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01386 Coals catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics by hydrazine and the decomposition of hydrazine
01 Solid fuels (sources, winning, properties)
0l
SOLID FUELS Sources, winning, properties
05101383 Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from indiana, USA Mastalerz, M. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 43 55. Samples of coals from several coalbeds in Indiana were analysed for CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity using a high-pressure adsorption isotherm technique. Coal quality and petrographic composition of the coals were determined to study their relationships to the volume of CO2 and CH4 that could be sorbed into the coal. At the temperature of 17°C and 400 psi (~2.8 MPa), the coals can sorb (on dry ash-free basis) from 4 to 6.3 m3/ton (128-202 scf/ton) of CH4 and 19.5-24.6 m3/ton (624-788 scf/ton) of CO2. The ratio of COz/CH4 at these conditions ranges from 3.5 to 5.3 and decreases with an increasing pressure for all coals. The coals studied are of a very similar coal rank (Ro from 0.48 to 0.62%) but of varying petrographic composition, and CO2 sorption volumes appear to be positively correlated to the content of maeeral telocollinite.
05/01384 Characterization of Candiota (South Brazil) coal and combustion by-product Pires, M. and Querol, X. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 57-72. Elemental composition and mineralogy of a high ash feed coal (ash: 49.7 wt%), and its bottom and fly ash from a Brazilian power plant (Presidente M6dici Power Plant or UTPM-446 MW) was determined using ICP-MS, ICP-AES, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron micrography (SEM). Most trace elements in coal fall in the usual range determined for world coals. However, concentrations of some elements were higher than the expected for coals, including Cs Rb and heavy rare earth elements (REEs). This might be due to the high content of detritaI minerals of the studied coal, given that these elements are usually associated with clay minerals. Elements were classified into three groups based on the analysis of trace element concentrations in fly and bottom ashes, and enrichments or depletions of these concentrations in relation to the coal: Group I (volatile elements with subsequent condensation): As, B, Bi, Cd, Ga, Ge, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, TI and Zn; Group If (no volatile elements enriched in bottom ash vs. fly ash): Ca, Fe, Mn, P, Ti and Zr; Group III (low volatile elements with no partitioning between fly and bottom ashes): A1, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, Rb, Sr, Th, U, W, Y and most of REE. The mass balance for trace elements obtained demonstrated that the volatile emission of the trace elements studied is very low. According to the leachable proportion obtained, the elements may be classified as follows: B (40-50%) > Mo > Cu > Ge = Li = Zn = As > Ni, Sb, TI, U > Ba, Cd, Sr, V (0.3-2%). For the other elements studied, the leachable fraction is in most cases <1% of the bulk content.
05/01385 Characterization of Turkish coals: a nationwide perspective Palmer, C. A. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (24), 85 115. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mtidfirltigfi, MTA) are working together to provide a better understanding of the chemical properties of Turkish coals from major Turkish lignite producing areas. The coals in Turkey are generally low rank (lignite or subbituminous) formed in several different depositional environments at different geologic times and have differing chemical properties. Eocene coals are limited to northern Turkey; Oligocene coals, found in the Thrace Basins of northwestern Turkey, are intercalated with marine sediments; Miocene coals are generally located in Western Turkey. The coal deposits, which have limnic characteristics, have relatively abundant reserves. Pliocene-Pleistocene coals are found in the eastern part of Turkey. Most of these coals have low calorific values, high moisture, and high ash contents. Analysis of 143 coal channel samples (most are lignite and subbituminous in rank, but a few are bituminous and one is anthracitic in rank) has been completed for up to 54 elements and other coal properties using a variety of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma emission and mass spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and various single element techniques and ASTM standard procedures. Many of these coals have elemental concentrations similar to US lignites found in the Gulf Coast and Fort Union regions. However, maximum or mean concentrations of B, Cr, Cs, Ni,
210
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2005
As, Br, Sb, Cs, and U in Turkey are higher than the corresponding maximum or mean values found in either the Fort Union or Gulf Coast regions.
