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02080 CO2 emission reduction policies in the Greek residential sector: a methodological framework for their economic evaluation
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) possible increase of natural radioactivity level due to the operation of the plant. The lichens Rhizoplaca melanophthalma, Cladonia convoluta, Cladonia pyxidata, and the mosses Grimmia pulvinata, Hypnum cupressiforme were investigated for potential use as bioindicators for 2~°Po and 21°pb deposition. The maximum 21°po and 21°pb activities was observed around the hill close to ash stacks. The capture efficiency was the highest in one of the moss species, G. pulvinata with the activity concentration ranges of 600 =k 19-1228 + 36 and 446 -t- 15-650 5_21 Bq kg -1 for 21°'Po and 2t°pb, respectively. Soil samples were also collected and analysed to investigate any possible contamination in soil profiles due to CPPs and the detect unsupported 21°pb flux. The 21°Pb and 21°Ra concentrations in uncultivated soil profiles varied between 58 -t- 2 and 258 ~z 6 Bq kg -l, 50 =k 5 and 58 =k 5 Bq kg -1, respectively. The unsupported 21°Pb inventory in the core was calculated to be 3312 Bq m -2. The corresponding annual 21°pb flux of 103 Bq m -2 year -l is high with compare to estimates of the atmospheric f l u x given in literature for the same region.
04/02075 Carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and the impacts on metal mobility Ecke, H. et al. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2003, 129, (5), 435440. Fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is considered as hazardous waste that calls for a robust, reliable, and reasonable treatment technique. This study assesses the impact of CO2 partial pressure, water addition, time, and temperature on the stabilization of MSWI fly ash with particular emphasis on Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr. Carbonation and element mobility were studied by applying thermal analysis and leaching assays on fly ash samples treated according to a 24 factorial design. The relation between the factors and the response variables was evaluated using partial least squares modelling. Chemical equilibrium calculations were performed so as to complement the experimental findings. Decalcification of carbonated fly ash in a typical Swedish landfill was estimated at 0.13 mm/year. Treatment through carbonation reduced the availability of Pb and Zn ~100 times and also the carbonate alky. of 7.4 equivalent./Kg fized solids was remedied successfully. However, shortcomings that need to be resolved are the remobilization of Cr with time and the mobilization of Cd.
04/02076 Catalytic oxidization of S O 2 from incineration flue gas over bimetallic C u - C e catalysts supported on preoxidized activated carbon Wey, M. Y. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (18), 2285-2290. To improve the deep sulfation of alumina support, the inertness material activated carbon was used as an alternative support for copper/cerium catalysts to remove SO2 from incineration flue gas which contained other air pollutants such as NO:¢, CO, CO2, HC1, carbon particulates, and heavy metal vapour. During the 473-820 K, the AC support showed no retention of SO2. However, the metal Pb composed in the flue gas exhibited the toxic characterization to M/AC catalysts, which was due to the outer orbitals of d subshell all paired.
04/02077 Chemotaxis in poiycyclic aromatic hydrocarbondegrading bacteria isolated from coal-tar- and oil-polluted rhizospheres Ortega-Calvo, J. J. et al. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003, 44, (3), 373-381. The limited mass transfer in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAil)contaminated soils during bioremediation treatments often impedes the achievement of regulatory decontamination end-points. Little is known about bioavailability of these hydrophobic pollutants in phytoremediation systems. This work attempts to evaluate, for the first time, cheroot-axis as a bioavailability-promoting trait in PAHdegrading bacteria from the rhizosphere. For this aim, 20 motile strains capable of degrading different PAHs were isolated from rhizosphere soils contaminated with coal tar and oil. Three representative Pseudomonas strains were selected, on the basis of their faster growth and/or range of PAHs degraded, for detailed chemotaxis studies with PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene), bacterial lipopolysaccharide and root exudates from seven different plants. The chemotactie response was quantified with a new densitometric method. The results indicate that chemotaxis is a relevant mobilizing factor for PAH-degrading rhizosphere bacteria.
