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02186 US lessons for energy industry restructuring: based on natural gas and California electricity incidences
18 Energy conversion and recycling of lessons addressing three general topical areas: advanced thermodynamics, advanced mechanical system analysis, and direct energy conversion systems. Mechanical engineering majors enrol in Energy Conversion Systems (ME 472) during the fall semester of their senior year as an advanced elective. ME 472 builds directly on the material covered in Thermodynamics (EM 301) taken during the student's junior year. In the first segment of ME 472, the students study advanced thermodynamic topics including exergy and combustion analyses. The students then analyse various mechanical systems including refrigeration systems, internal combustion engines, boilers, and fossil fuel fired steam and gas turbine combined power plants. Exergetic efficiencies of various equipment and systems are determined. The final portion of the course covers direct energy conversion technology, including fuel cells, photovoltaics, thermoelectricity, thermionics and magnetohydrodynamics. Supplemental lessons on energy storage, semi-conductors and non-reactive energy sources (such as solar collectors, wind turbines, and hydroelectric plants) are included here. This paper discusses the evolution of ME 472 since its inception and explains the motivations for the course's progress.
04/02185 The merits of non-tradable quotas as a domestic policy instrument to prevent firm closure H a g e m , C. Resource and Energy Economics, 2003, 25, (4), 373-386. Many countries fear that adopting a domestic tradable quota system for greenhouse gases that requires all emitters to pay for their quotas may lead to closures of emissions-intensive industrial companies. The starting point of this paper is that a government, to avoid firm closure, has opted to allocate quotas free of charge to emission-intensive industries. The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent making the free quotas tradable or non-tradable will affect investment in new abatement technology and firm closure. The conclusion is that the expectations about future product prices and the number of quotas distributed free of charge are crucial for the difference in the properties of tradable and non-tradable quotas.
04/02186 US lessons for energy industry restructuring: based on natural gas and California electricity incidences Lee, W.-W. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 237-259. During the regulation and deregulation processes, the US experienced, besides temporary price spikes, several unhappy incidences; natural gas shortage in mid-1970s, gas bubble in 1980s, California power crisis, and high natural gas price in 2000-2001. This paper focuses on the US natural gas and California electricity industries, especially on the above-mentioned four incidences. Through analysing their causes and effects, this paper tries to deduce some lessons, which would be helpful to prevent and/or overcome other probable incidences in the US as well as in other countries in a process of deregulation or planning to introduce competition in their energy industries. Main lessons deduced are encouragement of investment, minimization of political consideration, transmission of price signal to all the market players, outlet for any market interference, diversification of trading options, and minimum ambiguity on responsibility between regulators as well as watching on general market situation and correcting its flaws in timely manner.
18
E N E R G Y CONVERSION A N D RECYCLING
04/02187 Characterisation of products from the recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyester waste by pyrolysis Cunliffe, A. M. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, 2003, 82, (18), 2223-2230. A thermoset polyester/styrene copolymer reinforced with glass fibre was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor at 450°C. The main gases evolved were CO and COz, which accounted for more than 75 vol% of the total gas composition. Other gases identified were H2, CH4 and other hydrocarbons from C2 to C4. The properties of the pyrolytic oil, including calorific value, viscosity and elemental analysis, suggested that it could be a viable liquid fuel. The condensable products could also be a valuable source of chemical feedstocks including styrene and phthalic anhydride, which could potentially be recycled into polyester/ styrene resins. The glass fibre recovered from the solid residue had mechanical properties which indicated that they could replace up to 20 wt% of virgin glass fibre in Dough Moulding Compound.
300
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004
04/02188 Hydrocarbon gases and oils from the recycling of polystyrene waste by catalytic pyrolysis Williams, P. T. and Bagri, R. International Journal of Energy Research, 2004, 28, (1), 31-44. The yield and composition of oils and gases derived from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene has been investigated. The pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Two catalysts were used, zeolite ZSM-5 and Y-zeolite and the influence of the temperature of the catalyst, the amount of catalyst loading and the use of a mixture of the two catalysts was investigated. The main product from the un-catalysed pyrolysis of polystyrene was an oil consisting mostly of styrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. The gases were found to consist of methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane and butene. In the presence of either catalyst an increase in the yield of gas and decrease in the amount of oil produced was found, but there was significant formation of carbonaceous coke on the catalyst. Increasing the temperature of the Y-zeolite catalyst and also the amount of catalyst in the catalyst bed resulted in a decrease in the yield of oil and increase in the yield of gas.
04/02189 Meaningful utilization by recycling of industrial waste from thermal power stations Hundiwale, D. G. et al. Pollution Research, 2003, 22, (1), 107-110. The increase in the generation of fly ash by thermal power stations is causing problems of air, water, soil pollution because of its lack of utilization on a large scale. The present extent of utilization of fly ash is very low in India (3%), which cannot help to solve the pollution problems. In this work, an attempt is made to utilize fly ash as filler in elastomers, and tensile properties of filled composites are studied. This work presents a potential avenue for utilization of fly ash on a massive scale.
