- Email: [email protected]
03172 Policy support for innovation to secure improvements in resource productivity
17 Energy (supplies, policy, economics, forecasts) 04/03164 Energy requirement and economic analysis of citrus production in Turkey Ozkan, B. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (l 1-12), 1821-1830. The aim of this research was to examine the energy requirements of the inputs and output in citrus production in the Antalya province of Turkey. Data for the production of citrus fruits (orange, lemon and mandarin) were collected from 105 citrus farms by using a face-to-face questionnaire method. The research results revealed that lemon production was the most energy intensive among the three fruits investigated. The energy input of chemical fertilizer (49.68%), mainly nitrogen, has the biggest share in the total energy inputs followed by diesel (30.79%). The lemon production consumed a total of 62 977.87 MJ/ha followed by orange and mandarin with 60 949.69 and 48 838.17 M J/ha, respectively. The energy ratios for orange, mandarin and lemon were estimated to be 1.25, 1.17 and 1.06, respectively. On average, the non-renewable form of energy input was 95.90% of the total energy input used in citrus production compared to only 3.74% for the renewable form. The benefit-cost ratio was the highest in orange production (2.37) followed by lemon. The results indicate that orange production in the research area is most remunerative to growers compared to lemon and mandarin.
04/03165 in China
04•03166 Inequality of energy intensities across OECD countries: a note Alcantara, V. and Duro, J. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1257-1260. This paper proposes the use of Theil's second measure to analyse international energy intensity differences. This index allows differences to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a consistent manner. An analysis of OECD countries for the period 1971-1999 shows some basic points: first, the fall in energy intensities differences is attributable both to within-group and between-group inequality components; second, between-group inequalities are currently the main contributor to the whole inequality value; finally, a detailed exploration on within-group inequalities reveals the significant explanatory role played by EU-countries.
Joint implementation and EU accession countries
Fernandez Armenteros, M. and Michaelowa, A. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (4), 269-275. The EU accession countries have a high potential for low-cost greenhouse gas emission reduction. As they cannot join the 'bubble' agreement for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, project-based joint implementation (JI) could be a powerful strategy to integrate them into the E U climate policy strategy. An important question is whether the aequis communautaire will be used to define the baseline for the calculation of emission reductions from JI projects. A problem is that the grace periods for several environmental sectors differ considerably among countries. The EU should help accession countries to establish a predictable legal framework for JI preventing in this way the current legal uncertainty regarding Jf procedures.
04/03168 Land use-cover change processes in highly biodiverse areas: the case of Oaxaca, Mexico Vehlzquez, A. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 175184. Land use-cover changes (LUCC) such as deforestation, have resulted as global warming and a reduction of environmental services, with large negative consequences for mankind. Effects based on statistics alone have not been sufficient enough to detect, stop and eventually reverse negative LUCC processes that are strongly related to biodiversity loss. It is, therefore, of prime concern to assess and depict cartographically, major LUCC processes simultaneously. Mexico harbours a large pool of biodiversity, mostly restricted to a few locations among which, the State of Oaxaea plays a major role. In this state, nevertheless, drastic negative LUCC processes are taking place. Land cover types, mapped in previous surveys, overlaid on recent Landsat imagery and 300
444
04•03169 Methodology for predicting market transformation due to implementation of energy efficiency standards and labels Mahlia, T. M. I. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (i 1-12), 1785-1793. There are many papers that have been published on energy efficiency standards and labels. However, a very limited number of articles on the subject have discussed the transformation of appliance energy efficiency in the market after the programs are implemented. This paper is an attempt to investigate the market transformation due to implementation of minimum energy efficiency standards and energy labels. Even though the paper only investigates room air conditioners as a case study, the method is also applicable for predicting market transformation for other household electrical appliances.
