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01970 The influence of NaOH on the stability of paraffinic crude oil emulsion
02 Liquid fuels (economics, business, marketing, policy) of the loss was due to aliphatic constituents. U n d e r anoxic nitrate reducing conditions the rate and extent of d e g r a d a t i o n was significantly lower, i.e., 18% over 50 days. Salt acclimatized cultures could tolerate salinities up to 3.5% and d e m o n s t r a t e d optimal performance at a salinity of 0.5%. The o p t i m u m N/P ratio for these cultures was found to be in the range of 2:1 5:1. A d d i t i o n of two trace e l e m e n t a l substance formulations exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on culture growth. This culture has good p o t e n t i a l for d e c o n t a m i n a t i o n of oil-contamin a t e d m a r i n e and subsurface environments.
05•01965 Determination of copper, iron, nickel and zinc in gasoline by FAAS after sorption and preconcentration on silica modified with 2-aminotiazole groups Roldan, P. S. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (2 3), 305 309. Silica gel chemically modified with 2-aminotiazole groups (SiAT), was used for preconcentration of cupper, zinc, nickel and iron from gasoline, normally used as a engine fuel. Surface characteristics and surface area of the silica gel were obtained before and after chemical modification using FT-IR, Kjeldhal and surface area analysis (BET). The retention and recovery of the analyte elements were studied by applying batch and column techniques. The e x p e r i m e n t a l parameters, such as shaking time in batch technique, flow rate and concentration of the e l u e n t (HC1 0.25 2.00 mol 1 ~) and the a m o u n t of silica, on retention and elution, have been investigated. Detection limits of the m e t h o d for copper, iron, nickel and zinc are 0.8, 3, 2 and 0.1 ~ag 1 1 respectively. The sorption desorption of the studied metal ions m a d e possible the d e v e l o p m e n t of a p r e c o n c e n t r a t i o n m e t h o d for m e t a l ions at trace level in gasoline using flame A A S for their quantification.
05/01966 Effects of viscous dissipation on the heat transfer in forced pipe flow. Part 1: both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow Aydin, O. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46, (5), 757 769. In this study, an analysis of laminar forced convection in a pipe for a Newtonian fluid with constant properties is performed by taking the viscous dissipation into account. This part of the study, Part 1, examines both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow. Two different t h e r m a l b o u n d a r y conditions are considered: constant heat flux and constant wall temperature. E i t h e r wall heating (the fluid is heated) or wall cooling (the fluid is cooled) is considered. The t e m p e r a t u r e distribution and Nusselt numbers are analytically determined as a function of the B r i n k m a n number.
05•01967 Impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels Anastopoulos, G. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (2 4), 415 426. This p a p e r presents the impact of oxygen and nitrogen c o m p o u n d s on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels. It discusses the most recent results, concerning the influence of adding low amounts of four specific types of biodiesel, five aliphatic amines, two tertiarty amides, 10 mono-carboxylic acid esters, three acetoacetates and seven esters of di-carboxylic acids on the tribological behaviour of the steelon-steel systems, lubricated with low sulfur automotive diesel fuel. E x p e r i m e n t s were carried out on the H F R R (high frequency reciprocating rig). The obtained wear results showed that all the various classes of additives improved fuel lubricity.
05•01969 Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure Pickett, L. M. and Siebers, D. L. Combustion and Flame, 2004, 138, (1 2), 114 135. M e a s u r e m e n t s of soot distributions in fuel jets injected into hightemperature, high-pressure diesel-like operating conditions were made in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel. A laserextinction technique was used to m a k e quantitative m e a s u r e m e n t s of path-length-averaged soot volume fraction. F l a m e luminosity and planar laser-induced incandescence imaging were used to visualize the sooting region of the fuel jet. Flame lift-off lengths were also m e a s u r e d and used in the interpretation and analysis of the soot m e a s u r e m e n t s . Fuel was injected with a common-rail diesel fuel injector e q u i p p e d with a single 100-~am-diameter orifice. The fuel used was # 2 diesel fuel. The matrix of e x p e r i m e n t a l conditions included a m b i e n t gas t e m p e r a t u r e s from 850 to 1300 K, a m b i e n t gas densities from 7.3 to 30.0 kg/m 3, and injection pressures from 43 to 184 MPa. The results show that peak soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing a m b i e n t gas temperature, with the increase scaling linearly with temperature. However, near the tip of the flame, the soot levels decrease with increasing ambient t e m p e r a t u r e , indicating significantly higher soot oxidation rates in the flame-tip region at higher temperatures. The results also show that the p e a k soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing a m b i e n t gas density and decreasing injection pressure. The increase with increasing a m b i e n t density is nonlinear with respect to density. The increase with decreasing injection pressure is linear with decreasing injection velocity (or the square root of the pressure drop across the injector orifice). Overall, the trends observed in diesel fuel jet soot closely correlate with the cross-sectional average equivalence ratio at the lift-off length, with soot levels decreasing as the equivalence ratio decreases (i.e. as more air e n t r a i n m e n t and mixing of fuel and air occur u p s t r e a m of the lift-off length).
