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02233 Development of kerosene fuel processing systemfor PEFC
02 Liquid fuels (transport, refining, quality, storage) metabolic processes due to the low pH value of the environment respectively the large difference of the pH between the external medium and the cell interior.
04•02231 Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tyre pyrolysis Laresgoiti, M. F. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 917-934. Cross-section samples (2-3 em wide), representative of a whole car tyre, have been pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm 3 autoclave at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. Over 500°C there is no effect of temperature on gases and liquids yields (~17 and 38%, respectively). Tyre pyrolysis liquids have been characterized, including elemental analysis, gross calorific value (GCV), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/ MS) and distillation. Tyre derived liquids are a complex mixture of C6C24 organic compounds, with a lot of aromatics (53.4-74.8%), some nitrogenated (2.47-3.5%) and some oxygenated compounds (2.294.85%). They have GCV (42 MJ kg -1) even higher than those specified for commercial heating oils, but sulfur contents (1-1.4%) near or slightly over the law limit value. Significant quantities of valuable light hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, limonene, etc. were obtained. The concentration of these compounds increase with temperature up to 500°C and then decrease. There are an important proportion of polycyclic aromatics such as naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, fluorenes, diphenlys, etc.; their concentration as well as that of total aromatics increases significantly with temperature. Distillation data of the 500°C oils showed that ~20% have the boiling range of light naphtha (<160°C), ~10% of heavy naphtha (160-204°C) and ~35% of middle distillate (204-350°C). As far as distillation data are concerned, the tyre oil fractions with the same boiling range as commercial automotive diesel oils and heating diesel oils fulfil the present specifications of such commercial products.
04/02232 Definition and characterization of petroleum compositional families in Williston Basin, North America using principal component analysis Pasadakis, N. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 453-468. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (GRH) and saturate (SFH > 210°C boiling point) fractions carry information that is often obscured by compositional diversity and multiple processes working simultaneously. Multivariate statistical methods can enhance the analysis and interpretation of compositional data from these fractions, especially in conjunction with independent geological information. In the present study, Principal Component Analysis (PEA) was applied to the GRH and SFH data for 171 oil samples from the Williston Basin. These oils were previously classified using polycyclic terpane and sterane biomarker traits. The results indicate that only Family A oils can be uniquely classified using PCA. Families B, C and D oils show GRH and SFH characteristic compositions consistent with biomarkerdefined families, but these characteristics are insufficient for independent classification. However, the P e A analyses of the GRH and SFH compositional traits proves to be a useful technique in recognizing the effect of mixing of oils derived from different sources.
amounts of 18a (H)-30-norneohopanes (C29Ts) which are in low abundance in Red River Formation oils. Geochemical analysis of Lower Ordovician Winnipeg Formation reservoired oils from the Williston Basin suggests that an additional hydroearbon source, not yet defined, may exist.
04/02235 Geochemical characteristics and correlation of oil and nonmarine source rocks from Mongolia Johnson, C. L. et al. AAPG Bulletin, 2003, 87, (5), 817-846. New bulk and molecule organic geochemical analyses of source rock and oil samples from Mongolia indicate the presence of lacustrinesourced petroleum systems in this frontier region. Samples of potential source rocks include carbonate, coal, and lacustrine-mudstone lithologies that range from Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age, and represent a variety of tectonic settings and depositional environments. Rock-Eval and total organic carbon data from these samples reflect generally high-quality source rocks, including both oil- and gas-prone kerogen types, mainly in the early stages of generation. Bulk geochemical and biomarker data indicate that Lower Cretaceous lacustrine mudstone found in core from the Zuunbayan field is the most likely source facies for the East Gobi basin of southeastern Mongolia. Oil and selected source rock samples from the Zuunbayan and Tsagan Els fields (both in the East Gobi basin) demonstrate geochemical characteristic consistent with non-marine source environments and indicate strong evidence for algal input into fresh- to brackish-water source facies, including elevated concentrations of unusual hexacyclic and heptacyclic polyprenoids. Despite similarities between Zuunbayan and Tsagan Els oil sample, biomarker parameters suggest higher algal input in facies sourcing Zuunbayan oil compared to Tsagan Els oil. Tsagan Els oil samples are also generated by distinctly more mature source rocks than oil from the Zuunbayan field, based on sterane and hopane isomerization ratios.