04102078 Clean air policy and oxygenated fuels: do we get what we pay for? Rask, K. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (1), 161-177. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set ambient air quality standards for the United States. Areas that violate these standards (usually large urban centres) are required to use cleaner-burning automotive fuels (oxygenated fuels or 'oxyfuels') during the winter months in some cases and year-round (reformulated gasoline) in the worst cases. Oxygenated fuels are the primary alternative fuel in use, however, cleaning-up the aggregate automobile emissions can be done through many different methods. Using a cross-section of data fi'om the
286
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004
California emissions testing programme this paper investigates the environmental benefits gained by the use of oxyfuels. It estimates the actual CO and HC emissions abatement due to the use of the oxyfuel. The results suggest the CO emissions reductions are lower than previously thought due to the differential impact of the fuel on different automobile vintages. Cars built since 1988 have no CO emissions benefits as a result of using oxyfuels. Oxyfuels are also found to have no systematic impact on HC emissions. The oxyfuel smog test results are then compared to emissions' improvements resulting from emissions system repairs. Increased maintenance and repairs are found to be a much more cost-effective method for lowering CO and HC emissions than oxyfuels.
04•02079 CO2 emission from energy use in India: a decomposition analysis Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R. N. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (5), 585-593. This paper aims at identifying the factors that have influenced the changes in the level of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. By means of decomposition method the observed changes are analysed in terms of four factors: pollution coefficient, energy intensity, structural changes and economic activity. The study refers to the major economic sectors of India for the period 1980-1996. The results show economic growth has the largest positive effect in carbon dioxide emissions changes in all the major economic sectors. Emissions of carbon dioxide in industrial and transport sectors show a decreasing trend due to improved energy efficiency and fuel switching. However, the reducing effect of the pollution coefficient and energy intensity on CO2 emissions in agricultural sector is almost nil. The energy intensity varies over a wider range and has had a greater impact on energyinduced carbon dioxide emissions than the pollution coefficient.
04/02080 CO2 emission reduction policies in the Greek residential sector: a methodological framework for their economic evaluation Mirasgedis, S. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (4), 537-557. This paper outlines a methodological framework for the economic evaluation of CO2 emissions abatement policies and measures in the residential sector, taking into consideration both economic and social costs/benefits. The approach includes two stages: first, the measures under consideration are evaluated on the basis of a cost effectiveness analysis, which takes into account only the related net financial costs, thus highlighting win-win actions (i.e. measures presenting an economic benefit for end users without the provision of any economic subsidies or other similar policies); and second, the measures are reevaluated using an integrated cost benefit analysis (where both the private and external costs/benefits are taken into account). The economic performance of the measures examined incorporates the effects of a variety of parameters, such as the region's climate, size and age of buildings, etc., which significantly affect the resulting ranking. The implementation of this framework in the Greek residential sector identified and prioritized a significant emissions reduction potential, which could be achieved with win-win measures and/or interventions that present a net social benefit. Measures with negative economic cost but positive net social benefit for the majority of the buildings examined include: (i) regular inspection of central heating boilers, (it) use of thermostats in central heating boilers, (iii) sealing of openings, (iv) installation of solar collectors for hot water etc. The monetization of environmental benefits is shown to provide a powerful tool for highlighting priority actions in the context of a climate change mitigation policy.
