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00152 Household-electric equipment diffusion and theimpacts in the demand of residential electric energy in Brazil
06 Electrical power supply and utilization (economics, policy, supplies, forecasts) efficiency standard for linear fluorescent lamps and presents an assessment of its likely impacts on China's lighting energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
06/00148 A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK Yao, R. and Steemers, K. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 663 671. There are varieties of physical and behavioural factors to determine energy demand load profile. The attainment of the optimum mix of measures and renewable energy system deployment requires a simple method suitable for using at the early design stage. A simple method of formulating load profile (SMLP) for UK domestic buildings has been presented in this paper. Domestic space heating load profile for different types of houses have been produced using a thermal dynamic model that has been developed using thermal resistant network method. The daily breakdown energy demand load profile of appliance, domestic hot water and space heating can be predicted using this method. The method can produce daily load profile from individual house to urban community. It is suitable to be used at Renewable energy system strategic design stage.
06•00149 Barriers of interorganisational environmental management: two case studies on industrial symbiosis Fichtner, W. el al. Progress in Industrial Ecology An lnlernalional Journal, 2005, 2, (1), 73 88. The objective of this paper is to test the research hypothesis that interorganizational cooperation contributes to improved environmental management. Two case studies - one from the energy sector, the other from the waste disposal sector are analysed. The results of the case studies support the hypothesis by showing that inter-company concepts can result in considerable cost savings and environmental benefits when compared to the optimal strategies implemented independently by the individual companies. Literature analysis and interviews of 25 decision makers of industrial companies have been used to identify the barriers of interorganizational environmental management.
06•00150 Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia Varman, M. el a/. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 685 689. The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, VCD and DVD in Malaysia are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the country. With the increasing of overall TV energy consumption, energy efficiency standards are one of highly effective policies for decreasing electricity consumption in the residential sector. Energy efficiency standards are also capable of reducing consumer's electricity bill and contribute towards positive environmental impacts. This paper attempts to predict the amount of energy that can be saved in the residential sector by implementing minimum energy efficiency standard for television sets in Malaysia. Over the past 30 years, television ownership in Malaysian residents has increased from 186,036 units in 1970 to 2,741,640 units in 1991. This figure is expected to reach 6,201,316 units in the year 2010. Hence, efficiency improvement for this appliance will have a significant impact on the future of electricity consumption in this country.
06•00151 Forecasting electricity consumption in New Zealand using economic and demographic variables Mohamed, Z. and Bodger, P. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1833 1843. The influence of selected economic and demographic variables on the annual electricity consumption in New Zealand has been investigated. The study uses gross domestic product, average price of electricity and population of New Zealand during the period 1965-1999. Models are developed using multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the electricity consumption correlated effectively with all variables. Forecasts made using these models were compared with some available national forecasts. The forecasts are also compared with the forecasts of the previously developed logistic model.
06100152 Household-electric equipment diffusion and the impacts in the demand of residential electric energy in Brazil Mariotoni, C. A. and Santos, P. R. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (8), 853 857. The sizing and the distribution of the circuits, equipments of illumination and wall sockets of a household building are planned to offer a certain comfort to the users. The comfort is associated to a psychological state of welfare and depends on an ample amount of factors. The residences consume about 26% of the total electric energy in Sao Paulo state and the tasks aimed to the optimization of the energy use must consider the household use. Currently, the Brazilian market of electric energy grows to a tax of 4.5% per year and during the last decades, the consumption of electrical energy presented superior tables of expansion to the gross domestic product. This growth showed up larger the household, commercial and agricultural consumers. The standards of comfort and performance change as the time goes by, with
22
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
the incorporation of new technologies. The number of household appliances has been increased by the years, as well as the use of new equipments, demanding alterations in the electric projects to attend to this comfort of use.
06/00153 Impacts of temporal precision in optimisation modelling of micro-Combined Heat and Power Hawkes, A. and Leach, M. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1759 1779. When modelling the environmental and economic aspects of meeting a given heat and power demand with a combination of combined heat and power (CHP) and grid power, it is common to use a coarse temporal precision such as l-h demand blocks in heat and power demand data. This may be appropriate for larger applications where demand is reasonably smooth, but becomes questionable for applications where demand exhibits substantial volatility such as for a single residential dwelling - an important potential market for the commercialization of small-scale fuel cells and other micro-CHP. Choice of temporal precision is also influenced by the relative ease in obtaining coarse data, their compatibility with available energy price data, and avoidance of computational overheads when data sets expand. The thesis of this paper is that use of such coarse temporal precision leads to averaging effects that result in misleading environmental and economic outcomes for cost optimal micro CHP systems. Much finer temporal precision is required to capture adequately the specific characteristics of residential energy demand and the technical qualities of solid oxide fuel cell and stirling engine micro-CHP systems. This thesis is generally supported by the results of analysis, which shows that in some cases optimal design generation capacity of the CHP system is reduced by more than half between analyses using 1-h precision and 5min precision energy demand data. When optimal dispatch of given generator and boiler capacities is considered, the quantities of energy delivered by the various components of the energy provision system (i.e. generation from CHP, heat from CHP, heat from an additional boiler, electricity from grid) varied by up to 40% between precisions analysed. Total carbon dioxide emissions reduction is overestimated by up to 40% by the analyses completed using coarse demand data for a given micro-CHP generator capacity. The economic difference is also significant at up to 8% of lifetime costs for a given micro-CHP generator capacity.
