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01577 Auctions for transmission capacity rights: TheEmpire Connection experience
06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts) system demonstrates the standby and full power operating modes. The system is sized at 250 kW to supply secure power for a manufacturing facility.
05101570 Surface compatibility in a carbon-alloy composite and its influence on the electrochemical performance of Li/ion batteries Wu, X. et al. Carbon, 2004, 42, (10), 1965-1972. Carbon-alloy composites were prepared by coating carbon materials with different surfaces with Sn, Sb or SnSb. The SnSb-hard carbon spherule (HCS) composite electrode shows the best cycling performance. The matching of crystalline parameters between SnSb and the carbon ensures a good dispersion of SnSb alloy on the surface. The high density of the nucleation centres on the HCS surface leads to a small SnSb crystallite size. Open pores on the surface of HCS, into which the alioy crystals are allowed to grow, act as pinning centres, which further stabilize the composite. These three factors are supposed to be responsible for the best cyclic performance of SnSb-HCS composite. The latter two factors also result in a large BET surface area, which leads to a large initial irreversible capacity loss, because more solid electrolyte interface film is formed. It seems that the best cyclic performance and the highest initial efficiency are paradoxical in the SnSb-carbon composite. Further surface modification should be conducted to obtain better electrode materials.
05•01571 Synthesis of derivatives of polythiophene and their application in an electrochromic device Nicho, M. E. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2004, 82, ( t 2), 105-118. Poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are conducting polymers with interesting optoelectronic properties and a wide variety of optoelectronic applications. In this work, 3octylthiophene was synthesized through a Grignard reactive and was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The morphology of electro-synthesized P3OT and P3MT thin films was analysed by atomic force microscopy and different film morphologies were found for different electrodeposition technique and the solution temperature. Optical absorbance spectra of the two types of films confirm the bipolaron band structure and a starting 7r-Tr* interband transition around 2 eV. Electrochromic performance of the polymers with both liquid and polymeric electrolytes showed a high switch potential for P3OT that for P3MT films. The kinetic optical response of a P3MT electrochromic device shows a good colour contrast and a capacitive current characteristic under a square electrical potential
05101572 Thermoeconomic analysis method for optimization of combined heat and power systems-part II Silveira, J. L. and Tuna, C. E. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2004, 30, (6), 673-678. In this paper, a thermo-economic functional analysis method based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics and applied to analyse four cogeneration systems is presented. The objective of the developed technique is to minimize the operating costs of the cogeneration plant, namely exergetic production cost (EPC), assuming fixed rates of electricity production and process steam in exergy base. In this study a comparison is made between the same four configurations of part I. The eogeneration system consisting of a gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator, without supplementary firing, has the lowest EPC.
05101573 Three-dimensional analysis of transport and electrochemical reactions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Urn, S. and Wang, C. Y. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 125, (1), 4051. A computational fuel cell dynamics (CFCD) model is presented to elucidate three-dimensionai (3D) interactions between mass transport and electrochemical kinetics in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with straight and interdigitated flowfields, respectively. The model features a detailed membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) submodel in which water transport through the membrane with spatially variable transport properties and spatial variations of the reaction rate and ionic resistance through the catalyst layer are accounted for. Emphasis is placed on obtaining a basic understanding of how three-dimensional flow and transport phenomena in the air cathode impact the electrochemical process in both types of the flowfield. Fully threedimensional results of the flow structure, species profiles and current distribution are presented for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells with an interdigitated cathode flowfield. The model results indicate that forced convection induced by the interdigitated flowfield substantially improves mass transport of oxygen to, and water removal from, the catalyst layer, thus leading to a higher mass-transport limiting current density as compared to that of the straight flowfield.
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts 05101574 A consumer portal at the junction of electricity, communications, and consumer energy services Gellings, C. W. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (9), 78-84. A portal could help close the gap between progress in microelectronics and the electric power delivery system by representing the convergence of communications with electricity. The result could be a new experience in managing energy use and assuring connectivity.
05101575 A price competition model for power and reserve market auctions Gan, D. et al. Shen, C. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 70, (3), 187-193. In a recent work, the authors formulated a price competition game model for modelling oligopolistic competition in a single-period electricity market auction. An assumption made in the study is that generator marginal costs are un-identical. This paper continues to study single-period auction games, with the assumption that generator marginal costs are identical. It was found that the later assumption facilitates a sharper result, which states that the market clearing price (CP) at equilibrium under tight capacity constraint is unique. This assumption also permits us to obtain simpler equilibrium characterization and mathematical proofs. Furthermore, the model was extended to study the auction game in which power and reserve are auctioned simultaneously. As an application, the market power indices were derived out of the suggested game-theoretic models.
