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02680 Low cost catalytic sorbents for NOx reduction.3. NO reduction tests using NH3 as reducing agent
02 Liquid fuels (sources, properties, recovery) delocalized co-electron in the graphene layers of active coke become stronger. So the surface basicity of the active coke is mainly ascribed to the delocalized w-electron in the graphene layers.
quality is presented. On the environmental front, extensive air emission data have been collected and will be compared to byproduct coke plant air emission data.
04102680 Low cost catalytic sorbents for NOx reduction. 3. NO reduction tests using NH3 as reducing agent
04•02685 The current development and latest achievements in cokemaking technology
Lizaro, M. J. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (7-8), 875-884. Chars and activated chars obtained from a low-rank coal and doped with vanadium compounds (V2Os and NH4VO3) and petroleum coke ash, PCA, (Main metal components: V, Fe and Ni) have been tested as catalytic sorbents for NO reduction. The reduction tests have been carried out in the presence of oxygen with the addition of ammonia as reducing agent. The sorbents prepared have shown to be active for NO reduction at low-temperature (150°C). Higher reduction efficiencies than with the unloaded not activated char have been achieved. The sorbents most efficient are those prepared with activated chars. Doping with vanadium compounds significantly upgrades the behaviour of the activated char. For the samples prepared with PCA, slightly lower NO conversions are observed but it has been shown that P e A is perspective for producing transition metals doped activated carbons. Surface chemistry affects the sample behaviour. In general terms, the reduction efficiency is promoted by a low acidic character of the surface. However, it cannot be stated that the highest efficiency corresponds to the samples with the lowest CO2/CO ratio. It reveals that the overall behaviour of the samples responds to a combined effect of the chemical surface of the carbon support and the catalytic activity of the vanadia loaded. The results obtained show that the pathway of reduction when ammonia is used corresponds to a catalytic heterogeneous reaction, in contrast to the un-catalysed high temperature (350°C) reduction observed when ammonia was not used as reducing agent.
Toll, H. and Worberg, R. Revue de Metallurgie/Cahiers d'Informations Techniques, 2003, 100, (3), 243 250. The coke-making industry has seen substantial technological development over the last decade. Conventional coke ovens (slot type ovens) with raw gas recovery have reached dimensions of more than 8 m height and 90 m 3 useful oven volume, boosting the capacity of a single battery to 1.3 Mt/year and the production of a single coke plant with one operating team to 2.6 Mt/year. At the same time the emissions from batteries and gas treatment facilities have been reduced to the lowest amounts ever. A further increase in energy efficiency and environmental protection for conventional coke batteries is expected from the combustion of the hot raw gas with subsequent generation of electricity. The concept of a coke plant with direct combustion of the raw gas would omit the entire gas treatment plant and produce only coke and power. Aside from these achievements with conventional coke oven batteries, the non-recovery technology has also found acceptance. Coke plants of this type are in operation in the USA, Australia and India. One plant in the USA is a heat-recovery coke plant that produces power from the waste gas. Further improvements in plant efficiency and coke quality are achieved with stamping of the coal charge, which is now developed for non-recovery ovens, too.
04•02681 New energy-saving processing and its influences on coking drum properties in delayed coking processing Guo, C. and Liang, Y. Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2003, 31, (4), 28-31. (In Chinese) Based on analysing for traditional steam mass blowing processing for a coke drum in a refinery unit, a new energy-saving and consumptionreducing processing method and its newly defined procedures were proposed. Furthermore, some processing experiments were carried out. The results detailing the quality of the product and results from testing carried out from operational temperature and strain circles in the coking drum are presented here. The results illustrate that this technology is reasonable in improving product quality, decreasing energy consumption and the operational loading of coking drum. Benefits for the equipment over a long period running are also analysed.
04102682 Observations of novel carbon nanotubes with multiple hollow cores Hou, P.-X. et al. Carbon, 2003, 41, (13), 2477 2480. Usually carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing only one hollow core are obtained from the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons when hydrocarbon gases flow straight into the reaction tube. However, unusual carbon nanotubes with multiple hollow cores were observed when the gas-feed method was changed in an attempt to increase CNT production yield using a floating catalyst method. The fraction of multicored carbon nanotubes can be as high as 60%. The formation of such an unusual structure is ascribed to the introduction of pentagon and heptagon defects to the CNTs in the growth process, owing to the change of gas-feed method. This finding enriches the family of CNTs and could be helpful in understanding the CNT formation mechanism.
04•02683 Photovoltaic cells based on dye-sensitisation of single-wall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix Kymakis, E. and Amaratunga, G. A. J. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2003, 80, (4), 465-472. A molecular-dispersed heterojunction solar cell consisting of a polymer and dye-coated carbon nanotubes blend sandwiched between metal electrodes has been developed. The dye naphthalocyanine (NaPc) was used as the main sensitizer, while nanotubes and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) act as the electron accepter and the electron donor, respectively. The incorporation of the NaPc in the P3OT/SWNT composite does dramatically increase the layer absorption resulting in a much higher photocurrent. The study reports on the exploration of new principles and concepts to develop molecular electronic devices for low-cost solar cells.
