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02806 The decrease of CO2 emission intensity is decarbonization at national and global levels
16 Fuel science and technology (fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation) tration up to 70% (v/v), CO2 enriched air flow rate, temperature and pH value. The results indicated the feasibility of the ZY-1 strain for fixing CO2 from stack gases.
05•02801 Modeling the formation of precursors of dioxins during combustion of woody fuel volatiles Lavric, E. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (4), 323-334. The emissions of potychlorinated-p-dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) from waste combustion show a close correlation with the emissions of chlorinated benzenes or phenols, which could therefore be used as indicators for easier, faster and cheaper prediction of the potential dioxin emission levels. Using contemporary analytical methods, the emissions of, e.g. monochlorobenzene can be measured on-line and predictions could be made via a suitable mathematical model describing the link between these precursors and dioxins. Modelling the formation of the precursors could therefore provide an indirect possibility for the prediction of dioxins' formation and subsequent optimization of the combustion process characteristics. A detailed combustion mechanism consisting of 3678 gas-phase reactions between 755 species including chlorine chemistry has been developed. The influence of temperature, reaction time, equivalence ratio and chlorine concentration on monochlorobenzene and monochlorophenols formation was tested for batch and well-stirred reactors. The impact of good mixing conditions, appropriate level of oxygen, chlorine contents and temperature regime on the formation of precursors of dioxins is emphasized.
05102802 Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets-economy wide versus technology specific approaches Sanddn, B. and Azar, C. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (12), 1557-1576. The aim of this paper is to offer suggestions when it comes to nearterm technology policies for long-term climate targets based on some insights into the nature of technical change. The authors make a distinction between economy wide and technology specific policy instruments and put forward two key hypotheses. (i) Near-term carbon targets such as the Kyoto protocol can be met by economy wide price instruments (carbon taxes, or a cap-and-trade system) changing the technologies we pick from the shelf (higher energy efficiency in cars, buildings and industry, wind, biomass for heat and electricity, natural gas instead of coal, solar thermal, etc.). (ii) Technology specific policies are needed to bring new technologies to the shelf. Without these new technologies, stricter emission reduction targets may be considered impossible to meet by the government, industry and the general public, and therefore not adopted. The policies required to bring these more advanced technologies to the shelf are more complex and include increased public research and development, demonstration, niche market creation, support for networks within the new industries, standard settings and infrastructure policies (e.g. when it comes to hydrogen distribution). There is a risk that the society in its quest for cost-efficiency in meeting near-term emissions targets, becomes blindfolded when it comes to the more difficult, but equally important issue of bringing more advanced technologies to the shelf. The paper presents mechanisms that cause technology look in, how these very mechanisms can be used to get out of the current 'carbon lock-in' and the risk with premature lock-ins into new technologies that do not deliver what they currently promise. The authors then review certain climate policy proposals with regards to their expected technology impact, and finally present a let-a-hundred-flowers-bloom strategy for the next couple of decades.
05/02803 Polluting non-renewable resources, innovation and growth: welfare and environmental policy Grimaud, A. and Roug6, L. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (2), 109-129. This study analyses the impact of the pollution generated by the use of non-renewable resources on the standard results of growth models. In this context, the authors obtain a Hotefling rule that is not a pure efficiency condition any longer. Subsequently, it is shown that some of the optimal paths' standard properties change: in particular, an increase in the households' psychological discount rate leads to a slower extraction of the resource. Moreover, the authors present a simple endogenous growth model that allows the study of the effects of an environmental policy aimed at correcting the distortion introduced at the equilibrium. It is shown that the tax level does not matter, and that a decreasing tax on the resource use yields the optimum.
05•02804 Stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions: assessing the intergenerational costs and benefits of the Kyoto Protocol Kavuncu, Y. O. and Knabb, S. D. Energy Economies, 2005, 27, (3), 369 386. The costs and benefits current and future generations incur as the result of climate change or an environmental control policy are often confounded with other objectives, such as, generational discounting or
optimal policy design. This paper uses a consumption equivalent measure to simulate the loss or gain of consumption independent of these confounding objectives. The findings suggest that the costs associated with an emissions stabilization programme are relatively large for current generations and continue to increase over the next 100 years.