Image of energy consumption of well off society
Lu, W. and Ma, Y. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9 10), 1357-1367. China is now experiencing rapid development and has become the second largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter. China presented the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2002. Without question, the future society, with higher level of modernization and standard of living, will consume more energy. This paper predicts the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of a scenario in the all-inclusive well-off society in 2020. Forecasting results indicate that China will consume 3177 Mtce energy, accounting for 14.4% of the world's total consumption, and emit 6072 Mt CO2, accounting for 16.8% of world's total emissions in 2020. Aiming at this situation, some comments and proposals are stated from the point of view of technology.
04/03167
ground truth sites, were used to detect current LUCC. Rates of conversion of the most important LUCC processes were computed and mapped simultaneously. Oaxaca has lost over half a million hectares of forested areas during the last 20 years. The core results may contribute to the understanding of how LUCC and GIS methods can provide better and more targeted information that may help to improve conservation policies and land use planning strategies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
04103170 Modelling conflict using spatial voting games: an application to USDA Forest Service lands Bender, H. W. and Martin, W. E. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues, 2003, 3, (2), 149-167. Conflict is an inherent component of natural resource management decisions in the USA and many other countries of the world. The diversity of potential uses creates a situation where individual preferences result in the need for compromise positions and coalition formation so that the natural resources can be managed. This paper demonstrates the contribution that cooperative and non-cooperative voting models can make in understanding the potential for conflict and the incentives for individuals to form coalitions. By modelling both collaborative and non-collaborative public involvement procedures, insights are gained from the differences in solutions, the implications for stability of the alternatives and the impact of the institutional power of the USDA Forest Service. The models are applied to the case of public lands management in the Shoshone National Forest.
04/03171 Policy alternatives in reformirig energy utilities in developing countries Gabriele, A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1319 1337. This paper examines the policy alternatives faced by developing countries in their endeavour to preserve and develop their electricity and gas systems, two service-oriented industries which - along with oil - provide the bulk of energy supply both in developed and in developing countries. Even in very poor countries, industrially generated energy is indispensable for carrying out most economic activities. Therefore, governments traditionally recognize that the supply of gas and electricity entails a fundamental public service dimension. The case is presented for reforming of energy utilities, and a discussion addresses in general terms the pros and cons of privatization, and attempts to locate the reforms in a broader historical framework in which developing countries' governments faced increasing financial hardship. This paper also reviews the main features of gas and power sector reforms in the developing world and analyses specifically the cases of five semi-industrialized countries in Latin America and Asia. The final section briefly evaluates the country experiences reviewed above and indicates a few policy lessons that can be learnt from them. The main conclusion is that, in a long-run development perspective, full-scale privatization of gas and power sectors in developing countries entails significant risks, and therefore a flexible policy approach is preferable to a rigid commitment to extensive liberalization.
04/03172 Policy support for innovation to secure improvements in resource productivity Gross, R. and Foxon, T. Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (2), 118-130. This paper presents the case for the direct policy support for environmental innovation, aimed at improving resource productivity, as a complement to standard regulatory or market-based instruments of environmental policy. This case is that investments in environmental innovation create options, reduce uncertainties and give rise to positive externalities, i.e. wider benefits to society and future generations, thus reducing the long-term costs of tackling environmental problems. It is argued that these policy instruments can be classified according to: how they support basic R&D; help to develop markets for innovative new products or processes; or provide financial incentives for the development or deployment of cleaner technologies. The paper argues that more widespread adoption of such policy instruments is needed,
18 Energy conversion and recycling together with systematic analysis and assessment of their effectiveness in stimulating environmental innovation in different industries and at different stages of the innovation cycle.
04103173
Predicting energy futures
Munson, D. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (3), 70-79. No doubt some modellers will continue trying to influence the setting of goals, but they need to do a better job analysing policy tools and identifying the most effective legislative and regulatory actions.