04/02236 Macrocyclic alkanes in crude oils and sediment extracts: enrichment using molecular sieves Audino, M. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (5), 661 663. A molecular sieve method using NaX (13X) has been used to separate macrocyclic alkanes (in the carbon number range C14-C34), markers of the freshwater alga Botryococcus braunii, from the branched/cyclic hydrocarbon fractions of sediments and crude oils. The macrocyclic alkanes were included in the 13X sieve and were recovered by HF digestion.
04/02237 New pitches with enhanced graphitization ability obtained from Moroccan oil shales Abourriche, A. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 935-944. New pitches were obtained from the extraction of Moroccan oil shales. Their pyrolysis was studied in the temperature range of 1100-2800°C by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The graphitization degree of the resulting carbon was tightly dependent on the composition of the pitch. Moreover, it was shown that phenol was a suitable extraction solvent to produce graphitizable carbon at relatively low temperature (T _> t800°C).
04/02233 Development of kerosene fuel processing system for PEFC Fukunaga, T. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (3-4), 197-200. Several liquid fuels have been applied for fuel processing systems for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In these fuels, kerosene is very attractive for the stationary fuel cells because of its low price and superior infrastructure in Japan. Relatively high sulfur content and high carbon atom number of kerosene, however, bring a disadvantage in reforming activity. To overcome such a technical disadvantage, both desulfurization adsorbent and steam reforming catalyst were developed, and furthermore a fuel processing system for kerosene is evaluated by simulation.
04/02234 Geochemical analysis and familial association of Red River and Winnipeg reservoired oils of the Williston Basin, Canada Smith, M. and Bend, S. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 443M-52. Light oils reservoired in the Lower Ordovician Winnipeg Formation, Williston Basin, have a unique geochemical signature separating them from previously recognized oil families, most importantly they are geochemically distinct from the stratigraphically adjacent Upper Ordovician Red River Formation oils. Winnipeg oils are characterized in the gasoline fraction by very high paraffin indices (4-16) and variations in C7 parameters. The saturate fraction is distinguished by a high abundance of C20+ n-alkanes, low carbon preference index and low amounts of pristane and phytane. Sterane biomarkers show a predominance of C27>C28~C29 suggesting an algal source different from that contributing to Red River oils. In addition, the terpane biomarkers of Winnipeg oils show a high abundance of rearranged hopanes including an unknown C30 compound labelled UC30 and 17a (H) C30-diahopanes (C30"), Moreover, these oils have unambiguous
318 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2004
Transport, refining, quality, storage 04/02238 Advances in key techniques of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for liquid fuel production Chert, J. et al. Huagong Xuebao, 2003, 54, (4), 516-523. (In Chinese) A review of the development of key techniques in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, namely catalysis, kinetics and reactor engineering. Firstly, catalysis is discussed with respect to catalyst formulation, preparation and nature of active sites. The catalyst formulation is consists of four components, which are reviewed in detail. Preparation methods such as impregnation, proportion and sol-gel are compared. A proposal of active sites is also presented. The new trends in kinetics study are discussed. A general rule for choice of reactor is given and several topics in slurry bed reactor are highlighted.