05/01576 An approach for real power scheduling to improve system stability margins under normal and network contingencies Visakha, K. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 71, (2), 109117. In the present day power system planning and operation, considerable interest is being shown in system security and stability analysis. Pattern of load sharing/generation scheduling that results in heavy flows tend to incur greater losses, threaten stability, security and ultimately making certain generation patterns undesirable. Generation schedules mainly based on economic criteria may lead to lower reserve margins and therefore diminished reliability is a serious concern for the systems. With increased loading of existing power transmission systems, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has also become a major concern in power system planning and operation. While the voltage stability is more dependent on the reactive power sources/voltage profile in the system, it is also a function of real power flows. In this paper, network sensitivity between load voltages and source voltages to compute voltage stability index (L), is used as the basis to evaluate desirable load sharing for improving stability margins. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent power system, and results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
05101577 Auctions for transmission capacity rights: the Empire Connection experience Salant, D. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 18, (1), 62-68. The Empire Connection plan to use existing rights of way provides an environmentally friendly means for constructing transmission capacity needed to serve New York city. An auction of transmission rights can only increase the competitiveness of downstate wholesale energy markets. Nevertheless, the project has encountered significant obstacles. That, and lumpiness of transmission projects, limit commercial investment incentives for such projects.
05•01578 Beyond market shares and cost-plus pricing: designing a horizontal market power mitigation framework for today's electricity markets Frayer, J. et al. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (9), 41 60. Without proper market definition, any diagnostic tests for market power and market pricing safeguards could create more long-term harm than good. FERC needs to supplant its default market definition approach with a prescribed set of market definition techniques, then allow stakeholders to implement these techniques to define the relevant markets in which they participate.
05/01579 California electricity futures: the NYMEX experience Moulton, J. S. Energy Economies, 2005, 27, (1), 181-194. It would be easy to attribute the collapse of the futures market in California electricity to the alleged manipulations of over-the-counter traders. This paper provides evidence to the contrary. Findings reveal an active market that lost the specuiative and small investor interest, leaving hedgers to face hedgers in a volatile and less active arena.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2005 235
05101570 Surface compatibility in a carbon-alloy composite and its influence on the electrochemical performance of Li/ion batteries Wu, X. et al. Carbon, 2004, 42, (10), 1965-1972. Carbon-alloy composites were prepared by coating carbon materials with different surfaces with Sn, Sb or SnSb. The SnSb-hard carbon spherule (HCS) composite electrode shows the best cycling performance. The matching of crystalline parameters between SnSb and the carbon ensures a good dispersion of SnSb alloy on the surface. The high density of the nucleation centres on the HCS surface leads to a small SnSb crystallite size. Open pores on the surface of HCS, into which the alioy crystals are allowed to grow, act as pinning centres, which further stabilize the composite. These three factors are supposed to be responsible for the best cyclic performance of SnSb-HCS composite. The latter two factors also result in a large BET surface area, which leads to a large initial irreversible capacity loss, because more solid electrolyte interface film is formed. It seems that the best cyclic performance and the highest initial efficiency are paradoxical in the SnSb-carbon composite. Further surface modification should be conducted to obtain better electrode materials.
05•01571 Synthesis of derivatives of polythiophene and their application in an electrochromic device Nicho, M. E. et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2004, 82, ( t 2), 105-118. Poly(3-methylthiophene) (P3MT) and poly(3-octylthiophene) (P3OT) are conducting polymers with interesting optoelectronic properties and a wide variety of optoelectronic applications. In this work, 3octylthiophene was synthesized through a Grignard reactive and was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The morphology of electro-synthesized P3OT and P3MT thin films was analysed by atomic force microscopy and different film morphologies were found for different electrodeposition technique and the solution temperature. Optical absorbance spectra of the two types of films confirm the bipolaron band structure and a starting 7r-Tr* interband transition around 2 eV. Electrochromic performance of the polymers with both liquid and polymeric electrolytes showed a high switch potential for P3OT that for P3MT films. The kinetic optical response of a P3MT electrochromic device shows a good colour contrast and a capacitive current characteristic under a square electrical potential
05101572 Thermoeconomic analysis method for optimization of combined heat and power systems-part II Silveira, J. L. and Tuna, C. E. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2004, 30, (6), 673-678. In this paper, a thermo-economic functional analysis method based on the Second Law of Thermodynamics and applied to analyse four cogeneration systems is presented. The objective of the developed technique is to minimize the operating costs of the cogeneration plant, namely exergetic production cost (EPC), assuming fixed rates of electricity production and process steam in exergy base. In this study a comparison is made between the same four configurations of part I. The eogeneration system consisting of a gas turbine with a heat recovery steam generator, without supplementary firing, has the lowest EPC.