05/01386 Coals catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics by hydrazine and the decomposition of hydrazine Medina, F. A. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (1), 1 4. The reduction of nitroaromatics to anilines by hydrazine in refluxing isopropanol is catalysed by: three anthracites, anthracite culm, Beulah Zap lignite, and Illinois No. 6 coal. The anthracites and the culm are very effective catalysts while the coals are less effective. The decomposition of hydrazine is also catalysed by the anthracites and anthracite cuIm.
05/01387 Geochemical properties of coals in the Lushan coalfield of Iran Yazdi, M. and Shiravani, E. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 73-79. Iran's coals occur in the Alborz and Central Dan basins. One of the important coalfields in the Alborz basin is the Lushan coalfield, the focus of the investigation. It is located at the northern mountain ranges of Iran. The goal was to determine which factors control coal quality. The coal-bearing Shemshak Formation mainly consists of sandstone, shale, siltstone, and clay stone. Twenty-four coal samples were collected and analysed for major and some trace elements using Xray fluoresence spectroscopy (XRF). The abundance of these elements is discussed in relation to local geological conditions. The correlation between the various elements is demonstrated through scatter diagrams and possible genetic associations are discussed. The average concentrations of some major and trace elements such as Sr, Ba, Si, Ca, Mg and Mn, are higher than those of most coals in the world, while the others fall within global ranges.
05/01388 Geological controls on the sulphur content of coal seams in the Northumberland Coalfield, Northeast England Turner, B. R. and Richardson, D. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (2-4), 169 196. The sulfur content of coal is an important consideration when developing reserves for exploitation, driven by emission limits from power stations becoming more stringent. Variations in the sulfur content of Westphalian A and B coals from the predominantly freshwater Northumberland Coalfield, Northeast England, were studied according to their regional, stratigraphic and in-seam location. The observed variation in sulfur content spatially increases towards the source area away from more marine influenced areas, with increased sulfur content through time linked to changes in the general deposifional environment as conditions became more marine-influenced. A model of basinal surface water and groundwater flow driven by post-depositional source area tectonism is thought to have played only a minor role in contributing secondary sulfur to the coal. However, the isotopic composition of coal pyrite shows a similar range in composition to that of pyrite and other sulphides from the North Pennine OrefieId along the southern margin of the coalfield, suggesting an additional potential source of secondary sulfur, as sulfur-rich fluids were expelled northwards through the coal measures during early Permian Variscan transpression from the south. The Westphalian A and B are interpreted as third-order depositional sequences, defined by third-order maximum flooding surfaces. Each sequence is made up of several coal-bearing fourth-order parasequences, which tend to be more brackish to marine in character, on either side of the third-order maximum flooding surfaces when base level was relatively high. The lowest sulfur coals are confined to the lower to middle, relative low stand part of the Westphalian A third-order base level curve and the lowest part of the Westphalian B third-order base level curve. This difference is attributed to a more rapid rise of base level in the Westphalian B. The stratigraphic and spatial distribution of coal sulfur has been used as a guide to prediction of reserve identification for surface mining operations.
