- Email: [email protected]
02117 An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey
16 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation) Therefore, a second dust comprising of a 50/50 by weight mixture of the surrogate mineral dust and diesel soot was also examined (PSW + DEP). These dusts and DEP (weak biological reactivity) and c~-quartz (high biological reactivity) were instilled into the lungs of healthy rats. The animals were killer at 1, 6 and 11 week. Assessments of potential toxicity included lung to body weight ratios, acellular protein in lung lavage (markers of lung permeability) and total free cells (marker of inflammation), The surrogate opencast dust with or without DEP caused no significant increases in any of the parameters studied and as such was very similar to the weak biological effects of DEP alone. These effects contrasted sharply with those observed for the bioreactive mineral, quartz that induced rapid increases in permeability and a progressive inflammation. The use of a surrogate is less desirable than the real opencast mine dust, however, if as believed, the surrogate material is a representative mixture of the actual airborne dust around this opencast site, then these particles should show little or no shortterm lung toxicity following inhalation.
04/02112 US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol: the impact on compliance costs and COz emissions Manne, A. and Richels, R. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (4), 447 454. Despite the US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, the meeting of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in July 2001 has increased the likelihood that the Protocol will be ratified. This raises a number of issues concerning mitigation costs, particularly for the buyers and sellers of emission permits. This paper examines how the US decision is likely to affect compliance costs for other Annex B countries during the first commitment period. Here the implications for US emissions are also explored. Key findings include: (1) participating Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries may experience a decline in mitigation costs, but because of the banking provision contained in the Protocol, the decline may not be as great as some would suggest; (2) if the majority of 'hot air' is concentrated in a small number of countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, these countries may be able to organize a sellers' cartel and extract sizable economic rents; and (3) even in the absence of mandatory emission reduction requirements, US emissions in 2010 may be lower than their business-as-usual baseline because of expectations regarding future regulatory requirements.
16
F U E L SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
04/02113 A fuzzy-expert system for classifying power quality disturbances Liao, Y. and Lee, J.-B. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2004, 26, (3), 199-205. This paper presents a fuzzy-expert system for automated detection and classification of power quality disturbances. The types of concerned disturbances include voltage sags, swells, interruptions, switching transients, impulses, flickers, harmonics, and notches. It is assumed that the analysed waveforms are available in samt~led form. Fourier transform and wavelet analysis are utilized to obtain unique features for the waveforms. A fuzzy-expert system is designed for making a decision regarding the type of the disturbance. Simulation studies are presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed approach. Comparison studies between an Artificial Neural Network based classification technique and the proposed approach are also reported to show the advantages of the proposed approach.
04/02114 A modified tracking algorithm for maximum power tracking of solar array Hua, C. and Lin, J. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (6), 911-925. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are usually used for solar power applications. This paper discusses: (1) various connection methods between solar arrays and loads and (2) various maximum power point control methods and MPPT algorithms. In this paper, the solar array is treated as a current source instead of a voltage source. Analytical models are built for the solar array and converter on the basis of the data sheet of the manufacturer and the principle of energy conservation. An improved MPPT algorithm was proposed to
reduce the power loss in the tracking process. A digital signal processor (DSP) based controller was constructed to implement the proposed MPPT control, and the experimental results are presented.
04/02115 An evaluation method of voltage sag using a risk assessment model in power distribution systems Yun, S.-Y. and Kim, J.-C. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003, 25, (10), 829-839. This paper explores a new method for evaluating the impact of voltage sags in the power distribution systems. The proposed method incorporates the generalization of the evaluation method as well as the effects of voltage sags on customers. To generalize the evaluation method, historical reliability data will be used. The impact of voltage sags on customers using a representative power acceptability curve and a fuzzy model is taken into account. The final result of the evaluation model yields on a yearly basis the magnitude of customers' risk caused by voltage sags. The evaluation methodology is divided into the analytic and probabilistic method. The time sequential Monte Carlo simulation is used as probabilistic method. The proposed method is tested using the modified Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) form and the reliability data of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) system. Through the case study, the proposed method is used to evaluate the actual impact of voltage sags and can be effectively applied to the real system using the historical reliability data as the conventional reliability indices in power distribution systems.
