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00832 Catastrophic failure in complex socio-technical systems
15 Environment (pollution, health protection, safety) The performance of a quantum-mechanical heat pump using many non-interacting spin-f/2 systems as the working substance and consisting of two isothermal and two isomagnetic field processes is investigated, based on the quantum master equation and semi-group approach. The inherent regenerative losses in the two isomagnetic field processes are calculated and the influence of non-perfect regeneration on the performance of the cycle is analysed. Expressions for some important performance parameters, such as the coefficient of performance, heating load, power input, and rate of the entropy production, are derived. Several interesting cases are discussed and, especially, the optimal performance of the cycle at high temperature is discussed in detail. Some important characteristic curves of the cycle, such as the heating load versus coefficient of performance curves, the power input versus coefficient of performance curves, the heating load versus power input curves, and so on, are presented. The maximum heating-load and the corresponding coefficient of performance are calculated. Other optimal performances are also analysed. The results obtained here are further generalized, so that they may be directly used to describe the performance of the quantum heat-pump using spin-J systems as the working substance.
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety
05•00827 A methodology for the qualitative analysis of winds: natural ventilation as a strategy for improving the thermal comfort in open spaces Capeluto, I. G. Building and Environment, 2005, 40, (2), 175-181. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple computer-based design method to improve the thermal comfort conditions in the built environment by means of controlling winds access and therefore natural ventilation. The criterion applied to control the access or obstruction of prevailing winds in a site was the idea of desirability or undesirability of these winds. The proposed method was applied in the design process of an energy conscious urban complex, which was designed for the city of Beer Sheva situated in the north of Israel's Negev desert. The simple design tool presented here allows the consideration of the winds in a site from the very beginning of the design process as a passive cooling design strategy.
05/00828 design
A pollution reduction methodology in reactor
Chert, Q. and Feng, X. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2005, 44, (12), 13-21. An algorithm for waste and pollutants reduction in reactor design is presented in this paper. This algorithm use potential environmental impact balance (PEI) and PEI rate-law expression to track the generated PEI throughout reaction process within a reactor; and study how reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) and various engineering factors (heat and mass transfer, and backmixing and so on) affect process environmental performance. The form of PEI rate-law expression should be consistent with the method for calculating the overall PEI of mixtures of chemicals inside reactors. The algorithm can be used as a tool to aid in designing chemical reactors with environmentally friendliness processes. The use of the methodology is illustrated with the reaction system of allyl chloride production.
05/00829 Accident investigation practices in Europe- main responses from a recent study of accidents in industry and transport Roed-Larsen, S. el al. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 111, (1-3), 7-12. Europe has during recent years been shocked by disasters from natural events and technical breakdowns. The consequences have been comprehensive, measured by lost lives, injuries, and material and environmental damage. ESReDA wanted in 2000 - by setting up a special expert group on accident investigation - to clarify the state of art of accident investigation practices and to map the use of thoroughly accident investigation in order to learn lessons from past disasters and prevent new ones. The scope was to cover three sectors in the society: transport, production processes and storage of hazardous materials, and energy production. The main method used was a questionnaire, which was sent in 2001 to about 150 organizations. About 50 replies were analysed. The replies showed great variations but also similarities, among others in definition of accident and incident, the objectives of
the investigation team, criteria used to start an investigation, the status of the investigation organization, the flow of information, the composition of the investigation team, and the use of internal or international procedures or rules. Several methods (in total 14 different methods were mentioned) were used for carrying out accident/incident investigations. Most of the respondents were willing to co-operate in one or another way with ESReDA. Although there are important biases in the material, the results from questionnaire are important inputs to the future work of ESReDA Expert group in this field. Three safety approaches have been identified.
05/00830 An analysis of the Greek energy system in view of the Kyoto commitments Agoris, D. et al. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (18), 2019 2033. The current state of the Greek energy system is analysed together with alternative energy policies. A by sector analysis provides an overview of the inputs that have been used for this investigation. A combination of a demand forecast performed together with an analysis based on the RM A R K A L and WASP IV models give an evaluation of the alternative policies to be applied and a determination of additional measures required in order to achieve the Kyoto targets. Three scenarios are developed, depicting the evolution of the Greek energy system under alternative policies, taking into consideration medium and high oil prices. Incremental investments and differential costs are then calculated between Kyoto and non-Kyoto scenarios and they are compared to emission permits costs.