05/01389 Geological investigations at a high altitude, remote coal mine on the Northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan frontier, Karakoram Himalaya Donnelly, L. J. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (2-4), 117 150. The Northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan frontier is located one of the most remote, inaccessible, and inhospitable part of the Himalayan orogenic belt. In this region, two of the world's largest and most distinct mountain belts intersect; the Karakoram Himalaya (mainly in Pakistan) and the Hindu Kush (mainly in Afghanistan). Located at high altitude, in a remote part of Northwest Pakistan, close to the border with Afghanistan, tribal villagers began excavating a series of adits into the steep mountain slopes, beneath glaciers, to extract valuable coal and carbonaceous shale resources. These were discovered in 1996, by the vilIagers, whilst hunting, and may represent some of the
0l
SOLID FUELS Sources, winning, properties
05101383 Carbon dioxide and methane sorption in high volatile bituminous coals from indiana, USA Mastalerz, M. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 43 55. Samples of coals from several coalbeds in Indiana were analysed for CO2 and CH4 sorption capacity using a high-pressure adsorption isotherm technique. Coal quality and petrographic composition of the coals were determined to study their relationships to the volume of CO2 and CH4 that could be sorbed into the coal. At the temperature of 17°C and 400 psi (~2.8 MPa), the coals can sorb (on dry ash-free basis) from 4 to 6.3 m3/ton (128-202 scf/ton) of CH4 and 19.5-24.6 m3/ton (624-788 scf/ton) of CO2. The ratio of COz/CH4 at these conditions ranges from 3.5 to 5.3 and decreases with an increasing pressure for all coals. The coals studied are of a very similar coal rank (Ro from 0.48 to 0.62%) but of varying petrographic composition, and CO2 sorption volumes appear to be positively correlated to the content of maeeral telocollinite.
05/01384 Characterization of Candiota (South Brazil) coal and combustion by-product Pires, M. and Querol, X. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 57-72. Elemental composition and mineralogy of a high ash feed coal (ash: 49.7 wt%), and its bottom and fly ash from a Brazilian power plant (Presidente M6dici Power Plant or UTPM-446 MW) was determined using ICP-MS, ICP-AES, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron micrography (SEM). Most trace elements in coal fall in the usual range determined for world coals. However, concentrations of some elements were higher than the expected for coals, including Cs Rb and heavy rare earth elements (REEs). This might be due to the high content of detritaI minerals of the studied coal, given that these elements are usually associated with clay minerals. Elements were classified into three groups based on the analysis of trace element concentrations in fly and bottom ashes, and enrichments or depletions of these concentrations in relation to the coal: Group I (volatile elements with subsequent condensation): As, B, Bi, Cd, Ga, Ge, Mo, Pb, S, Sb, Sn, TI and Zn; Group If (no volatile elements enriched in bottom ash vs. fly ash): Ca, Fe, Mn, P, Ti and Zr; Group III (low volatile elements with no partitioning between fly and bottom ashes): A1, Ba, Be, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, K, Li, Mg, Na, Ni, Rb, Sr, Th, U, W, Y and most of REE. The mass balance for trace elements obtained demonstrated that the volatile emission of the trace elements studied is very low. According to the leachable proportion obtained, the elements may be classified as follows: B (40-50%) > Mo > Cu > Ge = Li = Zn = As > Ni, Sb, TI, U > Ba, Cd, Sr, V (0.3-2%). For the other elements studied, the leachable fraction is in most cases <1% of the bulk content.
05/01385 Characterization of Turkish coals: a nationwide perspective Palmer, C. A. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (24), 85 115. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (Maden Tetkik ve Arama Genel Mtidfirltigfi, MTA) are working together to provide a better understanding of the chemical properties of Turkish coals from major Turkish lignite producing areas. The coals in Turkey are generally low rank (lignite or subbituminous) formed in several different depositional environments at different geologic times and have differing chemical properties. Eocene coals are limited to northern Turkey; Oligocene coals, found in the Thrace Basins of northwestern Turkey, are intercalated with marine sediments; Miocene coals are generally located in Western Turkey. The coal deposits, which have limnic characteristics, have relatively abundant reserves. Pliocene-Pleistocene coals are found in the eastern part of Turkey. Most of these coals have low calorific values, high moisture, and high ash contents. Analysis of 143 coal channel samples (most are lignite and subbituminous in rank, but a few are bituminous and one is anthracitic in rank) has been completed for up to 54 elements and other coal properties using a variety of analytical techniques, including inductively coupled plasma emission and mass spectrometry, instrumental neutron activation analysis, and various single element techniques and ASTM standard procedures. Many of these coals have elemental concentrations similar to US lignites found in the Gulf Coast and Fort Union regions. However, maximum or mean concentrations of B, Cr, Cs, Ni,
210
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2005
As, Br, Sb, Cs, and U in Turkey are higher than the corresponding maximum or mean values found in either the Fort Union or Gulf Coast regions.