04/02239 Combined hydrotreating and reforming in upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha and distillates to gasoline and lubricating oil basestocks O'Rear, D. J. and Jossens, L. W. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 143, 135 (el. 422-189; B01J8/00), 31 Jul 2003, Appl. 59,224. An installation for upgrading Fischer-Tropscb naphtha and distillates, to gasoline blending stocks, distillate fuel stocks, and lubricating oil basestocks, consists of: (I) synthesis gas manufacture from a hydrocarbon feedstock (following petroleum recovery and separation), (2) a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with associated distillation tower, (3) a naphtha hydrotreater and/or a distillate hydrotreater unit,
04•02231 Characterization of the liquid products obtained in tyre pyrolysis Laresgoiti, M. F. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 917-934. Cross-section samples (2-3 em wide), representative of a whole car tyre, have been pyrolysed under nitrogen in a 3.5 dm 3 autoclave at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. Over 500°C there is no effect of temperature on gases and liquids yields (~17 and 38%, respectively). Tyre pyrolysis liquids have been characterized, including elemental analysis, gross calorific value (GCV), gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/ MS) and distillation. Tyre derived liquids are a complex mixture of C6C24 organic compounds, with a lot of aromatics (53.4-74.8%), some nitrogenated (2.47-3.5%) and some oxygenated compounds (2.294.85%). They have GCV (42 MJ kg -1) even higher than those specified for commercial heating oils, but sulfur contents (1-1.4%) near or slightly over the law limit value. Significant quantities of valuable light hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylene, limonene, etc. were obtained. The concentration of these compounds increase with temperature up to 500°C and then decrease. There are an important proportion of polycyclic aromatics such as naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, fluorenes, diphenlys, etc.; their concentration as well as that of total aromatics increases significantly with temperature. Distillation data of the 500°C oils showed that ~20% have the boiling range of light naphtha (<160°C), ~10% of heavy naphtha (160-204°C) and ~35% of middle distillate (204-350°C). As far as distillation data are concerned, the tyre oil fractions with the same boiling range as commercial automotive diesel oils and heating diesel oils fulfil the present specifications of such commercial products.
04/02232 Definition and characterization of petroleum compositional families in Williston Basin, North America using principal component analysis Pasadakis, N. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 453-468. Petroleum hydrocarbons in the gasoline range (GRH) and saturate (SFH > 210°C boiling point) fractions carry information that is often obscured by compositional diversity and multiple processes working simultaneously. Multivariate statistical methods can enhance the analysis and interpretation of compositional data from these fractions, especially in conjunction with independent geological information. In the present study, Principal Component Analysis (PEA) was applied to the GRH and SFH data for 171 oil samples from the Williston Basin. These oils were previously classified using polycyclic terpane and sterane biomarker traits. The results indicate that only Family A oils can be uniquely classified using PCA. Families B, C and D oils show GRH and SFH characteristic compositions consistent with biomarkerdefined families, but these characteristics are insufficient for independent classification. However, the P e A analyses of the GRH and SFH compositional traits proves to be a useful technique in recognizing the effect of mixing of oils derived from different sources.
amounts of 18a (H)-30-norneohopanes (C29Ts) which are in low abundance in Red River Formation oils. Geochemical analysis of Lower Ordovician Winnipeg Formation reservoired oils from the Williston Basin suggests that an additional hydroearbon source, not yet defined, may exist.
04/02235 Geochemical characteristics and correlation of oil and nonmarine source rocks from Mongolia Johnson, C. L. et al. AAPG Bulletin, 2003, 87, (5), 817-846. New bulk and molecule organic geochemical analyses of source rock and oil samples from Mongolia indicate the presence of lacustrinesourced petroleum systems in this frontier region. Samples of potential source rocks include carbonate, coal, and lacustrine-mudstone lithologies that range from Paleozoic to Mesozoic in age, and represent a variety of tectonic settings and depositional environments. Rock-Eval and total organic carbon data from these samples reflect generally high-quality source rocks, including both oil- and gas-prone kerogen types, mainly in the early stages of generation. Bulk geochemical and biomarker data indicate that Lower Cretaceous lacustrine mudstone found in core from the Zuunbayan field is the most likely source facies for the East Gobi basin of southeastern Mongolia. Oil and selected source rock samples from the Zuunbayan and Tsagan Els fields (both in the East Gobi basin) demonstrate geochemical characteristic consistent with non-marine source environments and indicate strong evidence for algal input into fresh- to brackish-water source facies, including elevated concentrations of unusual hexacyclic and heptacyclic polyprenoids. Despite similarities between Zuunbayan and Tsagan Els oil sample, biomarker parameters suggest higher algal input in facies sourcing Zuunbayan oil compared to Tsagan Els oil. Tsagan Els oil samples are also generated by distinctly more mature source rocks than oil from the Zuunbayan field, based on sterane and hopane isomerization ratios.