05•01970 The influence of NaOH on the stability of paraffinic crude oil emulsion Li, M. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (2 3), 183 187. The alkaline surfactant polymer flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali c o m p o n e n t to enhance oil recovery at the on shore oil fields at D a q i n g in China has b r o u g h t new problems for the oil industry. Even though, the reservoir contained paraffinic crude oil, the alkali a d d e d formed stable water-in-crude oil emulsion and de-emulsification process was necessary to separate oil and water. The problems related in the enhanced oil recovery process using the alkaline s u r f a c t a n ~ polymer flooding technique in the D a q i n g oil field have been investigated in the laboratory using fractions of D a q i n g crude oil. The oil was separated into asphaltene and aliphatic fractions and then used in an additive free jet oil to form m o d e l oils. The emulsion stability of each of the water-in-model oil emulsions formed between water or 0.6% sodium hydroxide solution and m o d e l oil was investigated. The interracial properties such as interracial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured. These in combination with the chemical nature of the fractions were used to get insight into the problem related to the ASP flooding technique using sodium hydroxide as the alkaline component. The study reveals that the sodium hydroxide solution reacts with fatty acids in the aliphatic fraction of the crude oil and/or with the fatty acids formed from the slow oxidation of long chain hydrocarbons, and form soap like interfacially active components. These accumulate at the crude oil water interface and contribute to the stability of the oil/water emulsion.
05•01968 Prediction of flow-induced excitation in a pipe conveying fluid Sinha, J. K. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2005, 235, (5), 627 636. E x p e r i m e n t a l l y it is evident that the nature of the flow-induced excitation in a pipe conveying fluid is a b r o a d b a n d frequency excitation. It is also observed that the a m p l i t u d e of excitation decreases with increase in frequency. However, there is no m e t h o d to estimate such forces. The m e a s u r e m e n t of excitation force all along the length of a pipe using the pressure transducers may be difficult or perhaps impossible. A n o t h e r possibility is to measure the structural responses using vibration transducers all along the pipe length and then estimate the flow-induced excitation forces (both a m p l i t u d e and phase) using a finite e l e m e n t (FE) model of the pipe. However, the m e a s u r e d degree of freedoms (dofs) are always much smaller than the dofs in F E model, hence a m e t h o d has been developed that uses non-linear optimization m e t h o d involving the limited m e a s u r e d responses together with F E m o d e l to predict the excitation forces (both a m p l i t u d e and phase) acting all along the pipe conveying fluid. The predicted excitation forces can then be used to perform safety related study by assessing the pipe responses at any location w h e t h e r accessible or not. The theory of the proposed m e t h o d and its validation has been p r e s e n t e d in the p a p e r through a long straight pipe conveying fluid. Typical applications of the proposed m e t h o d are also discussed.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 05•01971 A diversified portfolio: joint management of nonrenewable and renewable resources offshore Fernandez, L. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (1), 65 82. Most resource models and resource policies address non-renewable and renewable resources separately for optimal m a n a g e m e n t . A stochastic control m o d e l is developed that includes ecological and economic uncertainty for jointly m a n a g i n g both types of natural resources. The m o d e l is applied to analyse options for offshore oil platforms with data from California. M o d e l c o m p o n e n t s include fisheries benefits, m a i n t e n a n c e and extraction costs, d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g costs, and the m a r k e t value of oil. N u m e r i c a l sensitivity analysis helps d e t e r m i n e how these c o m p o n e n t s affect the options of removing and salvaging the platform, continuing diversified resource production or delaying extraction activity.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
293