05102805 The costs of mitigating carbon emissions in China: findings from China MARKAL-MACRO modeling Chert, W. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (7), 885-896. In this paper M A R K A L - M A C R O , an integrated energy-environmenteconomy model, is used to generate China's reference scenario for future energy development and carbon emission through the year 2050. The results show that with great efforts on structure adjustment, energy efficiency improvement and energy substitution, China's primary energy consumption is expected to be 4818 Mtce and carbon emission 2394 MtC by 2050 with annual decrease rate of 3% for the carbon intensity per GDP during the period 2000-2050. On the basis of this reference scenario, China's marginal abatement cost curves of carbon for the year 2010, 2020 and 2030 are derived from the model, and the impacts of carbon emission abatement on GDP are also simulated. The results are compared with those from other sources. The research shows that the marginal abatement costs vary from 12US$/tC to 216US$/tC and the rates of GDP losses relative to reference range from 0.1% to 2.54% for the reduction rates between 5% and 45%. Both the marginal abatement costs and the rates of GDP losses further enlarge on condition that the maximum capacity of nuclear power is constrained to 240 GW or 160 GW by 2050. The paper concludes that China's costs of carbon abatement is rather high in case of carbon emissions are further cut beyond the reference scenario, and China's carbon abatement room is limited due to her coal-dominant energy resource characteristic. As economic development still remains the priority and per capita income as well as per capita carbon emission are far below the world average, it will be more realistic for China to make continuous contributions to combating global climate change by implementing sustainable development strategy domestically and playing an active role in the international carbon mitigation cooperation mechanisms rather than accepting a carbon emission ceiling.
05102806 The decrease of CO~ emission intensity is decarbonization at national and global levels Sun, J. W. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (8), 975-978. This viewpoint proposes the definition: 'Decarbonization refers to a decrease of COz emission intensity in a trend'. This viewpoint then argues that an analysis of decarbonization at national and global levels based on that definition would lead to the correct calculation of decarbonization.
16
FUEL SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
05102807 A microscopic formulation of condensation coefficient and interface transport phenomena Tsuruta, T. and Nagayama, G. Energy, 2005, 30, (6), 795-805. The authors are proposing a new formulation on the condensation coefficient of vapour molecule at liquid-vapour interface based on molecular dynamics (MD) studies and transition state theory. The equation is a function of translation energy of incident vapour molecule and surface temperature, which indicates that the condensation probability is not uniform for all incident molecules but is dependent on the kinetic situation during the interaction between vapour and surface molecules. Considering behaviours of evaporating and reflecting molecules at the liquid surface as well as the condensing probability, the velocity distributions of the evaporating and the reflecting molecules have been expressed with use of the condensation coefficient. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) analysis shows that the dependence of the condensation coefficient on translation energy plays an important role in the temperature profiles. The transition state theory gives us the theoretical expression of the condensation coefficient and it is found that MD data for argon, water and methanol agree very well with the theoretical expression. But the
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2005
407
05•02801 Modeling the formation of precursors of dioxins during combustion of woody fuel volatiles Lavric, E. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (4), 323-334. The emissions of potychlorinated-p-dibenzodioxins (PCDD) and dibenzofurans (PCDF) from waste combustion show a close correlation with the emissions of chlorinated benzenes or phenols, which could therefore be used as indicators for easier, faster and cheaper prediction of the potential dioxin emission levels. Using contemporary analytical methods, the emissions of, e.g. monochlorobenzene can be measured on-line and predictions could be made via a suitable mathematical model describing the link between these precursors and dioxins. Modelling the formation of the precursors could therefore provide an indirect possibility for the prediction of dioxins' formation and subsequent optimization of the combustion process characteristics. A detailed combustion mechanism consisting of 3678 gas-phase reactions between 755 species including chlorine chemistry has been developed. The influence of temperature, reaction time, equivalence ratio and chlorine concentration on monochlorobenzene and monochlorophenols formation was tested for batch and well-stirred reactors. The impact of good mixing conditions, appropriate level of oxygen, chlorine contents and temperature regime on the formation of precursors of dioxins is emphasized.
05102802 Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets-economy wide versus technology specific approaches Sanddn, B. and Azar, C. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (12), 1557-1576. The aim of this paper is to offer suggestions when it comes to nearterm technology policies for long-term climate targets based on some insights into the nature of technical change. The authors make a distinction between economy wide and technology specific policy instruments and put forward two key hypotheses. (i) Near-term carbon targets such as the Kyoto protocol can be met by economy wide price instruments (carbon taxes, or a cap-and-trade system) changing the technologies we pick from the shelf (higher energy efficiency in cars, buildings and industry, wind, biomass for heat and electricity, natural gas instead of coal, solar thermal, etc.). (ii) Technology specific policies are needed to bring new technologies to the shelf. Without these new technologies, stricter emission reduction targets may be considered impossible to meet by the government, industry and the general public, and therefore not adopted. The policies required to bring these more advanced technologies to the shelf are more complex and include increased public research and development, demonstration, niche market creation, support for networks within the new industries, standard settings and infrastructure policies (e.g. when it comes to hydrogen distribution). There is a risk that the society in its quest for cost-efficiency in meeting near-term emissions targets, becomes blindfolded when it comes to the more difficult, but equally important issue of bringing more advanced technologies to the shelf. The paper presents mechanisms that cause technology look in, how these very mechanisms can be used to get out of the current 'carbon lock-in' and the risk with premature lock-ins into new technologies that do not deliver what they currently promise. The authors then review certain climate policy proposals with regards to their expected technology impact, and finally present a let-a-hundred-flowers-bloom strategy for the next couple of decades.