05/01386 Coals catalyze the reduction of nitroaromatics by hydrazine and the decomposition of hydrazine Medina, F. A. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (1), 1 4. The reduction of nitroaromatics to anilines by hydrazine in refluxing isopropanol is catalysed by: three anthracites, anthracite culm, Beulah Zap lignite, and Illinois No. 6 coal. The anthracites and the culm are very effective catalysts while the coals are less effective. The decomposition of hydrazine is also catalysed by the anthracites and anthracite cuIm.
05/01387 Geochemical properties of coals in the Lushan coalfield of Iran Yazdi, M. and Shiravani, E. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (1), 73-79. Iran's coals occur in the Alborz and Central Dan basins. One of the important coalfields in the Alborz basin is the Lushan coalfield, the focus of the investigation. It is located at the northern mountain ranges of Iran. The goal was to determine which factors control coal quality. The coal-bearing Shemshak Formation mainly consists of sandstone, shale, siltstone, and clay stone. Twenty-four coal samples were collected and analysed for major and some trace elements using Xray fluoresence spectroscopy (XRF). The abundance of these elements is discussed in relation to local geological conditions. The correlation between the various elements is demonstrated through scatter diagrams and possible genetic associations are discussed. The average concentrations of some major and trace elements such as Sr, Ba, Si, Ca, Mg and Mn, are higher than those of most coals in the world, while the others fall within global ranges.
05/01388 Geological controls on the sulphur content of coal seams in the Northumberland Coalfield, Northeast England Turner, B. R. and Richardson, D. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (2-4), 169 196. The sulfur content of coal is an important consideration when developing reserves for exploitation, driven by emission limits from power stations becoming more stringent. Variations in the sulfur content of Westphalian A and B coals from the predominantly freshwater Northumberland Coalfield, Northeast England, were studied according to their regional, stratigraphic and in-seam location. The observed variation in sulfur content spatially increases towards the source area away from more marine influenced areas, with increased sulfur content through time linked to changes in the general deposifional environment as conditions became more marine-influenced. A model of basinal surface water and groundwater flow driven by post-depositional source area tectonism is thought to have played only a minor role in contributing secondary sulfur to the coal. However, the isotopic composition of coal pyrite shows a similar range in composition to that of pyrite and other sulphides from the North Pennine OrefieId along the southern margin of the coalfield, suggesting an additional potential source of secondary sulfur, as sulfur-rich fluids were expelled northwards through the coal measures during early Permian Variscan transpression from the south. The Westphalian A and B are interpreted as third-order depositional sequences, defined by third-order maximum flooding surfaces. Each sequence is made up of several coal-bearing fourth-order parasequences, which tend to be more brackish to marine in character, on either side of the third-order maximum flooding surfaces when base level was relatively high. The lowest sulfur coals are confined to the lower to middle, relative low stand part of the Westphalian A third-order base level curve and the lowest part of the Westphalian B third-order base level curve. This difference is attributed to a more rapid rise of base level in the Westphalian B. The stratigraphic and spatial distribution of coal sulfur has been used as a guide to prediction of reserve identification for surface mining operations.
05/01389 Geological investigations at a high altitude, remote coal mine on the Northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan frontier, Karakoram Himalaya Donnelly, L. J. et al. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2004, 60, (2-4), 117 150. The Northwest Pakistan and Afghanistan frontier is located one of the most remote, inaccessible, and inhospitable part of the Himalayan orogenic belt. In this region, two of the world's largest and most distinct mountain belts intersect; the Karakoram Himalaya (mainly in Pakistan) and the Hindu Kush (mainly in Afghanistan). Located at high altitude, in a remote part of Northwest Pakistan, close to the border with Afghanistan, tribal villagers began excavating a series of adits into the steep mountain slopes, beneath glaciers, to extract valuable coal and carbonaceous shale resources. These were discovered in 1996, by the vilIagers, whilst hunting, and may represent some of the