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02457 The effects of dispersants (PSS-NSF) used in coal-water slurries on the grindability of coals of different structures
03 Gaseous fuels (sources, properties, recovery, treatment)
Derived liquid fuels 05/02452 Correlation between feedstock SARA components and FCC product yields Xu, C. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (6), 669-674. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Gudao, Dagang and Huabei vacuum residua were subjected to deep solvent fractionation by using the supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation, a novel separation technology recently developed by the State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing. Each residuum was fraetionated to produce deasphalted oil (DAO) at four yield levels: 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt%. The saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) composition of each D A O sample was determined, indicating that the saturates and aromatic contents of DAO decreases with increased D A O yield. The DAO samples were reacted in a laboratory scale confined fiuidized bed, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reactor. The results show that most of the gasoline yields originates from the saturate fraction of DAO. The aromatics fraction of DAO contributes to gasoline and diesel yields. Most of the coke yield is from resin fraction of DAO. Generalized empirical correlations were developed for predicting the FCC gasoline, diesel, light oil and coke yields as a function of feedstock SARA composition. These yield correlations can be used to set the upper limit of feedstock resins content for commercial FCC operations. The implications of feedstock properties on FCC products were discussed.
05•02453 Engine and winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel ~etinkaya, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46, (78), 1279-1291. Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel that can be used in Diesel engines with little or no modification. Low cost feedstocks, such as waste oils, used cooking oil and animal fats, are important for low cost biodiesel production. The objective of this study was to investigate the engine performance and the road performance of biodiesel fuel originated from used cooking oil in a Renault M6gane automobile and four stroke, four cylinder, F9Q732 code and 75 kW Renault Mdgane Diesel engine in winter conditions for 7500 km road tests in urban and long distance traffic. The results were compared to those of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The results indicated that the torque and brake power output obtained during the used cooking oil originated biodiesel application were 3-5% less then those of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The engine exhaust gas temperature at each engine speed of biodiesel was iess than that of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The injection pressures of both fuels were similar. Higher values of exhaust pressures were found for No. 2 Diesel fuel at each engine speed. As a result of the No. 2 Diesel fuel application, the engine injectors were normally carbonized. After the first period, as a result of winter conditions and insufficient combustion, carbonization of the injectors was observed with biodiesel usage. As a result of the second period, since the viscosity of the biodiesel was decreased, the injectors were observed to be cleaner. Also, no carbonization was observed on the surface of the cylinders and piston heads. The catalytic converter was plugged because of the viscosity in the first period. At the second period, no problem was observed with the catalytic converter.
05•02454
Naphtha derived from polyolefins
Metecan, I. H. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (5), 619-628. Conversion of polyolefins (HDPE, LDPE and PP) into feedstock naphtha was investigated by hydroliquefaction process. Hydroliquefaction experiments were carried out under cold hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa at the temperatures between 375 and 450°C in absence and presence of catalyst. Two types commercial catalysts were used, a hydrocracking catalyst (DHC-8) and a hydrogenation catalyst (HYDROBON). The effect of temperature and catalyst type on product yields and composition of gas and liquid products was investigated. The temperature was the main effect in hydroliquefaction. DHC-8 showed good cracking activity, but it gave the liquid product containing high olefin content same as thermal run. Although H Y D R O B O N catalyst produced the sufficient amount of liquid (and naphtha fraction) at the higher temperature, it gave the liquid product with very low olefin content. The naphtha fractions obtained from polyolefins under the optimal hydrocracking conditions were analysed by PIONA instrument to determine the hydrocarbon groups. PIONA analysis showed that the naphtha obtained from hydroliquefaction over H Y D R O B O N catalyst could be used as a petrochemical feedstock. However, the naphtha obtained in presence of DHC-8 catalyst, which was to be used a feedstock, needed further hydrogenation treatment.
05•02455 Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and co-solvent Cao, W. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (4), 347-351.
362
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2005
Transesterification of soybean oil in supercritical methanol has been carried out in the absence of catalyst. A co-solvent was added to the reaction mixture in order to decrease the operating temperature, pressure and molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil. With propane as co-solvent in the reaction system, there was a significant decrease in the severity of the conditions required for supercritical reaction, which makes the production of biodiesel using supercritical methanol viable as an industrial process. A high yield of methyl esters (biodiesel) was observed and the production process is environmentally friendly. Furthermore the co-solvent can be reused after suitable pretreatment.
