- Email: [email protected]
02718 An experimental study of CO2 hydrogenation into methanol involving a zeolite membrane reactor
02 Liquid fuels (derived liquid fuels) pared to predictions for the ternary system obtained from the Wilson, NRTL, U N I Q U A C and U N I F A C models; for the ternary system, the U N I F A C predictions seem poor. The presence of azeotropes in the binary systems has been studied.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04•02712 Clean coal conversion options using FischerTropsch technology Steynberg, A. and Nel, H. G. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (1), 459-461. It is possible that the combined production of hydrocarbon liquids and electricity can compete with natural and gas conversion to only the hydrocarbon liquids. This option has been studied for two FischerTropsch conversion options, i.e. low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT) and high temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT), both using iron-based catalysts. For the LTFT, the gas is fed to a two-stage reactor system to form liquid hydrocarbon products. For the HTFT, a similar quantity of hydrocarbon product can be produced with a single stage reactor. Considering the comparison between the LTFT and HTFT options, it was found that the LTFT route is more efficient. The main reason for the lower efficiency of the H T F T option is that the acid gas removal step becomes more utility intensive.
04•02713 Cost-benefit analysis for the use of additives in heavy fuel oil fired boilers Poullikkas, A. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (11 12), 1725 1734. In this work, a cost-benefit analysis concerning the use of fuel oil additives in heavy fuel oil fired water tube boilers is performed. The properties of various additives are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages outlined. Finally, the possible use of additives within a generation system and the cost implications are examined. Based on the market survey, it can be concluded that fuel oil additives can prove beneficial, both technically and financially.
04/02714 Net energy, CO2 emission, and life-cycle cost assessment of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in China Hu, Z. et al. Applied Energy, 2004, 78, (3), 247 256. Assessment on net energy, external cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and cost of using cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel has been conducted based on its holistic life-cycle, from feedstock production (source) to fuel combustion. And, a new indicator, figure of merit (FM), is proposed for grading conventional gasoline (CG) and cassava-based ethanol (CE): it links net energy yield, external cost of CO2 emissions, and production cost (the higher the FM reading, the better the total performance). On the life-cycle basis, the net energy yield of CE is found to be 0.37 MJ/MJ, i.e. about 49% that of CG. The external cost to society of CO2 emission of CE is about 83% of CG's, and the production cost of CE is 0.14 RMB/MJ, i.e. about 200% of CG's. The FM of CE is 0.37, i.e. 46% lower than that of CG. From the standpoint of these indicators, CE is currently not competitive with CG, but it has great potential to be improved in the future.
04•02715 prices
On the predictive accuracy of crude oil futures
Abosedra, S. and Baghestani, H. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (12), 13891393. This paper evaluates the predictive accuracy of 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12month ahead crude oil futures prices for 1991.01-2001.12. In addition to testing for unbiasedness, a naive forecasting model is constructed to generate comparable forecasts, as benchmarks. The empirical findings reveal that futures prices and naive forecasts are unbiased at all forecast horizons. However, the 1-, and 12-month ahead futures prices are the only forecasts outperforming the naive, suggesting their potential usefulness in policy making. Continuing political instability of the Middle East and the inability of OPEC to offset market sentiment, among other factors, may in the future adversely affect the predictive accuracy of the 1- and 12-month ahead futures prices. Accordingly, caution must be exercised when utilizing such prices as a forecasting tool.
04/02716 The invariance ratio in isoheptanes: a powerful tool for oil-oil correlation in the Tertiary Niger Delta, Nigeria Eneogwe, C. I. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (8), 989-992. The invariance in isoheptanes, seen in all primary oils, proves a powerful tool for oil-oil correlation in Tertiary Niger Delta oils, Nigeria. Thirty-five oils from two fields in the offshore Eastern Niger Delta separate cleanly into two groups based on distinctions in their
386
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
invariance ratios K1 and two ring preference ratios (P3/N2 and CPs/ CHs). One of the two Eastern Niger Delta oii sets compares well to 51 previously analysed oils from the Western Niger Delta. The other set, however, remained distinct, implicating at least two very different sources for the Tertiary Niger Delta oil system.
Derived liquid fuels 04/02717 A new process for converting natural gas into hydrocarbon liquids Hall, K. R. et al. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 832840. Gas-to-liquids technology has become an intensely investigated field in the petrochemical industries. The obvious reason is the vast reserves of stranded natural gas (currently flared, reinjected or not produced) and the desire to monetize these resources. The Texas A&M University System and Synfuels International of Dallas have partnered to develop and commercialize a non-Fischer-Tropsch process. The new process has several advantages: it is simple, it should be economical for flows ranging from 10 MMSCFD through 500 MMSCFG, it can be skidmounted (at lower flow rates) for transportation to site, it appears that the cost of fluids produced would be less than $20 per barrel, it is nearly energy self-sufficient, and water can be a byproduct. The nominal product is an 8 gasoline-range mixture with about a C8 molecule weight. This paper presents some details of the process and discusses results from a 100 MSCFD pilot unit.