04103174 Taiwan
Progress in energy utilization from agrowastes in
Tsai, W. T. et aL Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2004, 8, (5), 461-481. Taiwan is a high energy-importing nation with more than 95% of its energy supplied[ by imported fuels. Environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are becoming significant environmental issues. In this regard, renewable energy like waste-to-energy are thus becoming attractive due to the energy policy for the sustainable development and environmental pollution mitigation in Taiwan. The objective of this paper is to present an updated overview of energy utilization from mass agrowastes in industries. The description is thus centred on new/revised promotion legislation/regulations especially concerning the agrowaste-to-energy in the measures of environmental protection and economic/financial incentives. The Statute for Renewable Energy Development is being enacted to further enhance and promote the green energy utilization, which is also addressed in the paper. Finally, the paper presents the biomass energy utilization of three mass agrowastes (i.e. bagasse and rice husk from mills, and piggery wastes from swine farms) in progress.
04103175 Residential energy use: an international perspective on long-term trends in Denmark, Norway and Sweden Unander, F. et al. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (12), 1395 1404. This paper examines residential energy use in the Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, over the period 19731999. The paper uses a decomposition approach to investigate differences in residential energy demand structure and end-use intensities and discusses both differences in absolute levels of energy use and differences over time. Comparisons are also made to other countries that have been analysed in the IEA energy efficiency indicator project. The analysis shows that, in contrast to Denmark and Sweden, Norway saw a growth in total residential energy use between 1973 and 1999. This can be partially explained by the fact that Norway started from a lower per capita income level in the early 1970s but has since then enjoyed a rapid income growth that drove up house area and consequently put a pressure on energy use. But the analysis also shows that Denmark and Sweden achieved significant reductions of residential energy intensities between 1973 and 1990, while the reductions in Norway were negligible. After 1990, the picture changed; there was a strong decline in residential energy intensities in Norway and a high rate of energy savings compared to most other countries analysed by the IEA, while energy savings in Denmark and Sweden more or less came to a halt.
04•03176 Risk and return of project-based climate change mitigation: a portfolio approach Laurikka, H. and Springer, U. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 207 217. This study presents a framework for evaluating the risks of investments in climate change mitigation projects to generate emission credits. Risk factors that influence the quantity of emission credits are identified for six project types. Since not all project types are affected by the same factors, diversitication is a viable risk reduction strategy. The study proposes a methodology for quantifying risk and return of such investments, discuss data requirements, and illustrate it using a sample of voluntary projects. In the sample, the returns of an optimally diversified low-risk portfolio are up to 10 times higher than those of single projects, holding risk exposure constant.
04/03177 Stimulating R&D of industrial energy-efficient technology. Policy lessons - impulse technology Luiten, E. and Blok, K. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (9), 1087-1108. Stimulating research and development (R&D) of innovative energyefficient technologies for industry is an attractive option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Impulse technology, an innovative papermaking technology, is always included in studies assessing the longterm potential of industrial energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to analyse the R&D trajectory of impulse technology in order to explore how government can stimulate the development of industrial energy-efficient technology. The concept of 'momentum' is used to characterize the network of actors and to understand the effect of government R&D support in this particular case study. The network analysis convincingly shows that although marketed as an energy-
efficient technology, other benefits were in fact driving forces. Researchers at various national pulp & paper research institutes were successful in attracting government R&D support by claiming an improved energy efficiency. The m o m e n t u m of the technology network was modest between 1980 and 1990. Therefore, government R&D support accelerated the development of impulse technology in this period. However, when the perspectives of the technology deteriorated - m o m e n t u m decreased - researchers at national research institutes continued to attract government R&D support successfully. But 25 years of R&D - and over 15 years government R&D support - have not yet resulted in a proven technology. The case study illustrates the risk of continuing R&D support too long without taking into account actors' drivers to invest in R&D. Once m o m e n t u m decreased, government should have been more circumspect in evaluating the (energy efficiency) promise of impulse technology. The major policy lesson is that government has to look beyond claimed energy efficiencies; government has to value (qualitative) information on (changing) technology networks in deciding upon starting, continuing or pulling out financial R&D support to industrial energy-efficient technology.
