and < 15 volume % CO2. The steam is injected into the molten metal with a lance. The carbonaceous material is particulate devolatized coal, but can also be municipal or hazardous waste, or petroleum coke. The produced gas mixture can be reacted in the presence of a catalyst to produce methane, methanol, or ammonia.
04/01810 Gasification of coal and anthracite in a hightemperature stream Roskoluna, A. I. and Chernyavskii, N. V. Ekotekhnologii i Resursosberezhenie, 2003, (3), 8-14. (In Chinese) Experimental results and total material-heat balance calculations of pulverized bituminous coal and anthracite gasification at the conditions of high-temperature are presented. The dependences are detected of carbon conversion degree and of gaseous products low calorific value on specific gasification agent feed rate and of process temperature. The character of carbon conversion of pulverized coal in high-temperature flow is mainly due to the specific features of high-rate pyrolysis.
04/01811 Gasification of solid fuel using spouted fluidized bed, and gasification apparatus Akiyama, T. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 231,888 (CI. C10J37/46), 19 Aug 2003, Appl. 2002/34. The title apparatus comprises a gasification furnace, a gas flow route, a washing apparatus for cleaning soot with water, a dehydrator to form a slurry from the collected soot, a slurry pump, and a nozzle for supplying the slurry into the gasification furnace, in which the nozzle is disposed near an upper burner at the exit of the gas. The slurry introduced in the gasification furnace is carried into the downstream in the counter flow direction to the formed gas. The process is able to lower the temperature of the discharged gas while increasing the conversion efficiency of the solid fuel to the gas.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004 253