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00222 Technical and economic assessment of theintegrated solar combined cycle power plants in Iran
07 Alternative energy sources (wind energy) A two-step water splitting process using the ZnFe204/Zn/Fe304 reaction system was proposed for H2 generation utilizing concentrated solar heat. The mixture of Zn and F%O4 was heated to 873 K in flowing steam with an Ar carrier gas, and the H2 gas was generated at 93.4% of the theoretical yield for the reaction of 3Zn + 2Fe304 + 4H20 = 3ZnFe204 + 4H2 (H2 generation step). The XRD and M6ssbauer spectroscopy showed that the Zn-submitted ferrite (Zn~Fe~ xO4; 0.2 <_ x <_1) (main solid product) and ZnO (minor) were formed in the solid products after the H2 generation reaction. The ZnFe204 product, which was formed after the H2 generation step during the two-step water splitting process with the ZnFe204/Zn/Fe304 system, could be decomposed into Zn (and ZnO) and Fe304 by the Xe beam irradiation at 1900 K after 3 min with a 67.8% yield for the reaction of 3ZnFe204 3Zn + 2Fe304 ÷ 209 (oxygen releasing step solar thermal step).
06•00222 Technical and economic assessment of the integrated solar combined cycle power plants in Iran Hosseini, R. et al. Renewabh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1541 1555. Thermal efficiency, capacity factor, environmental considerations, investment, fuel and O&M costs are the main parameters for technical and economic assessment of solar power plants. This analysis has shown that the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System with 67 MW e solar field (ISCCS-67) is the most suitable plan for the first solar power plant in Dan. The Levelized Energy Costs (LEC) of combined cycle and ISCCS-67 power plants would be equal if $49 million of ISCCS-67 capital cost supplied by the international environmental organizations such as Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and World Bank. This study shows that an ISCCS-67 saves $59 million in fuel consumption and reduces about 2.4 million tons in CO2 emission during 30 years operating period. Increasing of steam turbine capacity by 50%, and 4% improvement in overall efficiency are other advantages of ISCCS-67 power plant. The LEC of ISCCS-67 is 10 and 33% lower than the combined cycle and gas turbine, respectively, at the same capacity factor with consideration of environmental costs.
Wind energy 06•00223 A wind-power fuel-cell hybrid system study on the non-interconnected Aegean islands grid Ntziachristos, L. eta[. Rene~abh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1471 1487. The current paper presents the study of coupling a wind-turbine with a fuel cell to improve the utilization of wind power in the noninterconnected Greek archipelago grid. A part of the energy produced by the wind-turbine is stored in the form of hydrogen and is then delivered to the consumption at constant power through a fuel cell. This decoupling between the wind potential and power delivery is necessary to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources to the small capacity grids of islands. The study presents the technology of the system and simulates its operation over a year using a specially developed software and actual wind speed input data. In this way, the energy availability can be estimated and is presented for hybrid installations of increasing size. The nominal size of the individual devices (electrolyser, fuel cell, hydrogen storage tanks) is then selected depending on the hybridization level, that is the ratio of energy delivered directly from the wind-turbine over the energy delivered from the fuel cell. Results show that it is possible to replace conventional power stations with a hybrid system, delivering energy under constant power with fuel cell sizes that reach almost up to 1/3 of the nominal wind-turbine power and overall efficiencies that may exceed 60%.
06100224 Structural investigation of composite wind turbine blade considering various load cases and fatigue life Kong, C. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2101 2114. This study proposes a structural design for developing a medium scale composite wind turbine blade made of E-glass/epoxy for a 750 kW class horizontal axis wind turbine system. The design loads were determined from various load cases specified at the IEC61400-1 international specification and GL regulations for the wind energy conversion system. A specific composite structure configuration, which can effectively endure various loads such as aerodynamic loads and loads due to accumulation of ice, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, was proposed. To evaluate the proposed composite wind turbine blade, structural analysis was performed by using the finite element method. Parametric studies were carried out to determine an acceptable blade structural design, and the most dominant design parameters were confirmed. In this study, the proposed blade structure was confirmed to be safe and stable under various load conditions, including the extreme load conditions. Moreover, the blade adapted a new blade root joint with insert bolts, and its safety was verified at design loads including fatigue loads. The fatigue life of a blade that has to endure for more than 20 years was estimated by using the well-known S-N linear
32
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
damage theory, the service load spectrum, and the Spera's empirical equations. With the results obtained from all the structural design and analysis, prototype composite blades were manufactured. A specific construction process including the lay-up molding method was applied to manufacturing blades. Full-scale static structural test was performed with the simulated aerodynamic loads. From the experimental results, it was found that the designed blade had structural integrity. In addition, the measured results of deflections, strains, mass, and radial centre of gravity agreed well with the analytical results. The prototype blade was successfully certified by an international certification institute, GL (Germanisher Lloyd) in Germany.