04/02236 Macrocyclic alkanes in crude oils and sediment extracts: enrichment using molecular sieves Audino, M. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (5), 661 663. A molecular sieve method using NaX (13X) has been used to separate macrocyclic alkanes (in the carbon number range C14-C34), markers of the freshwater alga Botryococcus braunii, from the branched/cyclic hydrocarbon fractions of sediments and crude oils. The macrocyclic alkanes were included in the 13X sieve and were recovered by HF digestion.
04/02237 New pitches with enhanced graphitization ability obtained from Moroccan oil shales Abourriche, A. et al. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2004, 71, (2), 935-944. New pitches were obtained from the extraction of Moroccan oil shales. Their pyrolysis was studied in the temperature range of 1100-2800°C by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The graphitization degree of the resulting carbon was tightly dependent on the composition of the pitch. Moreover, it was shown that phenol was a suitable extraction solvent to produce graphitizable carbon at relatively low temperature (T _> t800°C).
04/02233 Development of kerosene fuel processing system for PEFC Fukunaga, T. et al. Catalysis Today, 2003, 84, (3-4), 197-200. Several liquid fuels have been applied for fuel processing systems for polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). In these fuels, kerosene is very attractive for the stationary fuel cells because of its low price and superior infrastructure in Japan. Relatively high sulfur content and high carbon atom number of kerosene, however, bring a disadvantage in reforming activity. To overcome such a technical disadvantage, both desulfurization adsorbent and steam reforming catalyst were developed, and furthermore a fuel processing system for kerosene is evaluated by simulation.
04/02234 Geochemical analysis and familial association of Red River and Winnipeg reservoired oils of the Williston Basin, Canada Smith, M. and Bend, S. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 443M-52. Light oils reservoired in the Lower Ordovician Winnipeg Formation, Williston Basin, have a unique geochemical signature separating them from previously recognized oil families, most importantly they are geochemically distinct from the stratigraphically adjacent Upper Ordovician Red River Formation oils. Winnipeg oils are characterized in the gasoline fraction by very high paraffin indices (4-16) and variations in C7 parameters. The saturate fraction is distinguished by a high abundance of C20+ n-alkanes, low carbon preference index and low amounts of pristane and phytane. Sterane biomarkers show a predominance of C27>C28~C29 suggesting an algal source different from that contributing to Red River oils. In addition, the terpane biomarkers of Winnipeg oils show a high abundance of rearranged hopanes including an unknown C30 compound labelled UC30 and 17a (H) C30-diahopanes (C30"), Moreover, these oils have unambiguous
318 Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2004
Transport, refining, quality, storage 04/02238 Advances in key techniques of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for liquid fuel production Chert, J. et al. Huagong Xuebao, 2003, 54, (4), 516-523. (In Chinese) A review of the development of key techniques in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, namely catalysis, kinetics and reactor engineering. Firstly, catalysis is discussed with respect to catalyst formulation, preparation and nature of active sites. The catalyst formulation is consists of four components, which are reviewed in detail. Preparation methods such as impregnation, proportion and sol-gel are compared. A proposal of active sites is also presented. The new trends in kinetics study are discussed. A general rule for choice of reactor is given and several topics in slurry bed reactor are highlighted.
04/02239 Combined hydrotreating and reforming in upgrading of Fischer-Tropsch naphtha and distillates to gasoline and lubricating oil basestocks O'Rear, D. J. and Jossens, L. W. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ. US 2003 143, 135 (el. 422-189; B01J8/00), 31 Jul 2003, Appl. 59,224. An installation for upgrading Fischer-Tropscb naphtha and distillates, to gasoline blending stocks, distillate fuel stocks, and lubricating oil basestocks, consists of: (I) synthesis gas manufacture from a hydrocarbon feedstock (following petroleum recovery and separation), (2) a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with associated distillation tower, (3) a naphtha hydrotreater and/or a distillate hydrotreater unit,