05/00831 An effort to improve the operators' habits of actions in normal operations and in disturbance situations at TVO NPP in Finland Karlsson, C. International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, 2004, 1, (1-2), 110-119. Teollisuuden Vioma Qy owns and operates two ABB boiling water reactors (BWRs), each of 850 MW net outputs. A full-scope training simulator was commissioned in March 1990 at the TVO Olkiluoto plant site. This paper discusses the development of a method to evaluate and improve the operators' habits of actions in a task performance at the Teollisuuden Voima Oy full-scope training simulator. The development of the method started as a study in autumn 1992 and the first goal of the study was to analyse the dynamics of operators' decision making in the on-line control of a disturbance situation. The analysis was completed in 1994. The second goal was to develop out of the analysis method a instructor's tool for evaluating individuals' and crew's simulator performances. It was assumed that such a tool would enhance the efficiency of the simulator training, because with it the instructors could provide more explicit performance feedback for the operators. The next stage was to apply the method to the entire simulator training and create a course, consisting of a theoretical part and practical training on the simulator. That was done in the retraining period in 1998. Future goals are to improve the method so that it will be used in all the simulator training at the Teollisuuden Voima Oy fullscope training simulator (OLKS).
05100832 Catastrophic failure in complex socio-technical systems Weir, D. International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, 2004, 1, (1 2), 120-130. This paper reviews the sequences leading to catastrophic failures in complex socio-technical systems. It traces some of the elements of an analytic framework to that proposed by Beer in Decision and Control, first published in 1966, and argues that these ideas are key to a topic on which research interest has developed subsequently, the study of crises, catastrophes and disasters in complex socio-technical systems in hightechnology sectors. But while the system perspective is central, it is not by itself entirely adequate. The problems cannot be discussed simply in terms of system parameters like variety, redundancy and complexity. Much empirical research supports the view that these systems typically operate in degraded mode. The degradations may be primarily initiated within the social components of the socio-technical system. Variables such as hierarchical position, actors' motivations and intentions are relevant to explain the ways in which communication systems typically operate to filter out messages from lower participants and to ignore the 'soft signals' issuing from small-scale and intermittent malfunctions.
05/00833 Characterization of carbonated serpentine using XPS and TEM Schulze, R. K. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (20), 3169-3179. With the increasing concentration volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there has been an increasing interest in carbon dioxide sequestration. One method is to store the carbon dioxide in mineral form, reacting solution dissolved CO2 to precipitate carbonates. In order to understand whether or not such an endeavour is feasible, the carbonation reaction must first be understood. In this study, the surface Of ground serpentine, untreated, heat treated and following a
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2005 121
15
ENVIRONMENT Pollution, health protection, safety
05•00827 A methodology for the qualitative analysis of winds: natural ventilation as a strategy for improving the thermal comfort in open spaces Capeluto, I. G. Building and Environment, 2005, 40, (2), 175-181. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple computer-based design method to improve the thermal comfort conditions in the built environment by means of controlling winds access and therefore natural ventilation. The criterion applied to control the access or obstruction of prevailing winds in a site was the idea of desirability or undesirability of these winds. The proposed method was applied in the design process of an energy conscious urban complex, which was designed for the city of Beer Sheva situated in the north of Israel's Negev desert. The simple design tool presented here allows the consideration of the winds in a site from the very beginning of the design process as a passive cooling design strategy.
05/00828 design
A pollution reduction methodology in reactor
Chert, Q. and Feng, X. Chemical Engineering and Processing, 2005, 44, (12), 13-21. An algorithm for waste and pollutants reduction in reactor design is presented in this paper. This algorithm use potential environmental impact balance (PEI) and PEI rate-law expression to track the generated PEI throughout reaction process within a reactor; and study how reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, concentration, etc.) and various engineering factors (heat and mass transfer, and backmixing and so on) affect process environmental performance. The form of PEI rate-law expression should be consistent with the method for calculating the overall PEI of mixtures of chemicals inside reactors. The algorithm can be used as a tool to aid in designing chemical reactors with environmentally friendliness processes. The use of the methodology is illustrated with the reaction system of allyl chloride production.