06•00225 The wind power potential of the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey Sahin, B. el al. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2005, 93, (2), 171 183. The wind energy potential in the eastern Mediterranean region has been investigated using hourly wind data taken from seven stations during 1992-2001 periods by the Turkish Meteorological Service. The present work suggests that in the east Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey, wind energy sources are convenient for electricity generation. The mean power density was determined as 500 W/m 2 in many areas of this region at 25 m from the ground level. The most promising locations in terms of wind power generation are identified. The contours of constant wind speed and power potential could lead the private power developers to decide the locations of appropriate wind farms.
06•00226 Theoretical and experimental study on the aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine Kishinami, K. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2089 2100. The aerodynamic performance characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) were investigated theoretically by an analysis involving a combination of momentum, energy and blade element theory by means of the strip element method, and experimentally by the use of a subscale demonstration model. In this study, two approaches involving combination analysis are made use of, namely, the thrust-torque and the thrust-energy methods. Although both approaches yield identical results, the latter is superior for elucidating the relationship of the kinetic energy of the flows on the blades. Scale experiments are performed with three types of wing aerofoil involving different arrangements with the free stream velocity, U~ 0.8 4.5 m/s, and for the open type of wind tunnel with an outlet duct diameter of 0.88 m. The experimental and theoretical characteristics of the HAWT using the different three types of the HAWT blades are discussed by reference to the power, torque and thrust coefficients, Cp, CT, Cta, and the tip speed ratio A fi'om the point of view of variable pitch control and fixed pitch stall control methods for the output regulation. The aeronautical characteristics predicted by means of the present numerical approaches, for large units involving large power generation at high efficiency, are discussed, and it is clear how to obtain optimized design parameters that play a significant role in the overall performance.
06•00227 Wind energy potential estimation and micrositting on Izmir Institute of Technology Campus, Turkey Ozerdem, B. and Turkeli, H. M. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1623 1633. The aim of this study was to predict the wind energy content over the campus area of Izmir Institute of Technology. The wind data were collected at 10 and 30 m mast heights for a period of 16 months. Mean wind speeds were 7.03 and 8.14 m/s at 10 and 30 m mast heights, respectively. The 'WASP' and 'WindPRO' softwares were used for the wind statistics and energy calculations. Suitable sites were selected according to the created wind power and energy maps. Wind turbines with nominal powers between 600 and 1500 kW were established for annual energy production calculations and best fitted ones were used for the micrositting.
06•00228 Wind energy resource assessment for five locations in Saudi Arabia AI-Abbadi, N. M. Renewabh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1489 1499. The analysis of recently collected wind data at five sites in Saudi Arabia namely, Dhnlum, Afar, Yanbu, Gassim and Dhahran is presented. The five sites represent different geographically and climatologically conditions. The data collected over a period spanned between 1995 and 2002 with different collection periods for each site. Daily, monthly and frequency profiles of the wind speed at the sites showed that Dhulum and Arar sites have higher wind energy potential with annual wind speed average of 5.7 and 5.4 m/s and speeds higher than 5 m/s for 60 and 47% of the time, respectively. The two sites are candidates for remote area wind energy applications. The costal site's, i.e. Yanbu and Dhahran wind speed data indicated that the two sites have lower annual wind speed averages and wind blows at speed higher than 5 m/s
06•00222 Technical and economic assessment of the integrated solar combined cycle power plants in Iran Hosseini, R. et al. Renewabh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1541 1555. Thermal efficiency, capacity factor, environmental considerations, investment, fuel and O&M costs are the main parameters for technical and economic assessment of solar power plants. This analysis has shown that the Integrated Solar Combined Cycle System with 67 MW e solar field (ISCCS-67) is the most suitable plan for the first solar power plant in Dan. The Levelized Energy Costs (LEC) of combined cycle and ISCCS-67 power plants would be equal if $49 million of ISCCS-67 capital cost supplied by the international environmental organizations such as Global Environmental Facilities (GEF) and World Bank. This study shows that an ISCCS-67 saves $59 million in fuel consumption and reduces about 2.4 million tons in CO2 emission during 30 years operating period. Increasing of steam turbine capacity by 50%, and 4% improvement in overall efficiency are other advantages of ISCCS-67 power plant. The LEC of ISCCS-67 is 10 and 33% lower than the combined cycle and gas turbine, respectively, at the same capacity factor with consideration of environmental costs.
Wind energy 06•00223 A wind-power fuel-cell hybrid system study on the non-interconnected Aegean islands grid Ntziachristos, L. eta[. Rene~abh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1471 1487. The current paper presents the study of coupling a wind-turbine with a fuel cell to improve the utilization of wind power in the noninterconnected Greek archipelago grid. A part of the energy produced by the wind-turbine is stored in the form of hydrogen and is then delivered to the consumption at constant power through a fuel cell. This decoupling between the wind potential and power delivery is necessary to increase the contribution of renewable energy sources to the small capacity grids of islands. The study presents the technology of the system and simulates its operation over a year using a specially developed software and actual wind speed input data. In this way, the energy availability can be estimated and is presented for hybrid installations of increasing size. The nominal size of the individual devices (electrolyser, fuel cell, hydrogen storage tanks) is then selected depending on the hybridization level, that is the ratio of energy delivered directly from the wind-turbine over the energy delivered from the fuel cell. Results show that it is possible to replace conventional power stations with a hybrid system, delivering energy under constant power with fuel cell sizes that reach almost up to 1/3 of the nominal wind-turbine power and overall efficiencies that may exceed 60%.