05•02456 Separation and characterization of foulant material in coker gas oils from Athabasca bitumen Xu, Z. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (6), 661-668. Gas oil streams from the upgrading of oilsands bitumen contain toluene insoluble, gummy, solid foulants that cause process problems by plugging hydrotreater feed filters and catalyst beds. From a process optimization standpoint, it is of considerable interest to determine the exact origin and nature of this material in order to design remedial measures. The authors selected coker heavy gas oil (KI-IGO) from bitumen upgrading as the primary test material for this work but also include samples from other parts of the process. Typically, solids content of gas oils are determined by a filtration method. For the K H G O sample used here, this approach yielded a value of 45 ppm. The authors also compared solids content using ultra- and low-speed centrifugation techniques. With toluene as the diluent, both of these centrifugation methods gave virtually the same toluene insolubles (TI) value, i.e. 24 and 23 ppm, respectively. For paraffinic diluents the measured TI contents ranged from about 50 to 200 ppm. The results demonstrate that KHGO may contain significant amounts of TI not measured by conventional filtration. Characterization of gas oil TI from different sampling points in the bitumen upgrading circuit showed that it is a nitrogen and oxygen rich organic material, associated with minor amounts of inorganic elements representative of ash-forming iron minerals and alumino-silicate clay. The most likely source for this intractable toluene insoluble fraction appears to be a low molecular weight pyrrollic species present in heavy gas oil. Such compounds are easily oxidized to produce insoluble polymers that can interact with inorganic minerals and metals, producing gummy material capable of blinding filters.
05•02457 The effects of dispersants (PSS-NSF) used in coal-water slurries on the grindability of coals of different structures Atesok, G. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84~ (7-8), 801-808. The effects of PSS (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) and NSF (naphtalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate) chemicals used to control the pulp rheology, on the grindability of coals were studied. Zonguldak region bituminous coal and Istanbul region brown coal samples, which have different structures, were used in the test work. Wet grinding tests with two coal samples were performed with and without PSS and NSF under constant grinding conditions; the solid ratios ranged from 50 to 60% with 0-60 rain grinding periods. The grinding conditions in the preparation of coal-water slurries were improved by the use of the dispersing agents PSS and NSF and viscosity values much less than 1000 mPa were obtained. Under the optimum concentrations (0.3 and 0.7% to mass of coal) attainable in the presence of PSS and NSF, it was observed that the conservation of energy would be 70% with coal from Zonguldak and 60% with that from Istanbul if PSS were present in the grinding medium. On the other hand, the values obtained in the presence of NSF were 45 and 47%, respectively.
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources, properties, recovery, treatment
05•02458 Study on methane aromatization over MoOJHMCM-49 catalyst Wang, D. Y. et al. Catalysis Today, 2004, 93-95, 75-80. Nanosize MCM-49 zeolite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and it was used as the support of MoO~/zeolite catalysts for methane aromatization in the absence of oxidant under various reaction conditions. After the preparation method of catalysts and reaction conditions were optimized, high benzene selectivity of around 90% were obtained with a yield of more than 10% at 973 K over the 6 wt.% Mo/HMCM-49 catalyst and the catalyst can keep the activity for more than 150 h through several simple calcination in air to remove
Derived liquid fuels 05/02452 Correlation between feedstock SARA components and FCC product yields Xu, C. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (6), 669-674. Daqing, Shengli, Liaohe, Gudao, Dagang and Huabei vacuum residua were subjected to deep solvent fractionation by using the supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation, a novel separation technology recently developed by the State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing. Each residuum was fraetionated to produce deasphalted oil (DAO) at four yield levels: 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt%. The saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes (SARA) composition of each D A O sample was determined, indicating that the saturates and aromatic contents of DAO decreases with increased D A O yield. The DAO samples were reacted in a laboratory scale confined fiuidized bed, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reactor. The results show that most of the gasoline yields originates from the saturate fraction of DAO. The aromatics fraction of DAO contributes to gasoline and diesel yields. Most of the coke yield is from resin fraction of DAO. Generalized empirical correlations were developed for predicting the FCC gasoline, diesel, light oil and coke yields as a function of feedstock SARA composition. These yield correlations can be used to set the upper limit of feedstock resins content for commercial FCC operations. The implications of feedstock properties on FCC products were discussed.
05•02453 Engine and winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel ~etinkaya, M. et al. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46, (78), 1279-1291. Biodiesel is a renewable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel that can be used in Diesel engines with little or no modification. Low cost feedstocks, such as waste oils, used cooking oil and animal fats, are important for low cost biodiesel production. The objective of this study was to investigate the engine performance and the road performance of biodiesel fuel originated from used cooking oil in a Renault M6gane automobile and four stroke, four cylinder, F9Q732 code and 75 kW Renault Mdgane Diesel engine in winter conditions for 7500 km road tests in urban and long distance traffic. The results were compared to those of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The results indicated that the torque and brake power output obtained during the used cooking oil originated biodiesel application were 3-5% less then those of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The engine exhaust gas temperature at each engine speed of biodiesel was iess than that of No. 2 Diesel fuel. The injection pressures of both fuels were similar. Higher values of exhaust pressures were found for No. 2 Diesel fuel at each engine speed. As a result of the No. 2 Diesel fuel application, the engine injectors were normally carbonized. After the first period, as a result of winter conditions and insufficient combustion, carbonization of the injectors was observed with biodiesel usage. As a result of the second period, since the viscosity of the biodiesel was decreased, the injectors were observed to be cleaner. Also, no carbonization was observed on the surface of the cylinders and piston heads. The catalytic converter was plugged because of the viscosity in the first period. At the second period, no problem was observed with the catalytic converter.