04•03178 The impact of IT investment on energy: Japan and US comparison in 2010 Takase, K. and Murota, Y. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1291-1301. The authors developed an economic model and an energy model, and used them to analyse the effects of information technology (IT) investment on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the USA and Japan. The analysis involved mainly calculations for two cases: business as usual and stimulated IT investment. The authors also tested the oftposited possibility that advancing IT investment in the USA is already lowering that country's energy intensity (energy/GDP). The analyses determined that: (1) increasing IT lowers energy (CO2) intensity, and (2) an increase or decrease in overall energy consumption depends on which trend is stronger: the income effect caused by economic vitalization from increased IT use (increasing energy consumption) or the substitution effect by change in the industrial structure as seen in the shift away from smokestack industries (decreasing energy consumption). According to the calculations, Japan would conserve more energy by promoting IT than not. On the other hand, because the substitution effect is already advanced in the USA, increasing IT use in the future will have a large income effect, and increase energy use.
18
ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING
04•03179 Life cycle assessment of waste to energy micropyrolysis system: case study for an Italian town Di Maria, F. and Fantozzi, F. International Journal of Energy Research, 2004, 28, (5), 449-461. Waste disposal represents an important aspect of the policies of politics of developed countries. It is well known that waste management entails several social, economical and environmental aspects. Many different technical solutions have been proposed and evaluated, more or less complicated, from a social and economic point of view, but the environmental burden linked to these solutions still remains an open problem not definitively resolved yet. One of the most promising ways for investigating and comparing the environmental consequences connected to different human activities seems to be represented by the LCA analysis. In this work the LCA analysis of a micro-pyrolysis with micro-gas turbine waste to energy plant, has been performed with the aid of a commercial simulation code. The scenario is analysed with regard to a small, isolated, Italian town. A comparison between the current and proposed case has also been carried out.
04•03180 Optimization of cross flow heat exchangers for thermoelectric waste heat recovery Crane, D. T. and Jackson, G. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9-10), 1565-1582. Thermoelectric waste heat recovery is investigated for current thermoelectric materials with advanced heat exchangers. Numerical heat exchanger models integrated with models for BizTe3 thermoelectric modules are validated against experimental data from previous cross flow heat exchanger studies as well as experiments using thermoelectrics between counter-flow hot water and cooling air flow channels. The models are used in optimization studies of thermoelectric waste heat recovery with air cooling in a cross flow heat exchanger. Power losses from an air fan and a fluid pump result in an optimal configuration at intermediate cooling air and hot fluid flows. Results show that heat exchangers with BizTe3 thermo-electrics can achieve net power densities over 40 W/1.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
445
04/03165 in China
04•03166 Inequality of energy intensities across OECD countries: a note Alcantara, V. and Duro, J. A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1257-1260. This paper proposes the use of Theil's second measure to analyse international energy intensity differences. This index allows differences to be broken down within and between groups of countries in a consistent manner. An analysis of OECD countries for the period 1971-1999 shows some basic points: first, the fall in energy intensities differences is attributable both to within-group and between-group inequality components; second, between-group inequalities are currently the main contributor to the whole inequality value; finally, a detailed exploration on within-group inequalities reveals the significant explanatory role played by EU-countries.
Joint implementation and EU accession countries
Fernandez Armenteros, M. and Michaelowa, A. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (4), 269-275. The EU accession countries have a high potential for low-cost greenhouse gas emission reduction. As they cannot join the 'bubble' agreement for the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, project-based joint implementation (JI) could be a powerful strategy to integrate them into the E U climate policy strategy. An important question is whether the aequis communautaire will be used to define the baseline for the calculation of emission reductions from JI projects. A problem is that the grace periods for several environmental sectors differ considerably among countries. The EU should help accession countries to establish a predictable legal framework for JI preventing in this way the current legal uncertainty regarding Jf procedures.