06100224 Structural investigation of composite wind turbine blade considering various load cases and fatigue life Kong, C. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2101 2114. This study proposes a structural design for developing a medium scale composite wind turbine blade made of E-glass/epoxy for a 750 kW class horizontal axis wind turbine system. The design loads were determined from various load cases specified at the IEC61400-1 international specification and GL regulations for the wind energy conversion system. A specific composite structure configuration, which can effectively endure various loads such as aerodynamic loads and loads due to accumulation of ice, hygro-thermal and mechanical loads, was proposed. To evaluate the proposed composite wind turbine blade, structural analysis was performed by using the finite element method. Parametric studies were carried out to determine an acceptable blade structural design, and the most dominant design parameters were confirmed. In this study, the proposed blade structure was confirmed to be safe and stable under various load conditions, including the extreme load conditions. Moreover, the blade adapted a new blade root joint with insert bolts, and its safety was verified at design loads including fatigue loads. The fatigue life of a blade that has to endure for more than 20 years was estimated by using the well-known S-N linear
32
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
damage theory, the service load spectrum, and the Spera's empirical equations. With the results obtained from all the structural design and analysis, prototype composite blades were manufactured. A specific construction process including the lay-up molding method was applied to manufacturing blades. Full-scale static structural test was performed with the simulated aerodynamic loads. From the experimental results, it was found that the designed blade had structural integrity. In addition, the measured results of deflections, strains, mass, and radial centre of gravity agreed well with the analytical results. The prototype blade was successfully certified by an international certification institute, GL (Germanisher Lloyd) in Germany.
06•00225 The wind power potential of the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey Sahin, B. el al. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2005, 93, (2), 171 183. The wind energy potential in the eastern Mediterranean region has been investigated using hourly wind data taken from seven stations during 1992-2001 periods by the Turkish Meteorological Service. The present work suggests that in the east Mediterranean Sea coast of Turkey, wind energy sources are convenient for electricity generation. The mean power density was determined as 500 W/m 2 in many areas of this region at 25 m from the ground level. The most promising locations in terms of wind power generation are identified. The contours of constant wind speed and power potential could lead the private power developers to decide the locations of appropriate wind farms.
06•00226 Theoretical and experimental study on the aerodynamic characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine Kishinami, K. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (11 12), 2089 2100. The aerodynamic performance characteristics of a horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) were investigated theoretically by an analysis involving a combination of momentum, energy and blade element theory by means of the strip element method, and experimentally by the use of a subscale demonstration model. In this study, two approaches involving combination analysis are made use of, namely, the thrust-torque and the thrust-energy methods. Although both approaches yield identical results, the latter is superior for elucidating the relationship of the kinetic energy of the flows on the blades. Scale experiments are performed with three types of wing aerofoil involving different arrangements with the free stream velocity, U~ 0.8 4.5 m/s, and for the open type of wind tunnel with an outlet duct diameter of 0.88 m. The experimental and theoretical characteristics of the HAWT using the different three types of the HAWT blades are discussed by reference to the power, torque and thrust coefficients, Cp, CT, Cta, and the tip speed ratio A fi'om the point of view of variable pitch control and fixed pitch stall control methods for the output regulation. The aeronautical characteristics predicted by means of the present numerical approaches, for large units involving large power generation at high efficiency, are discussed, and it is clear how to obtain optimized design parameters that play a significant role in the overall performance.
06•00227 Wind energy potential estimation and micrositting on Izmir Institute of Technology Campus, Turkey Ozerdem, B. and Turkeli, H. M. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1623 1633. The aim of this study was to predict the wind energy content over the campus area of Izmir Institute of Technology. The wind data were collected at 10 and 30 m mast heights for a period of 16 months. Mean wind speeds were 7.03 and 8.14 m/s at 10 and 30 m mast heights, respectively. The 'WASP' and 'WindPRO' softwares were used for the wind statistics and energy calculations. Suitable sites were selected according to the created wind power and energy maps. Wind turbines with nominal powers between 600 and 1500 kW were established for annual energy production calculations and best fitted ones were used for the micrositting.
06•00228 Wind energy resource assessment for five locations in Saudi Arabia AI-Abbadi, N. M. Renewabh, Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1489 1499. The analysis of recently collected wind data at five sites in Saudi Arabia namely, Dhnlum, Afar, Yanbu, Gassim and Dhahran is presented. The five sites represent different geographically and climatologically conditions. The data collected over a period spanned between 1995 and 2002 with different collection periods for each site. Daily, monthly and frequency profiles of the wind speed at the sites showed that Dhulum and Arar sites have higher wind energy potential with annual wind speed average of 5.7 and 5.4 m/s and speeds higher than 5 m/s for 60 and 47% of the time, respectively. The two sites are candidates for remote area wind energy applications. The costal site's, i.e. Yanbu and Dhahran wind speed data indicated that the two sites have lower annual wind speed averages and wind blows at speed higher than 5 m/s