06•00154 Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case Hondo, H. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2042 2056. This study presents the results of a life cycle analysis (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions from power generation systems in order to understand the characteristics of these systems from the perspective of global warming. Nine different types of power generation systems were examined: coal-fired, oil-fired, LNG-fired, LNG-combined cycle, nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind power and solar-photovoltaic (PV). Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission per kW h of electricity generated was estimated for the systems using a combined method of process analysis and input-output analysis. First, average power generation systems reflecting the current status in Japan were examined as base cases. Second, the impacts of emerging and future nuclear, wind power and PV technologies were analysed. Finally, uncertainties associated with some assumptions were examined to help clarify interpretation of the results.
06•00155 Long-term optimization of cogeneration systems in a competitive market environment Thorin, E. ef al. Applied Energy, 2005, 81, (2), 152 169. A tool for long-term optimization of cogeneration systems is developed that is based on mixed integer linear-programming and Lagrangian relaxation. The authors use a general approach without heuristics to solve the optimization problem of the unit commitment problem and load dispatch. The possibility to buy and sell electric power at a spot market is considered as well as the possibility to provide secondary reserve. The tool has been tested on a demonstration system based on an existing combined heat-and-power (CHP) system with extractioncondensing steam turbines, gas turbines, boilers for heat production and district-heating networks. The key feature of the model for obtaining solutions within reasonable times is a suitable division of the whole optimization period into overlapping sub-periods. Using Lagrangian relaxation, the tool can be applied to large CHP systems. For the demonstration model, almost optimal solutions were found.
06•00156 Multicriteria approach for the improvement of energy systems design Giannantoni, C. el al. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1989 2016. An iterative procedure is suggested to evaluate and improve the energy system design. The procedure considers the information deriving from complementary evaluation approaches, each applied within its appropriate time-space window of interest: (a) process-related, local-scale methods (energy, exergy and thermo-economic analyses); (b) environmental assessment methods (impact assessment, emergy synthesis);
06/00148 A method of formulating energy load profile for domestic buildings in the UK Yao, R. and Steemers, K. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 663 671. There are varieties of physical and behavioural factors to determine energy demand load profile. The attainment of the optimum mix of measures and renewable energy system deployment requires a simple method suitable for using at the early design stage. A simple method of formulating load profile (SMLP) for UK domestic buildings has been presented in this paper. Domestic space heating load profile for different types of houses have been produced using a thermal dynamic model that has been developed using thermal resistant network method. The daily breakdown energy demand load profile of appliance, domestic hot water and space heating can be predicted using this method. The method can produce daily load profile from individual house to urban community. It is suitable to be used at Renewable energy system strategic design stage.
06•00149 Barriers of interorganisational environmental management: two case studies on industrial symbiosis Fichtner, W. el al. Progress in Industrial Ecology An lnlernalional Journal, 2005, 2, (1), 73 88. The objective of this paper is to test the research hypothesis that interorganizational cooperation contributes to improved environmental management. Two case studies - one from the energy sector, the other from the waste disposal sector are analysed. The results of the case studies support the hypothesis by showing that inter-company concepts can result in considerable cost savings and environmental benefits when compared to the optimal strategies implemented independently by the individual companies. Literature analysis and interviews of 25 decision makers of industrial companies have been used to identify the barriers of interorganizational environmental management.
06•00150 Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia Varman, M. el a/. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 685 689. The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, VCD and DVD in Malaysia are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the country. With the increasing of overall TV energy consumption, energy efficiency standards are one of highly effective policies for decreasing electricity consumption in the residential sector. Energy efficiency standards are also capable of reducing consumer's electricity bill and contribute towards positive environmental impacts. This paper attempts to predict the amount of energy that can be saved in the residential sector by implementing minimum energy efficiency standard for television sets in Malaysia. Over the past 30 years, television ownership in Malaysian residents has increased from 186,036 units in 1970 to 2,741,640 units in 1991. This figure is expected to reach 6,201,316 units in the year 2010. Hence, efficiency improvement for this appliance will have a significant impact on the future of electricity consumption in this country.
06•00151 Forecasting electricity consumption in New Zealand using economic and demographic variables Mohamed, Z. and Bodger, P. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1833 1843. The influence of selected economic and demographic variables on the annual electricity consumption in New Zealand has been investigated. The study uses gross domestic product, average price of electricity and population of New Zealand during the period 1965-1999. Models are developed using multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the electricity consumption correlated effectively with all variables. Forecasts made using these models were compared with some available national forecasts. The forecasts are also compared with the forecasts of the previously developed logistic model.