04/03168 Land use-cover change processes in highly biodiverse areas: the case of Oaxaca, Mexico Vehlzquez, A. et al. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 175184. Land use-cover changes (LUCC) such as deforestation, have resulted as global warming and a reduction of environmental services, with large negative consequences for mankind. Effects based on statistics alone have not been sufficient enough to detect, stop and eventually reverse negative LUCC processes that are strongly related to biodiversity loss. It is, therefore, of prime concern to assess and depict cartographically, major LUCC processes simultaneously. Mexico harbours a large pool of biodiversity, mostly restricted to a few locations among which, the State of Oaxaea plays a major role. In this state, nevertheless, drastic negative LUCC processes are taking place. Land cover types, mapped in previous surveys, overlaid on recent Landsat imagery and 300
444
04•03169 Methodology for predicting market transformation due to implementation of energy efficiency standards and labels Mahlia, T. M. I. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (i 1-12), 1785-1793. There are many papers that have been published on energy efficiency standards and labels. However, a very limited number of articles on the subject have discussed the transformation of appliance energy efficiency in the market after the programs are implemented. This paper is an attempt to investigate the market transformation due to implementation of minimum energy efficiency standards and energy labels. Even though the paper only investigates room air conditioners as a case study, the method is also applicable for predicting market transformation for other household electrical appliances.
Image of energy consumption of well off society
Lu, W. and Ma, Y. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9 10), 1357-1367. China is now experiencing rapid development and has become the second largest energy consumer and carbon dioxide emitter. China presented the objectives of building a well-off society in an all-round way at the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2002. Without question, the future society, with higher level of modernization and standard of living, will consume more energy. This paper predicts the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of a scenario in the all-inclusive well-off society in 2020. Forecasting results indicate that China will consume 3177 Mtce energy, accounting for 14.4% of the world's total consumption, and emit 6072 Mt CO2, accounting for 16.8% of world's total emissions in 2020. Aiming at this situation, some comments and proposals are stated from the point of view of technology.
04/03167
ground truth sites, were used to detect current LUCC. Rates of conversion of the most important LUCC processes were computed and mapped simultaneously. Oaxaca has lost over half a million hectares of forested areas during the last 20 years. The core results may contribute to the understanding of how LUCC and GIS methods can provide better and more targeted information that may help to improve conservation policies and land use planning strategies.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
04103170 Modelling conflict using spatial voting games: an application to USDA Forest Service lands Bender, H. W. and Martin, W. E. Int. J. Global Environmental Issues, 2003, 3, (2), 149-167. Conflict is an inherent component of natural resource management decisions in the USA and many other countries of the world. The diversity of potential uses creates a situation where individual preferences result in the need for compromise positions and coalition formation so that the natural resources can be managed. This paper demonstrates the contribution that cooperative and non-cooperative voting models can make in understanding the potential for conflict and the incentives for individuals to form coalitions. By modelling both collaborative and non-collaborative public involvement procedures, insights are gained from the differences in solutions, the implications for stability of the alternatives and the impact of the institutional power of the USDA Forest Service. The models are applied to the case of public lands management in the Shoshone National Forest.
04/03171 Policy alternatives in reformirig energy utilities in developing countries Gabriele, A. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1319 1337. This paper examines the policy alternatives faced by developing countries in their endeavour to preserve and develop their electricity and gas systems, two service-oriented industries which - along with oil - provide the bulk of energy supply both in developed and in developing countries. Even in very poor countries, industrially generated energy is indispensable for carrying out most economic activities. Therefore, governments traditionally recognize that the supply of gas and electricity entails a fundamental public service dimension. The case is presented for reforming of energy utilities, and a discussion addresses in general terms the pros and cons of privatization, and attempts to locate the reforms in a broader historical framework in which developing countries' governments faced increasing financial hardship. This paper also reviews the main features of gas and power sector reforms in the developing world and analyses specifically the cases of five semi-industrialized countries in Latin America and Asia. The final section briefly evaluates the country experiences reviewed above and indicates a few policy lessons that can be learnt from them. The main conclusion is that, in a long-run development perspective, full-scale privatization of gas and power sectors in developing countries entails significant risks, and therefore a flexible policy approach is preferable to a rigid commitment to extensive liberalization.