05/02803 Polluting non-renewable resources, innovation and growth: welfare and environmental policy Grimaud, A. and Roug6, L. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (2), 109-129. This study analyses the impact of the pollution generated by the use of non-renewable resources on the standard results of growth models. In this context, the authors obtain a Hotefling rule that is not a pure efficiency condition any longer. Subsequently, it is shown that some of the optimal paths' standard properties change: in particular, an increase in the households' psychological discount rate leads to a slower extraction of the resource. Moreover, the authors present a simple endogenous growth model that allows the study of the effects of an environmental policy aimed at correcting the distortion introduced at the equilibrium. It is shown that the tax level does not matter, and that a decreasing tax on the resource use yields the optimum.
05•02804 Stabilizing greenhouse gas emissions: assessing the intergenerational costs and benefits of the Kyoto Protocol Kavuncu, Y. O. and Knabb, S. D. Energy Economies, 2005, 27, (3), 369 386. The costs and benefits current and future generations incur as the result of climate change or an environmental control policy are often confounded with other objectives, such as, generational discounting or
optimal policy design. This paper uses a consumption equivalent measure to simulate the loss or gain of consumption independent of these confounding objectives. The findings suggest that the costs associated with an emissions stabilization programme are relatively large for current generations and continue to increase over the next 100 years.
05102805 The costs of mitigating carbon emissions in China: findings from China MARKAL-MACRO modeling Chert, W. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (7), 885-896. In this paper M A R K A L - M A C R O , an integrated energy-environmenteconomy model, is used to generate China's reference scenario for future energy development and carbon emission through the year 2050. The results show that with great efforts on structure adjustment, energy efficiency improvement and energy substitution, China's primary energy consumption is expected to be 4818 Mtce and carbon emission 2394 MtC by 2050 with annual decrease rate of 3% for the carbon intensity per GDP during the period 2000-2050. On the basis of this reference scenario, China's marginal abatement cost curves of carbon for the year 2010, 2020 and 2030 are derived from the model, and the impacts of carbon emission abatement on GDP are also simulated. The results are compared with those from other sources. The research shows that the marginal abatement costs vary from 12US$/tC to 216US$/tC and the rates of GDP losses relative to reference range from 0.1% to 2.54% for the reduction rates between 5% and 45%. Both the marginal abatement costs and the rates of GDP losses further enlarge on condition that the maximum capacity of nuclear power is constrained to 240 GW or 160 GW by 2050. The paper concludes that China's costs of carbon abatement is rather high in case of carbon emissions are further cut beyond the reference scenario, and China's carbon abatement room is limited due to her coal-dominant energy resource characteristic. As economic development still remains the priority and per capita income as well as per capita carbon emission are far below the world average, it will be more realistic for China to make continuous contributions to combating global climate change by implementing sustainable development strategy domestically and playing an active role in the international carbon mitigation cooperation mechanisms rather than accepting a carbon emission ceiling.
05102806 The decrease of CO~ emission intensity is decarbonization at national and global levels Sun, J. W. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (8), 975-978. This viewpoint proposes the definition: 'Decarbonization refers to a decrease of COz emission intensity in a trend'. This viewpoint then argues that an analysis of decarbonization at national and global levels based on that definition would lead to the correct calculation of decarbonization.
16
FUEL SCIENCE A N D TECHNOLOGY Fundamental science, analysis, instrumentation
05102807 A microscopic formulation of condensation coefficient and interface transport phenomena Tsuruta, T. and Nagayama, G. Energy, 2005, 30, (6), 795-805. The authors are proposing a new formulation on the condensation coefficient of vapour molecule at liquid-vapour interface based on molecular dynamics (MD) studies and transition state theory. The equation is a function of translation energy of incident vapour molecule and surface temperature, which indicates that the condensation probability is not uniform for all incident molecules but is dependent on the kinetic situation during the interaction between vapour and surface molecules. Considering behaviours of evaporating and reflecting molecules at the liquid surface as well as the condensing probability, the velocity distributions of the evaporating and the reflecting molecules have been expressed with use of the condensation coefficient. The direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) analysis shows that the dependence of the condensation coefficient on translation energy plays an important role in the temperature profiles. The transition state theory gives us the theoretical expression of the condensation coefficient and it is found that MD data for argon, water and methanol agree very well with the theoretical expression. But the
Fuel and Energy Abstracts November 2005
407