04•02718 An experimental study of C O 2 hydrogenation into methanol involving a zeolite membrane reactor Gallucci, F. et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2004, 43, (8), 1029 1036. Conversion of CO2 into methanol by catalytic hydrogenation has been recognized as one of the most promising processes for stabilizing the atmospheric CO2 level, and furthermore the methanol produced could be used as fuel or a basic chemical for satisfying the large demand world-wide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility to increase CO2 conversion into methanol with respect to a traditional catalytic system. A zeolite membrane reactor (MR), able to combine catalytic reaction with separation properties of zeolite membranes, is considered. A comparison among results of this work and literature data for both the membrane reactor and the traditional one in terms of CO2 conversion, methanol selectivity and methanol yield, at feed ratio H2/CO 2 = 3 and 7, shows that by using a zeolite membrane reactor it is possible to obtain higher conversion of CO2 and both higher methanol selectivity and methanol yield with respect to a traditional reactor (TR).
04/02719 Development and analysis of a multifunctional reactor for equilibrium reactions: benzene hydrogenation and methanol synthesis Haut, B. el al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2004, 43, (8), 979986. The performances of a multifunctional reactor based on the in situ condensation and separation of the product are investigated for two industrial importance exothermal catalytic synthesis: the benzene hydrogenation into cyclohexane and methanol synthesis from syngas. The condensed product is separated in situ from the reacting medium through a hydraulic seal, in order to drive the equilibrium composition towards the product. The experimental background for the reactorcondenser (axial and radial configurations) is presented. A onedimensional, steady-state model is developed. The performances of the reactor-condenser are compared to industrial data in the case of the methanol synthesis.
04/02720 Effects of reaction conditions on the hydrogenolyses of cation exchanged coals Sugano, M. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 85, (8 10), 837848. The effects of reaction temperature and the amount of metal on the hydrogenolysis of cation (Co 2 + or Ni 2+ ) exchanged Adaro subbituminous coal in tetralin with elemental sulfur were discussed. In comparison with the reactions of the demineralized coal with metallocene complex [(CsH5)2Co or (CsHs)2Ni] at 400-440°C, the yield of residue decreased on the reactions of cation exchanged coals. It was clarified that the hydrogen transfer from gaseous hydrogen and tetralin to coal radicles by the catalytic activity of the sulfurized Co or Ni appeared significantly due to the fire dispersion of the Co 2+ or Ni 2+ into coal macromolecules through the ion exchange with carboxylic groups. Accordingly, the catalytic effect of exchanged Co or Ni to coal was superior to that of metal derived from (C5H5)2C0 or (C5H5)eNi. On the simultaneous hydrogenolyses of demineralized and cation
Economics, business, marketing, policy 04•02712 Clean coal conversion options using FischerTropsch technology Steynberg, A. and Nel, H. G. Preprints of Symposia - American Chemical Society, Division of Fuel Chemistry, 2003, 48, (1), 459-461. It is possible that the combined production of hydrocarbon liquids and electricity can compete with natural and gas conversion to only the hydrocarbon liquids. This option has been studied for two FischerTropsch conversion options, i.e. low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (LTFT) and high temperature Fischer-Tropsch (HTFT), both using iron-based catalysts. For the LTFT, the gas is fed to a two-stage reactor system to form liquid hydrocarbon products. For the HTFT, a similar quantity of hydrocarbon product can be produced with a single stage reactor. Considering the comparison between the LTFT and HTFT options, it was found that the LTFT route is more efficient. The main reason for the lower efficiency of the H T F T option is that the acid gas removal step becomes more utility intensive.
04•02713 Cost-benefit analysis for the use of additives in heavy fuel oil fired boilers Poullikkas, A. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (11 12), 1725 1734. In this work, a cost-benefit analysis concerning the use of fuel oil additives in heavy fuel oil fired water tube boilers is performed. The properties of various additives are discussed and their advantages and disadvantages outlined. Finally, the possible use of additives within a generation system and the cost implications are examined. Based on the market survey, it can be concluded that fuel oil additives can prove beneficial, both technically and financially.
04/02714 Net energy, CO2 emission, and life-cycle cost assessment of cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel in China Hu, Z. et al. Applied Energy, 2004, 78, (3), 247 256. Assessment on net energy, external cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and cost of using cassava-based ethanol as an alternative automotive fuel has been conducted based on its holistic life-cycle, from feedstock production (source) to fuel combustion. And, a new indicator, figure of merit (FM), is proposed for grading conventional gasoline (CG) and cassava-based ethanol (CE): it links net energy yield, external cost of CO2 emissions, and production cost (the higher the FM reading, the better the total performance). On the life-cycle basis, the net energy yield of CE is found to be 0.37 MJ/MJ, i.e. about 49% that of CG. The external cost to society of CO2 emission of CE is about 83% of CG's, and the production cost of CE is 0.14 RMB/MJ, i.e. about 200% of CG's. The FM of CE is 0.37, i.e. 46% lower than that of CG. From the standpoint of these indicators, CE is currently not competitive with CG, but it has great potential to be improved in the future.