04/03172 Policy support for innovation to secure improvements in resource productivity Gross, R. and Foxon, T. Int. J. Environmental Technology and Management, 2003, 3, (2), 118-130. This paper presents the case for the direct policy support for environmental innovation, aimed at improving resource productivity, as a complement to standard regulatory or market-based instruments of environmental policy. This case is that investments in environmental innovation create options, reduce uncertainties and give rise to positive externalities, i.e. wider benefits to society and future generations, thus reducing the long-term costs of tackling environmental problems. It is argued that these policy instruments can be classified according to: how they support basic R&D; help to develop markets for innovative new products or processes; or provide financial incentives for the development or deployment of cleaner technologies. The paper argues that more widespread adoption of such policy instruments is needed,
18 Energy conversion and recycling together with systematic analysis and assessment of their effectiveness in stimulating environmental innovation in different industries and at different stages of the innovation cycle.
04103173
Predicting energy futures
Munson, D. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (3), 70-79. No doubt some modellers will continue trying to influence the setting of goals, but they need to do a better job analysing policy tools and identifying the most effective legislative and regulatory actions.
04103174 Taiwan
Progress in energy utilization from agrowastes in
Tsai, W. T. et aL Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2004, 8, (5), 461-481. Taiwan is a high energy-importing nation with more than 95% of its energy supplied[ by imported fuels. Environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are becoming significant environmental issues. In this regard, renewable energy like waste-to-energy are thus becoming attractive due to the energy policy for the sustainable development and environmental pollution mitigation in Taiwan. The objective of this paper is to present an updated overview of energy utilization from mass agrowastes in industries. The description is thus centred on new/revised promotion legislation/regulations especially concerning the agrowaste-to-energy in the measures of environmental protection and economic/financial incentives. The Statute for Renewable Energy Development is being enacted to further enhance and promote the green energy utilization, which is also addressed in the paper. Finally, the paper presents the biomass energy utilization of three mass agrowastes (i.e. bagasse and rice husk from mills, and piggery wastes from swine farms) in progress.
04103175 Residential energy use: an international perspective on long-term trends in Denmark, Norway and Sweden Unander, F. et al. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (12), 1395 1404. This paper examines residential energy use in the Scandinavian countries: Denmark, Norway and Sweden, over the period 19731999. The paper uses a decomposition approach to investigate differences in residential energy demand structure and end-use intensities and discusses both differences in absolute levels of energy use and differences over time. Comparisons are also made to other countries that have been analysed in the IEA energy efficiency indicator project. The analysis shows that, in contrast to Denmark and Sweden, Norway saw a growth in total residential energy use between 1973 and 1999. This can be partially explained by the fact that Norway started from a lower per capita income level in the early 1970s but has since then enjoyed a rapid income growth that drove up house area and consequently put a pressure on energy use. But the analysis also shows that Denmark and Sweden achieved significant reductions of residential energy intensities between 1973 and 1990, while the reductions in Norway were negligible. After 1990, the picture changed; there was a strong decline in residential energy intensities in Norway and a high rate of energy savings compared to most other countries analysed by the IEA, while energy savings in Denmark and Sweden more or less came to a halt.
04•03176 Risk and return of project-based climate change mitigation: a portfolio approach Laurikka, H. and Springer, U. Global Environmental Change, 2003, 13, (3), 207 217. This study presents a framework for evaluating the risks of investments in climate change mitigation projects to generate emission credits. Risk factors that influence the quantity of emission credits are identified for six project types. Since not all project types are affected by the same factors, diversitication is a viable risk reduction strategy. The study proposes a methodology for quantifying risk and return of such investments, discuss data requirements, and illustrate it using a sample of voluntary projects. In the sample, the returns of an optimally diversified low-risk portfolio are up to 10 times higher than those of single projects, holding risk exposure constant.