04•02684 Sun Coke Company's heat recovery cokemaking technology. High coke quality and low environmental impact Walker, D. N. Sr. and Barkdoll, M. P. Revue de Metallurgie/Cahiers d'Informations Techniques, 2003, 100, (3), 233 241. The Sun Coke Company's heat recovery coke-making technology has been developed over the past 40 years, and is now poised to become the dominant technology to meet future global coke-making needs. An extensive database regarding coal blends tested and resultant coke
382
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
04102686 The research on the influence of briquette to population health in Nanchuan county, China Hirano, M. et al. Kankyo Eisei Kogaku Kenkyu, 2003, 17, (3), 287-291. (In Japanese) The authors have developed coal biobriquettes made from coal powder, limestone to fix sulfur, and biomass organic binder for the prevention of air pollution caused by coal combustion. However, for the promotion of use of the briquette it is necessary to issue information on improvement of health as well as of air pollution due to usage of the briquette. This study focuses on the survey of groups of people who use the briquette against those who use raw coal at control area in Nanchuan near Chonquing, China. The survey was conducted for 18 months. The concentration of PPAHs (particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were also measured. The survey found the improvement of health of residents, particularly the improvement of antioxidant function and non-specific immunological function and declining of DNA damage. It was also found that level of VOC and PPAH did not decrease in the kitchen even though the briquette was used for cooking. Therefore it is important to develop a new type of furnace suitable for briquette combustion.
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources, properties, recovery
04/02687 A study of diesel PM with X-ray microspectroscopy Braun, A. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (7 8), 997-1000. Carbonaceous particulate matter from diesel fuel combustion was studied with Scanning Transmission X-ray Micro-spectroscopy, a novel synchrotron radiation-based technique, which combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy and microscopy. Single soot particles were chemically identified with a spatial resolution of better than 100 rim. Near-edge Xray Absorption Fine Structure spectra from the carbon K-absorption edge could be assigned to specific particle regions, making it possible to distinguish graphitic carbon in the soot particles from hydrocarbons, such as residual lubricating oil and diesel fuel and their reaction products.
04/02688 Characterisation of oil and potential source rocks in the northeastern Song Hong Basin, Vietnam: indications of a lacustrine-coal sourced petroleum system Petersen, H. I. et al. Organic" Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 493-515. Oil discovered in the B10-STB-lx well in the northeastern Song Hong Basin, Vietnam, has typical lacustrine-coaly geochemical features, indicating the existence of a principally lacustrine sourced petroleum system with minor contributions from a coal source. The presence of
quality is presented. On the environmental front, extensive air emission data have been collected and will be compared to byproduct coke plant air emission data.
04102680 Low cost catalytic sorbents for NOx reduction. 3. NO reduction tests using NH3 as reducing agent
04•02685 The current development and latest achievements in cokemaking technology
Lizaro, M. J. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (7-8), 875-884. Chars and activated chars obtained from a low-rank coal and doped with vanadium compounds (V2Os and NH4VO3) and petroleum coke ash, PCA, (Main metal components: V, Fe and Ni) have been tested as catalytic sorbents for NO reduction. The reduction tests have been carried out in the presence of oxygen with the addition of ammonia as reducing agent. The sorbents prepared have shown to be active for NO reduction at low-temperature (150°C). Higher reduction efficiencies than with the unloaded not activated char have been achieved. The sorbents most efficient are those prepared with activated chars. Doping with vanadium compounds significantly upgrades the behaviour of the activated char. For the samples prepared with PCA, slightly lower NO conversions are observed but it has been shown that P e A is perspective for producing transition metals doped activated carbons. Surface chemistry affects the sample behaviour. In general terms, the reduction efficiency is promoted by a low acidic character of the surface. However, it cannot be stated that the highest efficiency corresponds to the samples with the lowest CO2/CO ratio. It reveals that the overall behaviour of the samples responds to a combined effect of the chemical surface of the carbon support and the catalytic activity of the vanadia loaded. The results obtained show that the pathway of reduction when ammonia is used corresponds to a catalytic heterogeneous reaction, in contrast to the un-catalysed high temperature (350°C) reduction observed when ammonia was not used as reducing agent.
Toll, H. and Worberg, R. Revue de Metallurgie/Cahiers d'Informations Techniques, 2003, 100, (3), 243 250. The coke-making industry has seen substantial technological development over the last decade. Conventional coke ovens (slot type ovens) with raw gas recovery have reached dimensions of more than 8 m height and 90 m 3 useful oven volume, boosting the capacity of a single battery to 1.3 Mt/year and the production of a single coke plant with one operating team to 2.6 Mt/year. At the same time the emissions from batteries and gas treatment facilities have been reduced to the lowest amounts ever. A further increase in energy efficiency and environmental protection for conventional coke batteries is expected from the combustion of the hot raw gas with subsequent generation of electricity. The concept of a coke plant with direct combustion of the raw gas would omit the entire gas treatment plant and produce only coke and power. Aside from these achievements with conventional coke oven batteries, the non-recovery technology has also found acceptance. Coke plants of this type are in operation in the USA, Australia and India. One plant in the USA is a heat-recovery coke plant that produces power from the waste gas. Further improvements in plant efficiency and coke quality are achieved with stamping of the coal charge, which is now developed for non-recovery ovens, too.