04/02081 Design of coordinated energy and environmental policies: use of multi-criteria decision-making Greening, L. A. and Bernow, S. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 721-735. Conventional economic modelling tools that depend upon one criterion to select among possible alternatives for inclusion in an energy or environmental policy have limitations. Formulation of both sets of policies involves large numbers of stakeholders with differing views and preferences. Those views and preferences cannot always be determined in advance or with certainty since many of the attributes of these policy alternatives are non-market valued. The use of multi-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM) methods in an integrated assessment (IA) framework offers a far better alternative to cost/benefit and similar methods. To facilitate understanding of MCDM methods, a typology is offered for this broad class of models, suggest some of the types of problems that may be analysed with these methods, and recommend the implementation of several MCDM methods in currently evolving IA frameworks. Depending upon the choice of method from this family of methods, a wide range of attributes associated with multi-pollutant reduction and energy system development strategies, and a diversity of stakeholder preferences may be incorporated into the analysis. The resulting policy space can then provide a basis for comparison and selection of policy alternatives in a political or negotiated process.
04/02075 Carbonation of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash and the impacts on metal mobility Ecke, H. et al. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2003, 129, (5), 435440. Fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) is considered as hazardous waste that calls for a robust, reliable, and reasonable treatment technique. This study assesses the impact of CO2 partial pressure, water addition, time, and temperature on the stabilization of MSWI fly ash with particular emphasis on Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr. Carbonation and element mobility were studied by applying thermal analysis and leaching assays on fly ash samples treated according to a 24 factorial design. The relation between the factors and the response variables was evaluated using partial least squares modelling. Chemical equilibrium calculations were performed so as to complement the experimental findings. Decalcification of carbonated fly ash in a typical Swedish landfill was estimated at 0.13 mm/year. Treatment through carbonation reduced the availability of Pb and Zn ~100 times and also the carbonate alky. of 7.4 equivalent./Kg fized solids was remedied successfully. However, shortcomings that need to be resolved are the remobilization of Cr with time and the mobilization of Cd.
04/02076 Catalytic oxidization of S O 2 from incineration flue gas over bimetallic C u - C e catalysts supported on preoxidized activated carbon Wey, M. Y. et al. Fuel, 2003, 82, (18), 2285-2290. To improve the deep sulfation of alumina support, the inertness material activated carbon was used as an alternative support for copper/cerium catalysts to remove SO2 from incineration flue gas which contained other air pollutants such as NO:¢, CO, CO2, HC1, carbon particulates, and heavy metal vapour. During the 473-820 K, the AC support showed no retention of SO2. However, the metal Pb composed in the flue gas exhibited the toxic characterization to M/AC catalysts, which was due to the outer orbitals of d subshell all paired.
04/02077 Chemotaxis in poiycyclic aromatic hydrocarbondegrading bacteria isolated from coal-tar- and oil-polluted rhizospheres Ortega-Calvo, J. J. et al. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003, 44, (3), 373-381. The limited mass transfer in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAil)contaminated soils during bioremediation treatments often impedes the achievement of regulatory decontamination end-points. Little is known about bioavailability of these hydrophobic pollutants in phytoremediation systems. This work attempts to evaluate, for the first time, cheroot-axis as a bioavailability-promoting trait in PAHdegrading bacteria from the rhizosphere. For this aim, 20 motile strains capable of degrading different PAHs were isolated from rhizosphere soils contaminated with coal tar and oil. Three representative Pseudomonas strains were selected, on the basis of their faster growth and/or range of PAHs degraded, for detailed chemotaxis studies with PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene), bacterial lipopolysaccharide and root exudates from seven different plants. The chemotactie response was quantified with a new densitometric method. The results indicate that chemotaxis is a relevant mobilizing factor for PAH-degrading rhizosphere bacteria.