04•02715 prices
On the predictive accuracy of crude oil futures
Abosedra, S. and Baghestani, H. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (12), 13891393. This paper evaluates the predictive accuracy of 1-, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12month ahead crude oil futures prices for 1991.01-2001.12. In addition to testing for unbiasedness, a naive forecasting model is constructed to generate comparable forecasts, as benchmarks. The empirical findings reveal that futures prices and naive forecasts are unbiased at all forecast horizons. However, the 1-, and 12-month ahead futures prices are the only forecasts outperforming the naive, suggesting their potential usefulness in policy making. Continuing political instability of the Middle East and the inability of OPEC to offset market sentiment, among other factors, may in the future adversely affect the predictive accuracy of the 1- and 12-month ahead futures prices. Accordingly, caution must be exercised when utilizing such prices as a forecasting tool.
04/02716 The invariance ratio in isoheptanes: a powerful tool for oil-oil correlation in the Tertiary Niger Delta, Nigeria Eneogwe, C. I. et al. Organic Geochemistry, 2004, 35, (8), 989-992. The invariance in isoheptanes, seen in all primary oils, proves a powerful tool for oil-oil correlation in Tertiary Niger Delta oils, Nigeria. Thirty-five oils from two fields in the offshore Eastern Niger Delta separate cleanly into two groups based on distinctions in their
386
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
November 2004
invariance ratios K1 and two ring preference ratios (P3/N2 and CPs/ CHs). One of the two Eastern Niger Delta oii sets compares well to 51 previously analysed oils from the Western Niger Delta. The other set, however, remained distinct, implicating at least two very different sources for the Tertiary Niger Delta oil system.
Derived liquid fuels 04/02717 A new process for converting natural gas into hydrocarbon liquids Hall, K. R. et al. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2003, 832840. Gas-to-liquids technology has become an intensely investigated field in the petrochemical industries. The obvious reason is the vast reserves of stranded natural gas (currently flared, reinjected or not produced) and the desire to monetize these resources. The Texas A&M University System and Synfuels International of Dallas have partnered to develop and commercialize a non-Fischer-Tropsch process. The new process has several advantages: it is simple, it should be economical for flows ranging from 10 MMSCFD through 500 MMSCFG, it can be skidmounted (at lower flow rates) for transportation to site, it appears that the cost of fluids produced would be less than $20 per barrel, it is nearly energy self-sufficient, and water can be a byproduct. The nominal product is an 8 gasoline-range mixture with about a C8 molecule weight. This paper presents some details of the process and discusses results from a 100 MSCFD pilot unit.
04•02718 An experimental study of C O 2 hydrogenation into methanol involving a zeolite membrane reactor Gallucci, F. et al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2004, 43, (8), 1029 1036. Conversion of CO2 into methanol by catalytic hydrogenation has been recognized as one of the most promising processes for stabilizing the atmospheric CO2 level, and furthermore the methanol produced could be used as fuel or a basic chemical for satisfying the large demand world-wide. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibility to increase CO2 conversion into methanol with respect to a traditional catalytic system. A zeolite membrane reactor (MR), able to combine catalytic reaction with separation properties of zeolite membranes, is considered. A comparison among results of this work and literature data for both the membrane reactor and the traditional one in terms of CO2 conversion, methanol selectivity and methanol yield, at feed ratio H2/CO 2 = 3 and 7, shows that by using a zeolite membrane reactor it is possible to obtain higher conversion of CO2 and both higher methanol selectivity and methanol yield with respect to a traditional reactor (TR).
04/02719 Development and analysis of a multifunctional reactor for equilibrium reactions: benzene hydrogenation and methanol synthesis Haut, B. el al. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2004, 43, (8), 979986. The performances of a multifunctional reactor based on the in situ condensation and separation of the product are investigated for two industrial importance exothermal catalytic synthesis: the benzene hydrogenation into cyclohexane and methanol synthesis from syngas. The condensed product is separated in situ from the reacting medium through a hydraulic seal, in order to drive the equilibrium composition towards the product. The experimental background for the reactorcondenser (axial and radial configurations) is presented. A onedimensional, steady-state model is developed. The performances of the reactor-condenser are compared to industrial data in the case of the methanol synthesis.
04/02720 Effects of reaction conditions on the hydrogenolyses of cation exchanged coals Sugano, M. et al. Fuel Processing Technology, 2004, 85, (8 10), 837848. The effects of reaction temperature and the amount of metal on the hydrogenolysis of cation (Co 2 + or Ni 2+ ) exchanged Adaro subbituminous coal in tetralin with elemental sulfur were discussed. In comparison with the reactions of the demineralized coal with metallocene complex [(CsH5)2Co or (CsHs)2Ni] at 400-440°C, the yield of residue decreased on the reactions of cation exchanged coals. It was clarified that the hydrogen transfer from gaseous hydrogen and tetralin to coal radicles by the catalytic activity of the sulfurized Co or Ni appeared significantly due to the fire dispersion of the Co 2+ or Ni 2+ into coal macromolecules through the ion exchange with carboxylic groups. Accordingly, the catalytic effect of exchanged Co or Ni to coal was superior to that of metal derived from (C5H5)2C0 or (C5H5)eNi. On the simultaneous hydrogenolyses of demineralized and cation