04•02681 New energy-saving processing and its influences on coking drum properties in delayed coking processing Guo, C. and Liang, Y. Huanan Ligong Daxue Xuebao, Ziran Kexueban, 2003, 31, (4), 28-31. (In Chinese) Based on analysing for traditional steam mass blowing processing for a coke drum in a refinery unit, a new energy-saving and consumptionreducing processing method and its newly defined procedures were proposed. Furthermore, some processing experiments were carried out. The results detailing the quality of the product and results from testing carried out from operational temperature and strain circles in the coking drum are presented here. The results illustrate that this technology is reasonable in improving product quality, decreasing energy consumption and the operational loading of coking drum. Benefits for the equipment over a long period running are also analysed.
04102682 Observations of novel carbon nanotubes with multiple hollow cores Hou, P.-X. et al. Carbon, 2003, 41, (13), 2477 2480. Usually carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing only one hollow core are obtained from the catalytic decomposition of hydrocarbons when hydrocarbon gases flow straight into the reaction tube. However, unusual carbon nanotubes with multiple hollow cores were observed when the gas-feed method was changed in an attempt to increase CNT production yield using a floating catalyst method. The fraction of multicored carbon nanotubes can be as high as 60%. The formation of such an unusual structure is ascribed to the introduction of pentagon and heptagon defects to the CNTs in the growth process, owing to the change of gas-feed method. This finding enriches the family of CNTs and could be helpful in understanding the CNT formation mechanism.
04•02683 Photovoltaic cells based on dye-sensitisation of single-wall carbon nanotubes in a polymer matrix Kymakis, E. and Amaratunga, G. A. J. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2003, 80, (4), 465-472. A molecular-dispersed heterojunction solar cell consisting of a polymer and dye-coated carbon nanotubes blend sandwiched between metal electrodes has been developed. The dye naphthalocyanine (NaPc) was used as the main sensitizer, while nanotubes and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) act as the electron accepter and the electron donor, respectively. The incorporation of the NaPc in the P3OT/SWNT composite does dramatically increase the layer absorption resulting in a much higher photocurrent. The study reports on the exploration of new principles and concepts to develop molecular electronic devices for low-cost solar cells.
04•02684 Sun Coke Company's heat recovery cokemaking technology. High coke quality and low environmental impact Walker, D. N. Sr. and Barkdoll, M. P. Revue de Metallurgie/Cahiers d'Informations Techniques, 2003, 100, (3), 233 241. The Sun Coke Company's heat recovery coke-making technology has been developed over the past 40 years, and is now poised to become the dominant technology to meet future global coke-making needs. An extensive database regarding coal blends tested and resultant coke
382
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
04102686 The research on the influence of briquette to population health in Nanchuan county, China Hirano, M. et al. Kankyo Eisei Kogaku Kenkyu, 2003, 17, (3), 287-291. (In Japanese) The authors have developed coal biobriquettes made from coal powder, limestone to fix sulfur, and biomass organic binder for the prevention of air pollution caused by coal combustion. However, for the promotion of use of the briquette it is necessary to issue information on improvement of health as well as of air pollution due to usage of the briquette. This study focuses on the survey of groups of people who use the briquette against those who use raw coal at control area in Nanchuan near Chonquing, China. The survey was conducted for 18 months. The concentration of PPAHs (particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and VOCs (volatile organic compounds) were also measured. The survey found the improvement of health of residents, particularly the improvement of antioxidant function and non-specific immunological function and declining of DNA damage. It was also found that level of VOC and PPAH did not decrease in the kitchen even though the briquette was used for cooking. Therefore it is important to develop a new type of furnace suitable for briquette combustion.
02
LIQUID FUELS Sources, properties, recovery
04/02687 A study of diesel PM with X-ray microspectroscopy Braun, A. et al. Fuel, 2004, 83, (7 8), 997-1000. Carbonaceous particulate matter from diesel fuel combustion was studied with Scanning Transmission X-ray Micro-spectroscopy, a novel synchrotron radiation-based technique, which combines X-ray absorption spectroscopy and microscopy. Single soot particles were chemically identified with a spatial resolution of better than 100 rim. Near-edge Xray Absorption Fine Structure spectra from the carbon K-absorption edge could be assigned to specific particle regions, making it possible to distinguish graphitic carbon in the soot particles from hydrocarbons, such as residual lubricating oil and diesel fuel and their reaction products.
04/02688 Characterisation of oil and potential source rocks in the northeastern Song Hong Basin, Vietnam: indications of a lacustrine-coal sourced petroleum system Petersen, H. I. et al. Organic" Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (4), 493-515. Oil discovered in the B10-STB-lx well in the northeastern Song Hong Basin, Vietnam, has typical lacustrine-coaly geochemical features, indicating the existence of a principally lacustrine sourced petroleum system with minor contributions from a coal source. The presence of