04/03177 Stimulating R&D of industrial energy-efficient technology. Policy lessons - impulse technology Luiten, E. and Blok, K. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (9), 1087-1108. Stimulating research and development (R&D) of innovative energyefficient technologies for industry is an attractive option for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Impulse technology, an innovative papermaking technology, is always included in studies assessing the longterm potential of industrial energy efficiency. The aim of this article is to analyse the R&D trajectory of impulse technology in order to explore how government can stimulate the development of industrial energy-efficient technology. The concept of 'momentum' is used to characterize the network of actors and to understand the effect of government R&D support in this particular case study. The network analysis convincingly shows that although marketed as an energy-
efficient technology, other benefits were in fact driving forces. Researchers at various national pulp & paper research institutes were successful in attracting government R&D support by claiming an improved energy efficiency. The m o m e n t u m of the technology network was modest between 1980 and 1990. Therefore, government R&D support accelerated the development of impulse technology in this period. However, when the perspectives of the technology deteriorated - m o m e n t u m decreased - researchers at national research institutes continued to attract government R&D support successfully. But 25 years of R&D - and over 15 years government R&D support - have not yet resulted in a proven technology. The case study illustrates the risk of continuing R&D support too long without taking into account actors' drivers to invest in R&D. Once m o m e n t u m decreased, government should have been more circumspect in evaluating the (energy efficiency) promise of impulse technology. The major policy lesson is that government has to look beyond claimed energy efficiencies; government has to value (qualitative) information on (changing) technology networks in deciding upon starting, continuing or pulling out financial R&D support to industrial energy-efficient technology.
04•03178 The impact of IT investment on energy: Japan and US comparison in 2010 Takase, K. and Murota, Y. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (11), 1291-1301. The authors developed an economic model and an energy model, and used them to analyse the effects of information technology (IT) investment on energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the USA and Japan. The analysis involved mainly calculations for two cases: business as usual and stimulated IT investment. The authors also tested the oftposited possibility that advancing IT investment in the USA is already lowering that country's energy intensity (energy/GDP). The analyses determined that: (1) increasing IT lowers energy (CO2) intensity, and (2) an increase or decrease in overall energy consumption depends on which trend is stronger: the income effect caused by economic vitalization from increased IT use (increasing energy consumption) or the substitution effect by change in the industrial structure as seen in the shift away from smokestack industries (decreasing energy consumption). According to the calculations, Japan would conserve more energy by promoting IT than not. On the other hand, because the substitution effect is already advanced in the USA, increasing IT use in the future will have a large income effect, and increase energy use.
18
ENERGY CONVERSION AND RECYCLING
04•03179 Life cycle assessment of waste to energy micropyrolysis system: case study for an Italian town Di Maria, F. and Fantozzi, F. International Journal of Energy Research, 2004, 28, (5), 449-461. Waste disposal represents an important aspect of the policies of politics of developed countries. It is well known that waste management entails several social, economical and environmental aspects. Many different technical solutions have been proposed and evaluated, more or less complicated, from a social and economic point of view, but the environmental burden linked to these solutions still remains an open problem not definitively resolved yet. One of the most promising ways for investigating and comparing the environmental consequences connected to different human activities seems to be represented by the LCA analysis. In this work the LCA analysis of a micro-pyrolysis with micro-gas turbine waste to energy plant, has been performed with the aid of a commercial simulation code. The scenario is analysed with regard to a small, isolated, Italian town. A comparison between the current and proposed case has also been carried out.
04•03180 Optimization of cross flow heat exchangers for thermoelectric waste heat recovery Crane, D. T. and Jackson, G. S. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (9-10), 1565-1582. Thermoelectric waste heat recovery is investigated for current thermoelectric materials with advanced heat exchangers. Numerical heat exchanger models integrated with models for BizTe3 thermoelectric modules are validated against experimental data from previous cross flow heat exchanger studies as well as experiments using thermoelectrics between counter-flow hot water and cooling air flow channels. The models are used in optimization studies of thermoelectric waste heat recovery with air cooling in a cross flow heat exchanger. Power losses from an air fan and a fluid pump result in an optimal configuration at intermediate cooling air and hot fluid flows. Results show that heat exchangers with BizTe3 thermo-electrics can achieve net power densities over 40 W/1.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2004
445