06100152 Household-electric equipment diffusion and the impacts in the demand of residential electric energy in Brazil Mariotoni, C. A. and Santos, P. R. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (8), 853 857. The sizing and the distribution of the circuits, equipments of illumination and wall sockets of a household building are planned to offer a certain comfort to the users. The comfort is associated to a psychological state of welfare and depends on an ample amount of factors. The residences consume about 26% of the total electric energy in Sao Paulo state and the tasks aimed to the optimization of the energy use must consider the household use. Currently, the Brazilian market of electric energy grows to a tax of 4.5% per year and during the last decades, the consumption of electrical energy presented superior tables of expansion to the gross domestic product. This growth showed up larger the household, commercial and agricultural consumers. The standards of comfort and performance change as the time goes by, with
22
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
the incorporation of new technologies. The number of household appliances has been increased by the years, as well as the use of new equipments, demanding alterations in the electric projects to attend to this comfort of use.
06/00153 Impacts of temporal precision in optimisation modelling of micro-Combined Heat and Power Hawkes, A. and Leach, M. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1759 1779. When modelling the environmental and economic aspects of meeting a given heat and power demand with a combination of combined heat and power (CHP) and grid power, it is common to use a coarse temporal precision such as l-h demand blocks in heat and power demand data. This may be appropriate for larger applications where demand is reasonably smooth, but becomes questionable for applications where demand exhibits substantial volatility such as for a single residential dwelling - an important potential market for the commercialization of small-scale fuel cells and other micro-CHP. Choice of temporal precision is also influenced by the relative ease in obtaining coarse data, their compatibility with available energy price data, and avoidance of computational overheads when data sets expand. The thesis of this paper is that use of such coarse temporal precision leads to averaging effects that result in misleading environmental and economic outcomes for cost optimal micro CHP systems. Much finer temporal precision is required to capture adequately the specific characteristics of residential energy demand and the technical qualities of solid oxide fuel cell and stirling engine micro-CHP systems. This thesis is generally supported by the results of analysis, which shows that in some cases optimal design generation capacity of the CHP system is reduced by more than half between analyses using 1-h precision and 5min precision energy demand data. When optimal dispatch of given generator and boiler capacities is considered, the quantities of energy delivered by the various components of the energy provision system (i.e. generation from CHP, heat from CHP, heat from an additional boiler, electricity from grid) varied by up to 40% between precisions analysed. Total carbon dioxide emissions reduction is overestimated by up to 40% by the analyses completed using coarse demand data for a given micro-CHP generator capacity. The economic difference is also significant at up to 8% of lifetime costs for a given micro-CHP generator capacity.
06•00154 Life cycle GHG emission analysis of power generation systems: Japanese case Hondo, H. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2042 2056. This study presents the results of a life cycle analysis (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions from power generation systems in order to understand the characteristics of these systems from the perspective of global warming. Nine different types of power generation systems were examined: coal-fired, oil-fired, LNG-fired, LNG-combined cycle, nuclear, hydropower, geothermal, wind power and solar-photovoltaic (PV). Life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emission per kW h of electricity generated was estimated for the systems using a combined method of process analysis and input-output analysis. First, average power generation systems reflecting the current status in Japan were examined as base cases. Second, the impacts of emerging and future nuclear, wind power and PV technologies were analysed. Finally, uncertainties associated with some assumptions were examined to help clarify interpretation of the results.
06•00155 Long-term optimization of cogeneration systems in a competitive market environment Thorin, E. ef al. Applied Energy, 2005, 81, (2), 152 169. A tool for long-term optimization of cogeneration systems is developed that is based on mixed integer linear-programming and Lagrangian relaxation. The authors use a general approach without heuristics to solve the optimization problem of the unit commitment problem and load dispatch. The possibility to buy and sell electric power at a spot market is considered as well as the possibility to provide secondary reserve. The tool has been tested on a demonstration system based on an existing combined heat-and-power (CHP) system with extractioncondensing steam turbines, gas turbines, boilers for heat production and district-heating networks. The key feature of the model for obtaining solutions within reasonable times is a suitable division of the whole optimization period into overlapping sub-periods. Using Lagrangian relaxation, the tool can be applied to large CHP systems. For the demonstration model, almost optimal solutions were found.
06•00156 Multicriteria approach for the improvement of energy systems design Giannantoni, C. el al. Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1989 2016. An iterative procedure is suggested to evaluate and improve the energy system design. The procedure considers the information deriving from complementary evaluation approaches, each applied within its appropriate time-space window of interest: (a) process-related, local-scale methods (energy, exergy and thermo-economic analyses); (b) environmental assessment methods (impact assessment, emergy synthesis);