05/00829 Accident investigation practices in Europe- main responses from a recent study of accidents in industry and transport Roed-Larsen, S. el al. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2004, 111, (1-3), 7-12. Europe has during recent years been shocked by disasters from natural events and technical breakdowns. The consequences have been comprehensive, measured by lost lives, injuries, and material and environmental damage. ESReDA wanted in 2000 - by setting up a special expert group on accident investigation - to clarify the state of art of accident investigation practices and to map the use of thoroughly accident investigation in order to learn lessons from past disasters and prevent new ones. The scope was to cover three sectors in the society: transport, production processes and storage of hazardous materials, and energy production. The main method used was a questionnaire, which was sent in 2001 to about 150 organizations. About 50 replies were analysed. The replies showed great variations but also similarities, among others in definition of accident and incident, the objectives of
the investigation team, criteria used to start an investigation, the status of the investigation organization, the flow of information, the composition of the investigation team, and the use of internal or international procedures or rules. Several methods (in total 14 different methods were mentioned) were used for carrying out accident/incident investigations. Most of the respondents were willing to co-operate in one or another way with ESReDA. Although there are important biases in the material, the results from questionnaire are important inputs to the future work of ESReDA Expert group in this field. Three safety approaches have been identified.
05/00830 An analysis of the Greek energy system in view of the Kyoto commitments Agoris, D. et al. Energy Policy, 2004, 32, (18), 2019 2033. The current state of the Greek energy system is analysed together with alternative energy policies. A by sector analysis provides an overview of the inputs that have been used for this investigation. A combination of a demand forecast performed together with an analysis based on the RM A R K A L and WASP IV models give an evaluation of the alternative policies to be applied and a determination of additional measures required in order to achieve the Kyoto targets. Three scenarios are developed, depicting the evolution of the Greek energy system under alternative policies, taking into consideration medium and high oil prices. Incremental investments and differential costs are then calculated between Kyoto and non-Kyoto scenarios and they are compared to emission permits costs.
05/00831 An effort to improve the operators' habits of actions in normal operations and in disturbance situations at TVO NPP in Finland Karlsson, C. International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, 2004, 1, (1-2), 110-119. Teollisuuden Vioma Qy owns and operates two ABB boiling water reactors (BWRs), each of 850 MW net outputs. A full-scope training simulator was commissioned in March 1990 at the TVO Olkiluoto plant site. This paper discusses the development of a method to evaluate and improve the operators' habits of actions in a task performance at the Teollisuuden Voima Oy full-scope training simulator. The development of the method started as a study in autumn 1992 and the first goal of the study was to analyse the dynamics of operators' decision making in the on-line control of a disturbance situation. The analysis was completed in 1994. The second goal was to develop out of the analysis method a instructor's tool for evaluating individuals' and crew's simulator performances. It was assumed that such a tool would enhance the efficiency of the simulator training, because with it the instructors could provide more explicit performance feedback for the operators. The next stage was to apply the method to the entire simulator training and create a course, consisting of a theoretical part and practical training on the simulator. That was done in the retraining period in 1998. Future goals are to improve the method so that it will be used in all the simulator training at the Teollisuuden Voima Oy fullscope training simulator (OLKS).
05100832 Catastrophic failure in complex socio-technical systems Weir, D. International Journal of Nuclear Knowledge Management, 2004, 1, (1 2), 120-130. This paper reviews the sequences leading to catastrophic failures in complex socio-technical systems. It traces some of the elements of an analytic framework to that proposed by Beer in Decision and Control, first published in 1966, and argues that these ideas are key to a topic on which research interest has developed subsequently, the study of crises, catastrophes and disasters in complex socio-technical systems in hightechnology sectors. But while the system perspective is central, it is not by itself entirely adequate. The problems cannot be discussed simply in terms of system parameters like variety, redundancy and complexity. Much empirical research supports the view that these systems typically operate in degraded mode. The degradations may be primarily initiated within the social components of the socio-technical system. Variables such as hierarchical position, actors' motivations and intentions are relevant to explain the ways in which communication systems typically operate to filter out messages from lower participants and to ignore the 'soft signals' issuing from small-scale and intermittent malfunctions.
05/00833 Characterization of carbonated serpentine using XPS and TEM Schulze, R. K. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2004, 45, (20), 3169-3179. With the increasing concentration volume of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, there has been an increasing interest in carbon dioxide sequestration. One method is to store the carbon dioxide in mineral form, reacting solution dissolved CO2 to precipitate carbonates. In order to understand whether or not such an endeavour is feasible, the carbonation reaction must first be understood. In this study, the surface Of ground serpentine, untreated, heat treated and following a
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2005 121