04/02116 An experimental and computational study of the heat loss characteristics of a trapezoidal cavity absorber Reynolds, D. J. et al. Solar Energy, 2004, 76, (1 3), 229 234. A solar thermal power project that makes use of a compact linear Fresnel reflector array to concentrate solar radiation onto a stationary absorber cavity suspended above the array has been proposed. The cavity is trapezoidal in cross-section. The upper surface of the cavity is a flat plate absorber with steam tubes running behind it. The lower surface is a glass window that allows solar ?adiation, focused by the mirror array, to enter the cavity. Heat loss from the absorber occurs via a complex interaction between radiation, convection and conduction within the cavity, and then from the cavity to the surroundings. This paper describes the experimental techniques used to investigate the heat losses from the absorber, and the flow visualization technique used to capture the flow patterns within the cavity. It then goes on to compare the experimental results with predictions obtained from a model developed using FLUENT, a commercially available computational fluid dynamics package. Excellent agreement is achieved between the flow patterns observed in the experiment and those predicted by the computational model. Reasonable agreement between the experimentally determined heat losses and those predicted by the computational model are also shown to exist.
04/02117 An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey Ozkan, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (l), 89 95. The aim of this research was to examine the energy equivalents of inputs and output in greenhouse vegetable production in the Antalya province of Turkey. For this purpose, the data for the production of four greenhouse crops (tomato, cucumber, eggplant and pepper) were collected in 88 greenhouse farms by questionnaire. The results revealed that cucumber production was the most energy intensive of among the four crops investigated. Cucumber production consumed a total of 134.77 GJ ha- 1 followed by tomato with 127.32 GJ h a - 1. The consumption of energy by eggplants and pepper were 98.68 and 80.25 GJ h a - 1, respectively. The output-input energy ratio for greenhouse tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant were estimated to be 1.26, 0.99, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. This indicated an intensive use of inputs in greenhouse vegetable production not accompanied by increase in the final product. This can lead to problems associated with these inputs such as global warming, nutrient loading and pesticide pollution. Therefore, there is a need to pursue a new policy to force producers to undertake energy efficient practices to increase the yield without diminishing natural resources.
04/02118 Analysis of mixing distribution in an engine-like configuration Arc, M. E. and Maxwell, T. T. International Journal of Energy Research, 2003, 27, (11), 1039-1050. A study of gaseous fuel/air mixing in a simplified two-dimensional axisymetrical cylinder shaped chamber with centrally located orifice inlet condition is performed using multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamic analysis, The gaseous fuel concentration distribution formed by in-cylinder charge motion is also predicted. The effect of swirl on global mixing is examined, and the optimal swirl is determined for a particular value of engine speed. A measure of global uniformity is defined and used to gain information about the fuel concentration distribution within the chamber. The computational results show that
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004 291
04/02112 US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol: the impact on compliance costs and COz emissions Manne, A. and Richels, R. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (4), 447 454. Despite the US rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, the meeting of the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in July 2001 has increased the likelihood that the Protocol will be ratified. This raises a number of issues concerning mitigation costs, particularly for the buyers and sellers of emission permits. This paper examines how the US decision is likely to affect compliance costs for other Annex B countries during the first commitment period. Here the implications for US emissions are also explored. Key findings include: (1) participating Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries may experience a decline in mitigation costs, but because of the banking provision contained in the Protocol, the decline may not be as great as some would suggest; (2) if the majority of 'hot air' is concentrated in a small number of countries in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, these countries may be able to organize a sellers' cartel and extract sizable economic rents; and (3) even in the absence of mandatory emission reduction requirements, US emissions in 2010 may be lower than their business-as-usual baseline because of expectations regarding future regulatory requirements.
16
F U E L SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
04/02113 A fuzzy-expert system for classifying power quality disturbances Liao, Y. and Lee, J.-B. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2004, 26, (3), 199-205. This paper presents a fuzzy-expert system for automated detection and classification of power quality disturbances. The types of concerned disturbances include voltage sags, swells, interruptions, switching transients, impulses, flickers, harmonics, and notches. It is assumed that the analysed waveforms are available in samt~led form. Fourier transform and wavelet analysis are utilized to obtain unique features for the waveforms. A fuzzy-expert system is designed for making a decision regarding the type of the disturbance. Simulation studies are presented to verify the accuracy of the proposed approach. Comparison studies between an Artificial Neural Network based classification technique and the proposed approach are also reported to show the advantages of the proposed approach.