05•02454
Naphtha derived from polyolefins
Metecan, I. H. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (5), 619-628. Conversion of polyolefins (HDPE, LDPE and PP) into feedstock naphtha was investigated by hydroliquefaction process. Hydroliquefaction experiments were carried out under cold hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa at the temperatures between 375 and 450°C in absence and presence of catalyst. Two types commercial catalysts were used, a hydrocracking catalyst (DHC-8) and a hydrogenation catalyst (HYDROBON). The effect of temperature and catalyst type on product yields and composition of gas and liquid products was investigated. The temperature was the main effect in hydroliquefaction. DHC-8 showed good cracking activity, but it gave the liquid product containing high olefin content same as thermal run. Although H Y D R O B O N catalyst produced the sufficient amount of liquid (and naphtha fraction) at the higher temperature, it gave the liquid product with very low olefin content. The naphtha fractions obtained from polyolefins under the optimal hydrocracking conditions were analysed by PIONA instrument to determine the hydrocarbon groups. PIONA analysis showed that the naphtha obtained from hydroliquefaction over H Y D R O B O N catalyst could be used as a petrochemical feedstock. However, the naphtha obtained in presence of DHC-8 catalyst, which was to be used a feedstock, needed further hydrogenation treatment.
05•02455 Preparation of biodiesel from soybean oil using supercritical methanol and co-solvent Cao, W. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (4), 347-351.
362
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2005
Transesterification of soybean oil in supercritical methanol has been carried out in the absence of catalyst. A co-solvent was added to the reaction mixture in order to decrease the operating temperature, pressure and molar ratio of alcohol to vegetable oil. With propane as co-solvent in the reaction system, there was a significant decrease in the severity of the conditions required for supercritical reaction, which makes the production of biodiesel using supercritical methanol viable as an industrial process. A high yield of methyl esters (biodiesel) was observed and the production process is environmentally friendly. Furthermore the co-solvent can be reused after suitable pretreatment.
05•02456 Separation and characterization of foulant material in coker gas oils from Athabasca bitumen Xu, Z. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (6), 661-668. Gas oil streams from the upgrading of oilsands bitumen contain toluene insoluble, gummy, solid foulants that cause process problems by plugging hydrotreater feed filters and catalyst beds. From a process optimization standpoint, it is of considerable interest to determine the exact origin and nature of this material in order to design remedial measures. The authors selected coker heavy gas oil (KI-IGO) from bitumen upgrading as the primary test material for this work but also include samples from other parts of the process. Typically, solids content of gas oils are determined by a filtration method. For the K H G O sample used here, this approach yielded a value of 45 ppm. The authors also compared solids content using ultra- and low-speed centrifugation techniques. With toluene as the diluent, both of these centrifugation methods gave virtually the same toluene insolubles (TI) value, i.e. 24 and 23 ppm, respectively. For paraffinic diluents the measured TI contents ranged from about 50 to 200 ppm. The results demonstrate that KHGO may contain significant amounts of TI not measured by conventional filtration. Characterization of gas oil TI from different sampling points in the bitumen upgrading circuit showed that it is a nitrogen and oxygen rich organic material, associated with minor amounts of inorganic elements representative of ash-forming iron minerals and alumino-silicate clay. The most likely source for this intractable toluene insoluble fraction appears to be a low molecular weight pyrrollic species present in heavy gas oil. Such compounds are easily oxidized to produce insoluble polymers that can interact with inorganic minerals and metals, producing gummy material capable of blinding filters.
05•02457 The effects of dispersants (PSS-NSF) used in coal-water slurries on the grindability of coals of different structures Atesok, G. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84~ (7-8), 801-808. The effects of PSS (sodium polystyrene sulfonate) and NSF (naphtalene sulfonate formaldehyde condensate) chemicals used to control the pulp rheology, on the grindability of coals were studied. Zonguldak region bituminous coal and Istanbul region brown coal samples, which have different structures, were used in the test work. Wet grinding tests with two coal samples were performed with and without PSS and NSF under constant grinding conditions; the solid ratios ranged from 50 to 60% with 0-60 rain grinding periods. The grinding conditions in the preparation of coal-water slurries were improved by the use of the dispersing agents PSS and NSF and viscosity values much less than 1000 mPa were obtained. Under the optimum concentrations (0.3 and 0.7% to mass of coal) attainable in the presence of PSS and NSF, it was observed that the conservation of energy would be 70% with coal from Zonguldak and 60% with that from Istanbul if PSS were present in the grinding medium. On the other hand, the values obtained in the presence of NSF were 45 and 47%, respectively.
03
GASEOUS FUELS Sources, properties, recovery, treatment
05•02458 Study on methane aromatization over MoOJHMCM-49 catalyst Wang, D. Y. et al. Catalysis Today, 2004, 93-95, 75-80. Nanosize MCM-49 zeolite was synthesized by the hydrothermal method, and it was used as the support of MoO~/zeolite catalysts for methane aromatization in the absence of oxidant under various reaction conditions. After the preparation method of catalysts and reaction conditions were optimized, high benzene selectivity of around 90% were obtained with a yield of more than 10% at 973 K over the 6 wt.% Mo/HMCM-49 catalyst and the catalyst can keep the activity for more than 150 h through several simple calcination in air to remove