04102078 Clean air policy and oxygenated fuels: do we get what we pay for? Rask, K. Energy Economics, 2004, 26, (1), 161-177. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set ambient air quality standards for the United States. Areas that violate these standards (usually large urban centres) are required to use cleaner-burning automotive fuels (oxygenated fuels or 'oxyfuels') during the winter months in some cases and year-round (reformulated gasoline) in the worst cases. Oxygenated fuels are the primary alternative fuel in use, however, cleaning-up the aggregate automobile emissions can be done through many different methods. Using a cross-section of data fi'om the
286
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2004
California emissions testing programme this paper investigates the environmental benefits gained by the use of oxyfuels. It estimates the actual CO and HC emissions abatement due to the use of the oxyfuel. The results suggest the CO emissions reductions are lower than previously thought due to the differential impact of the fuel on different automobile vintages. Cars built since 1988 have no CO emissions benefits as a result of using oxyfuels. Oxyfuels are also found to have no systematic impact on HC emissions. The oxyfuel smog test results are then compared to emissions' improvements resulting from emissions system repairs. Increased maintenance and repairs are found to be a much more cost-effective method for lowering CO and HC emissions than oxyfuels.
04•02079 CO2 emission from energy use in India: a decomposition analysis Paul, S. and Bhattacharya, R. N. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (5), 585-593. This paper aims at identifying the factors that have influenced the changes in the level of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions. By means of decomposition method the observed changes are analysed in terms of four factors: pollution coefficient, energy intensity, structural changes and economic activity. The study refers to the major economic sectors of India for the period 1980-1996. The results show economic growth has the largest positive effect in carbon dioxide emissions changes in all the major economic sectors. Emissions of carbon dioxide in industrial and transport sectors show a decreasing trend due to improved energy efficiency and fuel switching. However, the reducing effect of the pollution coefficient and energy intensity on CO2 emissions in agricultural sector is almost nil. The energy intensity varies over a wider range and has had a greater impact on energyinduced carbon dioxide emissions than the pollution coefficient.
04/02080 CO2 emission reduction policies in the Greek residential sector: a methodological framework for their economic evaluation Mirasgedis, S. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (4), 537-557. This paper outlines a methodological framework for the economic evaluation of CO2 emissions abatement policies and measures in the residential sector, taking into consideration both economic and social costs/benefits. The approach includes two stages: first, the measures under consideration are evaluated on the basis of a cost effectiveness analysis, which takes into account only the related net financial costs, thus highlighting win-win actions (i.e. measures presenting an economic benefit for end users without the provision of any economic subsidies or other similar policies); and second, the measures are reevaluated using an integrated cost benefit analysis (where both the private and external costs/benefits are taken into account). The economic performance of the measures examined incorporates the effects of a variety of parameters, such as the region's climate, size and age of buildings, etc., which significantly affect the resulting ranking. The implementation of this framework in the Greek residential sector identified and prioritized a significant emissions reduction potential, which could be achieved with win-win measures and/or interventions that present a net social benefit. Measures with negative economic cost but positive net social benefit for the majority of the buildings examined include: (i) regular inspection of central heating boilers, (it) use of thermostats in central heating boilers, (iii) sealing of openings, (iv) installation of solar collectors for hot water etc. The monetization of environmental benefits is shown to provide a powerful tool for highlighting priority actions in the context of a climate change mitigation policy.
04/02081 Design of coordinated energy and environmental policies: use of multi-criteria decision-making Greening, L. A. and Bernow, S. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (6), 721-735. Conventional economic modelling tools that depend upon one criterion to select among possible alternatives for inclusion in an energy or environmental policy have limitations. Formulation of both sets of policies involves large numbers of stakeholders with differing views and preferences. Those views and preferences cannot always be determined in advance or with certainty since many of the attributes of these policy alternatives are non-market valued. The use of multi-criteria decisionmaking (MCDM) methods in an integrated assessment (IA) framework offers a far better alternative to cost/benefit and similar methods. To facilitate understanding of MCDM methods, a typology is offered for this broad class of models, suggest some of the types of problems that may be analysed with these methods, and recommend the implementation of several MCDM methods in currently evolving IA frameworks. Depending upon the choice of method from this family of methods, a wide range of attributes associated with multi-pollutant reduction and energy system development strategies, and a diversity of stakeholder preferences may be incorporated into the analysis. The resulting policy space can then provide a basis for comparison and selection of policy alternatives in a political or negotiated process.