05•01965 Determination of copper, iron, nickel and zinc in gasoline by FAAS after sorption and preconcentration on silica modified with 2-aminotiazole groups Roldan, P. S. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (2 3), 305 309. Silica gel chemically modified with 2-aminotiazole groups (SiAT), was used for preconcentration of cupper, zinc, nickel and iron from gasoline, normally used as a engine fuel. Surface characteristics and surface area of the silica gel were obtained before and after chemical modification using FT-IR, Kjeldhal and surface area analysis (BET). The retention and recovery of the analyte elements were studied by applying batch and column techniques. The e x p e r i m e n t a l parameters, such as shaking time in batch technique, flow rate and concentration of the e l u e n t (HC1 0.25 2.00 mol 1 ~) and the a m o u n t of silica, on retention and elution, have been investigated. Detection limits of the m e t h o d for copper, iron, nickel and zinc are 0.8, 3, 2 and 0.1 ~ag 1 1 respectively. The sorption desorption of the studied metal ions m a d e possible the d e v e l o p m e n t of a p r e c o n c e n t r a t i o n m e t h o d for m e t a l ions at trace level in gasoline using flame A A S for their quantification.
05/01966 Effects of viscous dissipation on the heat transfer in forced pipe flow. Part 1: both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow Aydin, O. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46, (5), 757 769. In this study, an analysis of laminar forced convection in a pipe for a Newtonian fluid with constant properties is performed by taking the viscous dissipation into account. This part of the study, Part 1, examines both hydrodynamically and thermally fully developed flow. Two different t h e r m a l b o u n d a r y conditions are considered: constant heat flux and constant wall temperature. E i t h e r wall heating (the fluid is heated) or wall cooling (the fluid is cooled) is considered. The t e m p e r a t u r e distribution and Nusselt numbers are analytically determined as a function of the B r i n k m a n number.
05•01967 Impact of oxygen and nitrogen compounds on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels Anastopoulos, G. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (2 4), 415 426. This p a p e r presents the impact of oxygen and nitrogen c o m p o u n d s on the lubrication properties of low sulfur diesel fuels. It discusses the most recent results, concerning the influence of adding low amounts of four specific types of biodiesel, five aliphatic amines, two tertiarty amides, 10 mono-carboxylic acid esters, three acetoacetates and seven esters of di-carboxylic acids on the tribological behaviour of the steelon-steel systems, lubricated with low sulfur automotive diesel fuel. E x p e r i m e n t s were carried out on the H F R R (high frequency reciprocating rig). The obtained wear results showed that all the various classes of additives improved fuel lubricity.
05•01969 Soot in diesel fuel jets: effects of ambient temperature, ambient density, and injection pressure Pickett, L. M. and Siebers, D. L. Combustion and Flame, 2004, 138, (1 2), 114 135. M e a s u r e m e n t s of soot distributions in fuel jets injected into hightemperature, high-pressure diesel-like operating conditions were made in an optically accessible constant-volume combustion vessel. A laserextinction technique was used to m a k e quantitative m e a s u r e m e n t s of path-length-averaged soot volume fraction. F l a m e luminosity and planar laser-induced incandescence imaging were used to visualize the sooting region of the fuel jet. Flame lift-off lengths were also m e a s u r e d and used in the interpretation and analysis of the soot m e a s u r e m e n t s . Fuel was injected with a common-rail diesel fuel injector e q u i p p e d with a single 100-~am-diameter orifice. The fuel used was # 2 diesel fuel. The matrix of e x p e r i m e n t a l conditions included a m b i e n t gas t e m p e r a t u r e s from 850 to 1300 K, a m b i e n t gas densities from 7.3 to 30.0 kg/m 3, and injection pressures from 43 to 184 MPa. The results show that peak soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing a m b i e n t gas temperature, with the increase scaling linearly with temperature. However, near the tip of the flame, the soot levels decrease with increasing ambient t e m p e r a t u r e , indicating significantly higher soot oxidation rates in the flame-tip region at higher temperatures. The results also show that the p e a k soot level in a fuel jet increases with increasing a m b i e n t gas density and decreasing injection pressure. The increase with increasing a m b i e n t density is nonlinear with respect to density. The increase with decreasing injection pressure is linear with decreasing injection velocity (or the square root of the pressure drop across the injector orifice). Overall, the trends observed in diesel fuel jet soot closely correlate with the cross-sectional average equivalence ratio at the lift-off length, with soot levels decreasing as the equivalence ratio decreases (i.e. as more air e n t r a i n m e n t and mixing of fuel and air occur u p s t r e a m of the lift-off length).