05101573 Three-dimensional analysis of transport and electrochemical reactions in polymer electrolyte fuel cells Urn, S. and Wang, C. Y. Journal of Power Sources, 2004, 125, (1), 4051. A computational fuel cell dynamics (CFCD) model is presented to elucidate three-dimensionai (3D) interactions between mass transport and electrochemical kinetics in polymer electrolyte fuel cells with straight and interdigitated flowfields, respectively. The model features a detailed membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) submodel in which water transport through the membrane with spatially variable transport properties and spatial variations of the reaction rate and ionic resistance through the catalyst layer are accounted for. Emphasis is placed on obtaining a basic understanding of how three-dimensional flow and transport phenomena in the air cathode impact the electrochemical process in both types of the flowfield. Fully threedimensional results of the flow structure, species profiles and current distribution are presented for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells with an interdigitated cathode flowfield. The model results indicate that forced convection induced by the interdigitated flowfield substantially improves mass transport of oxygen to, and water removal from, the catalyst layer, thus leading to a higher mass-transport limiting current density as compared to that of the straight flowfield.
Economics, policy, supplies, forecasts 05101574 A consumer portal at the junction of electricity, communications, and consumer energy services Gellings, C. W. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (9), 78-84. A portal could help close the gap between progress in microelectronics and the electric power delivery system by representing the convergence of communications with electricity. The result could be a new experience in managing energy use and assuring connectivity.
05101575 A price competition model for power and reserve market auctions Gan, D. et al. Shen, C. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 70, (3), 187-193. In a recent work, the authors formulated a price competition game model for modelling oligopolistic competition in a single-period electricity market auction. An assumption made in the study is that generator marginal costs are un-identical. This paper continues to study single-period auction games, with the assumption that generator marginal costs are identical. It was found that the later assumption facilitates a sharper result, which states that the market clearing price (CP) at equilibrium under tight capacity constraint is unique. This assumption also permits us to obtain simpler equilibrium characterization and mathematical proofs. Furthermore, the model was extended to study the auction game in which power and reserve are auctioned simultaneously. As an application, the market power indices were derived out of the suggested game-theoretic models.
05/01576 An approach for real power scheduling to improve system stability margins under normal and network contingencies Visakha, K. et al. Electric Power Systems Research, 2004, 71, (2), 109117. In the present day power system planning and operation, considerable interest is being shown in system security and stability analysis. Pattern of load sharing/generation scheduling that results in heavy flows tend to incur greater losses, threaten stability, security and ultimately making certain generation patterns undesirable. Generation schedules mainly based on economic criteria may lead to lower reserve margins and therefore diminished reliability is a serious concern for the systems. With increased loading of existing power transmission systems, the problem of voltage stability and voltage collapse has also become a major concern in power system planning and operation. While the voltage stability is more dependent on the reactive power sources/voltage profile in the system, it is also a function of real power flows. In this paper, network sensitivity between load voltages and source voltages to compute voltage stability index (L), is used as the basis to evaluate desirable load sharing for improving stability margins. The proposed method has been tested on typical sample systems and also on a practical 24-bus equivalent power system, and results are presented to illustrate the proposed approach.
05101577 Auctions for transmission capacity rights: the Empire Connection experience Salant, D. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 18, (1), 62-68. The Empire Connection plan to use existing rights of way provides an environmentally friendly means for constructing transmission capacity needed to serve New York city. An auction of transmission rights can only increase the competitiveness of downstate wholesale energy markets. Nevertheless, the project has encountered significant obstacles. That, and lumpiness of transmission projects, limit commercial investment incentives for such projects.
05•01578 Beyond market shares and cost-plus pricing: designing a horizontal market power mitigation framework for today's electricity markets Frayer, J. et al. The Electricity Journal, 2004, 17, (9), 41 60. Without proper market definition, any diagnostic tests for market power and market pricing safeguards could create more long-term harm than good. FERC needs to supplant its default market definition approach with a prescribed set of market definition techniques, then allow stakeholders to implement these techniques to define the relevant markets in which they participate.
05/01579 California electricity futures: the NYMEX experience Moulton, J. S. Energy Economies, 2005, 27, (1), 181-194. It would be easy to attribute the collapse of the futures market in California electricity to the alleged manipulations of over-the-counter traders. This paper provides evidence to the contrary. Findings reveal an active market that lost the specuiative and small investor interest, leaving hedgers to face hedgers in a volatile and less active arena.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
July 2005 235