04/02114 A modified tracking algorithm for maximum power tracking of solar array Hua, C. and Lin, J. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (6), 911-925. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques are usually used for solar power applications. This paper discusses: (1) various connection methods between solar arrays and loads and (2) various maximum power point control methods and MPPT algorithms. In this paper, the solar array is treated as a current source instead of a voltage source. Analytical models are built for the solar array and converter on the basis of the data sheet of the manufacturer and the principle of energy conservation. An improved MPPT algorithm was proposed to
reduce the power loss in the tracking process. A digital signal processor (DSP) based controller was constructed to implement the proposed MPPT control, and the experimental results are presented.
04/02115 An evaluation method of voltage sag using a risk assessment model in power distribution systems Yun, S.-Y. and Kim, J.-C. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 2003, 25, (10), 829-839. This paper explores a new method for evaluating the impact of voltage sags in the power distribution systems. The proposed method incorporates the generalization of the evaluation method as well as the effects of voltage sags on customers. To generalize the evaluation method, historical reliability data will be used. The impact of voltage sags on customers using a representative power acceptability curve and a fuzzy model is taken into account. The final result of the evaluation model yields on a yearly basis the magnitude of customers' risk caused by voltage sags. The evaluation methodology is divided into the analytic and probabilistic method. The time sequential Monte Carlo simulation is used as probabilistic method. The proposed method is tested using the modified Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) form and the reliability data of Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) system. Through the case study, the proposed method is used to evaluate the actual impact of voltage sags and can be effectively applied to the real system using the historical reliability data as the conventional reliability indices in power distribution systems.
04/02116 An experimental and computational study of the heat loss characteristics of a trapezoidal cavity absorber Reynolds, D. J. et al. Solar Energy, 2004, 76, (1 3), 229 234. A solar thermal power project that makes use of a compact linear Fresnel reflector array to concentrate solar radiation onto a stationary absorber cavity suspended above the array has been proposed. The cavity is trapezoidal in cross-section. The upper surface of the cavity is a flat plate absorber with steam tubes running behind it. The lower surface is a glass window that allows solar ?adiation, focused by the mirror array, to enter the cavity. Heat loss from the absorber occurs via a complex interaction between radiation, convection and conduction within the cavity, and then from the cavity to the surroundings. This paper describes the experimental techniques used to investigate the heat losses from the absorber, and the flow visualization technique used to capture the flow patterns within the cavity. It then goes on to compare the experimental results with predictions obtained from a model developed using FLUENT, a commercially available computational fluid dynamics package. Excellent agreement is achieved between the flow patterns observed in the experiment and those predicted by the computational model. Reasonable agreement between the experimentally determined heat losses and those predicted by the computational model are also shown to exist.
04/02117 An input-output energy analysis in greenhouse vegetable production: a case study for Antalya region of Turkey Ozkan, B. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2004, 26, (l), 89 95. The aim of this research was to examine the energy equivalents of inputs and output in greenhouse vegetable production in the Antalya province of Turkey. For this purpose, the data for the production of four greenhouse crops (tomato, cucumber, eggplant and pepper) were collected in 88 greenhouse farms by questionnaire. The results revealed that cucumber production was the most energy intensive of among the four crops investigated. Cucumber production consumed a total of 134.77 GJ ha- 1 followed by tomato with 127.32 GJ h a - 1. The consumption of energy by eggplants and pepper were 98.68 and 80.25 GJ h a - 1, respectively. The output-input energy ratio for greenhouse tomato, pepper, cucumber and eggplant were estimated to be 1.26, 0.99, 0.76 and 0.61, respectively. This indicated an intensive use of inputs in greenhouse vegetable production not accompanied by increase in the final product. This can lead to problems associated with these inputs such as global warming, nutrient loading and pesticide pollution. Therefore, there is a need to pursue a new policy to force producers to undertake energy efficient practices to increase the yield without diminishing natural resources.
04/02118 Analysis of mixing distribution in an engine-like configuration Arc, M. E. and Maxwell, T. T. International Journal of Energy Research, 2003, 27, (11), 1039-1050. A study of gaseous fuel/air mixing in a simplified two-dimensional axisymetrical cylinder shaped chamber with centrally located orifice inlet condition is performed using multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamic analysis, The gaseous fuel concentration distribution formed by in-cylinder charge motion is also predicted. The effect of swirl on global mixing is examined, and the optimal swirl is determined for a particular value of engine speed. A measure of global uniformity is defined and used to gain information about the fuel concentration distribution within the chamber. The computational results show that
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004 291