05•01970 The influence of NaOH on the stability of paraffinic crude oil emulsion Li, M. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (2 3), 183 187. The alkaline surfactant polymer flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali c o m p o n e n t to enhance oil recovery at the on shore oil fields at D a q i n g in China has b r o u g h t new problems for the oil industry. Even though, the reservoir contained paraffinic crude oil, the alkali a d d e d formed stable water-in-crude oil emulsion and de-emulsification process was necessary to separate oil and water. The problems related in the enhanced oil recovery process using the alkaline s u r f a c t a n ~ polymer flooding technique in the D a q i n g oil field have been investigated in the laboratory using fractions of D a q i n g crude oil. The oil was separated into asphaltene and aliphatic fractions and then used in an additive free jet oil to form m o d e l oils. The emulsion stability of each of the water-in-model oil emulsions formed between water or 0.6% sodium hydroxide solution and m o d e l oil was investigated. The interracial properties such as interracial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured. These in combination with the chemical nature of the fractions were used to get insight into the problem related to the ASP flooding technique using sodium hydroxide as the alkaline component. The study reveals that the sodium hydroxide solution reacts with fatty acids in the aliphatic fraction of the crude oil and/or with the fatty acids formed from the slow oxidation of long chain hydrocarbons, and form soap like interfacially active components. These accumulate at the crude oil water interface and contribute to the stability of the oil/water emulsion.
05•01968 Prediction of flow-induced excitation in a pipe conveying fluid Sinha, J. K. et al. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2005, 235, (5), 627 636. E x p e r i m e n t a l l y it is evident that the nature of the flow-induced excitation in a pipe conveying fluid is a b r o a d b a n d frequency excitation. It is also observed that the a m p l i t u d e of excitation decreases with increase in frequency. However, there is no m e t h o d to estimate such forces. The m e a s u r e m e n t of excitation force all along the length of a pipe using the pressure transducers may be difficult or perhaps impossible. A n o t h e r possibility is to measure the structural responses using vibration transducers all along the pipe length and then estimate the flow-induced excitation forces (both a m p l i t u d e and phase) using a finite e l e m e n t (FE) model of the pipe. However, the m e a s u r e d degree of freedoms (dofs) are always much smaller than the dofs in F E model, hence a m e t h o d has been developed that uses non-linear optimization m e t h o d involving the limited m e a s u r e d responses together with F E m o d e l to predict the excitation forces (both a m p l i t u d e and phase) acting all along the pipe conveying fluid. The predicted excitation forces can then be used to perform safety related study by assessing the pipe responses at any location w h e t h e r accessible or not. The theory of the proposed m e t h o d and its validation has been p r e s e n t e d in the p a p e r through a long straight pipe conveying fluid. Typical applications of the proposed m e t h o d are also discussed.
Economics, business, marketing, policy 05•01971 A diversified portfolio: joint management of nonrenewable and renewable resources offshore Fernandez, L. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (1), 65 82. Most resource models and resource policies address non-renewable and renewable resources separately for optimal m a n a g e m e n t . A stochastic control m o d e l is developed that includes ecological and economic uncertainty for jointly m a n a g i n g both types of natural resources. The m o d e l is applied to analyse options for offshore oil platforms with data from California. M o d e l c o m p o n e n t s include fisheries benefits, m a i n t e n a n c e and extraction costs, d e c o m m i s s i o n i n g costs, and the m a r k e t value of oil. N u m e r i c a l sensitivity analysis helps d e t e r m i n e how these c o m p o n e n t s affect the options of removing and salvaging the platform, continuing diversified resource production or delaying extraction activity.
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
September 2005
293