04•02190
Method for treatment of shredder dust
Kobayashi, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 201,480 (C1 C10B53/00), 18 Jul 2003, Appl. 2002/79. (In Japanese) The method comprises pyrolysing shredder dust in a shaft kiln-type gasification melting furnace, washing the pyrolysed gases to recover tar, mixing the pyrolysed gases with a portion of coke-oven gas (COG) to adjust its calorific value, passing the gas mixture through an electrical precipitator to separate dust, and feeding the gas mixture into a COG purification device.
04/02191 Perspectives on blast furnace top gas recycling technology Kim, J. G. and Choi, J. W. RIST Yongu Nonmum, 2003, 17, (1), 105109. (In Korean) There is a dichotomy that global warming is raised with the steel industry while the steel lies at the core of modem society. What is achievable has already been achieved by the most efficient producers but some challenges may turn out to be a strong driving force for change and progress. Reduction by improving efficiency and resource use is now known to have potential of 5-10%. Another attractive solution is to use natural gas as reduction agent in place of C. Limitations on this practice are imposed not by technical but economic reason due to gas prices. In the long term, there are a number of paths that can reduce C emissions to 50% or more. Novel concepts include a more efficient use of C in the blast furnace by top gas recycling or in smelting reduction process that facilitates the gas in-process recycling. Several suggestions were made on the top gas recycling technology and among them were simple recycling, H R G (hot reduction gas) recycling and its modification that is made by Arcelor Group. In most cases the use of pure O and COz separated are to be made and impose limitation on the practical use. The recently developed RIST Process uses gasification of waste material to overcome these barriers. By recycling the process gas from the gasification of the waste with blast furnace gas, coke rate and CO2 emission can be reduced like H R G Process without separation of COz.
04/02192 Re-use of stabilized flue gas ashes from solid waste incineration in cement-treated base layers for pavements Cai, Z. Waste Management & Research, 2003, 21, (1), 42 53. Fly ash from coal-burning power plants was used extensively as a pozzolan and fine filler in concrete for many years. Laboratory experiments were performed investigating the effect of substituting the coal-based fly ash with chemical stabilized flue gas ashes (FGA) from waste incineration. Two types of F G A were treated by the Ferrox process, which removes the majority of the easily soluble salts in the F G A and provides binding sites for heavy metals in terms of ferrihydrite. Cubes of cement treated base layer materials containing 5% stabilized F G A were cost, sealed and cured for two weeks. Cylinders (diameter 100 mm, length 150 ram) were drilled from these cubes for tank leaching experiments. Duplicate specimens were subject to compression strength testing and to tank leaching experiments. The compressive strength of the CTB fulfilled the Danish requirements for
04/02185 The merits of non-tradable quotas as a domestic policy instrument to prevent firm closure H a g e m , C. Resource and Energy Economics, 2003, 25, (4), 373-386. Many countries fear that adopting a domestic tradable quota system for greenhouse gases that requires all emitters to pay for their quotas may lead to closures of emissions-intensive industrial companies. The starting point of this paper is that a government, to avoid firm closure, has opted to allocate quotas free of charge to emission-intensive industries. The aim of this paper is to explore to what extent making the free quotas tradable or non-tradable will affect investment in new abatement technology and firm closure. The conclusion is that the expectations about future product prices and the number of quotas distributed free of charge are crucial for the difference in the properties of tradable and non-tradable quotas.
04/02186 US lessons for energy industry restructuring: based on natural gas and California electricity incidences Lee, W.-W. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (2), 237-259. During the regulation and deregulation processes, the US experienced, besides temporary price spikes, several unhappy incidences; natural gas shortage in mid-1970s, gas bubble in 1980s, California power crisis, and high natural gas price in 2000-2001. This paper focuses on the US natural gas and California electricity industries, especially on the above-mentioned four incidences. Through analysing their causes and effects, this paper tries to deduce some lessons, which would be helpful to prevent and/or overcome other probable incidences in the US as well as in other countries in a process of deregulation or planning to introduce competition in their energy industries. Main lessons deduced are encouragement of investment, minimization of political consideration, transmission of price signal to all the market players, outlet for any market interference, diversification of trading options, and minimum ambiguity on responsibility between regulators as well as watching on general market situation and correcting its flaws in timely manner.
18
E N E R G Y CONVERSION A N D RECYCLING
04/02187 Characterisation of products from the recycling of glass fibre reinforced polyester waste by pyrolysis Cunliffe, A. M. and Williams, P. T. Fuel, 2003, 82, (18), 2223-2230. A thermoset polyester/styrene copolymer reinforced with glass fibre was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor at 450°C. The main gases evolved were CO and COz, which accounted for more than 75 vol% of the total gas composition. Other gases identified were H2, CH4 and other hydrocarbons from C2 to C4. The properties of the pyrolytic oil, including calorific value, viscosity and elemental analysis, suggested that it could be a viable liquid fuel. The condensable products could also be a valuable source of chemical feedstocks including styrene and phthalic anhydride, which could potentially be recycled into polyester/ styrene resins. The glass fibre recovered from the solid residue had mechanical properties which indicated that they could replace up to 20 wt% of virgin glass fibre in Dough Moulding Compound.
300
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2004
04/02188 Hydrocarbon gases and oils from the recycling of polystyrene waste by catalytic pyrolysis Williams, P. T. and Bagri, R. International Journal of Energy Research, 2004, 28, (1), 31-44. The yield and composition of oils and gases derived from the pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene has been investigated. The pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. Two catalysts were used, zeolite ZSM-5 and Y-zeolite and the influence of the temperature of the catalyst, the amount of catalyst loading and the use of a mixture of the two catalysts was investigated. The main product from the un-catalysed pyrolysis of polystyrene was an oil consisting mostly of styrene and other aromatic hydrocarbons. The gases were found to consist of methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butane and butene. In the presence of either catalyst an increase in the yield of gas and decrease in the amount of oil produced was found, but there was significant formation of carbonaceous coke on the catalyst. Increasing the temperature of the Y-zeolite catalyst and also the amount of catalyst in the catalyst bed resulted in a decrease in the yield of oil and increase in the yield of gas.
04/02189 Meaningful utilization by recycling of industrial waste from thermal power stations Hundiwale, D. G. et al. Pollution Research, 2003, 22, (1), 107-110. The increase in the generation of fly ash by thermal power stations is causing problems of air, water, soil pollution because of its lack of utilization on a large scale. The present extent of utilization of fly ash is very low in India (3%), which cannot help to solve the pollution problems. In this work, an attempt is made to utilize fly ash as filler in elastomers, and tensile properties of filled composites are studied. This work presents a potential avenue for utilization of fly ash on a massive scale.
04•02190
Method for treatment of shredder dust
Kobayashi, A. et al. Jpn. Kokai Tokkyo Koho JP 2003 201,480 (C1 C10B53/00), 18 Jul 2003, Appl. 2002/79. (In Japanese) The method comprises pyrolysing shredder dust in a shaft kiln-type gasification melting furnace, washing the pyrolysed gases to recover tar, mixing the pyrolysed gases with a portion of coke-oven gas (COG) to adjust its calorific value, passing the gas mixture through an electrical precipitator to separate dust, and feeding the gas mixture into a COG purification device.
04/02191 Perspectives on blast furnace top gas recycling technology Kim, J. G. and Choi, J. W. RIST Yongu Nonmum, 2003, 17, (1), 105109. (In Korean) There is a dichotomy that global warming is raised with the steel industry while the steel lies at the core of modem society. What is achievable has already been achieved by the most efficient producers but some challenges may turn out to be a strong driving force for change and progress. Reduction by improving efficiency and resource use is now known to have potential of 5-10%. Another attractive solution is to use natural gas as reduction agent in place of C. Limitations on this practice are imposed not by technical but economic reason due to gas prices. In the long term, there are a number of paths that can reduce C emissions to 50% or more. Novel concepts include a more efficient use of C in the blast furnace by top gas recycling or in smelting reduction process that facilitates the gas in-process recycling. Several suggestions were made on the top gas recycling technology and among them were simple recycling, H R G (hot reduction gas) recycling and its modification that is made by Arcelor Group. In most cases the use of pure O and COz separated are to be made and impose limitation on the practical use. The recently developed RIST Process uses gasification of waste material to overcome these barriers. By recycling the process gas from the gasification of the waste with blast furnace gas, coke rate and CO2 emission can be reduced like H R G Process without separation of COz.
04/02192 Re-use of stabilized flue gas ashes from solid waste incineration in cement-treated base layers for pavements Cai, Z. Waste Management & Research, 2003, 21, (1), 42 53. Fly ash from coal-burning power plants was used extensively as a pozzolan and fine filler in concrete for many years. Laboratory experiments were performed investigating the effect of substituting the coal-based fly ash with chemical stabilized flue gas ashes (FGA) from waste incineration. Two types of F G A were treated by the Ferrox process, which removes the majority of the easily soluble salts in the F G A and provides binding sites for heavy metals in terms of ferrihydrite. Cubes of cement treated base layer materials containing 5% stabilized F G A were cost, sealed and cured for two weeks. Cylinders (diameter 100 mm, length 150 ram) were drilled from these cubes for tank leaching experiments. Duplicate specimens were subject to compression strength testing and to tank leaching experiments. The compressive strength of the CTB fulfilled the Danish requirements for