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00234 Collaborative housing and environmental efficiency: the case of food preparation and consumption
07 Alternative energy sources (others, including development, economics) during afternoon hours. That makes the two sites candidates for grid connected wind systems for electrical load peak shaving. The data of Gassim site showed that the site has the lowest wind energy potential compared to the others. The annual energy produced by a Nordex N43 wind machine is estimated to be 1080, 990, 730, 454 and 833 MWh for Dhulum, Arar, Yanbu, Gassim and Dhahran, respectively. The analysis showed that the estimated annual energy produced by the machine based on 10 rain averaged data is 2.5% higher than the estimated energy based on 30 min averaged data.
Others, including development, economics 06•00229 A comparison of two meshing schemes for CFD analysis of the impulse turbine for wave energy applications Thakker, A. and Hourigan, F. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (9), 1401 1410. The results of two three-dimensional CFD models of the 0.6 m diameter, 0.6 hub-to-tip ratio Impulse Turbine are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental data for a geometrically similar turbine under similar conditions. One model uses hexahedral cells exclusively to discretize the computational domain, the other uses a hybrid meshing scheme, utilizing hexahedral cells at the rotor blade and the guide vanes, tetrahedral cells in the bulk of the remaining computational domain and pyramidal cells to mediate the interface between these two types of cell. Quantitatively, there is a visible difference in the predicted non-dimensional pressure drop across the turbine. The main qualitative difference between the results of the two models is a large region of separated flow extending from the tip of the rotor blade, on the pressure side, to roughly the 50% radial station. This is predicted using the hybrid scheme and that is essentially absent in the hexahedral model. Simple design calculations are used to illuminate the flow regime presented to the rotor by the guide vanes and conclusions are drawn as to the performance of each grid in predicting performance and providing insight into the fluid flow. Both Models produced results in reasonable agreement with experiment. The unstructured, hybrid grid predicted a pressure drop that was greater than the structured hexahedral grid and both grids underpredicted pressure drop to some extent. The hybrid, unstructured grid quality was higher than that of the structured all hexahedral grid. The hybrid, unstructured grid was somewhat easier to create than the structured, all hexahedral grid.
06•00230 A server database system for remote monitoring and operational evaluation of renewable energy sources plants Papadakis, K. et al. Renewable Enet~),, 2005, 30, (11), 1649 1669. The development of a server database system for monitoring and operational evaluation of remote Renewable Energy Sources (RES) plants is presented. Meteorological and operational parameters of multiple RES systems are measured and transmitted in real-time to a database (DB) server. An integrated data management system, comprised of programs running on the DB server, displays the received data on screen, stores them on local disk and inserts them in the DB in real-time. Remote clients access the DB using the TCP/IP protocol in order to create charts, calculate statistical and operational parameters regarding each RES plant and perform DB administration actions. The proposed system can be used for the exploration of the available RES potential during the design of RES systems, the development of statistical models describing the spatial variability of RES resources and the remote monitoring and control of RES plants.
06•00231 Agricultural biotechnology R&D and innovations in Nigeria Irefin, I. A. el al. Int. J. Agricultural Resources. Governance and Ecology, 2005, 4, (1), 64 80. This study examined the nature and extent of the agricultural biotechnology R&D and innovations in Nigeria. Data were collected from the Directors, Heads of Crop Units and Research Scientists in the agricultural research institutes using structured and unstructured questionnaires and interview schedules. The data collected were analysed using frequencies, means and percentages. The study revealed that there were 48 researchers engaged in the various aspects of agricultural biotechnology R&D, in the research institutes considered. About 32.9% were females, 67.1% were males with mean ages of 38 and 39.5 years, respectively. The majority, 53.2% of the researchers, possessed MSc qualifications with 46.6% specializing in conventional biotechnology. A total of 308 research outputs were recorded in all the research institutes. The most important motivation for embarking on these research projects was the need of the market (72.1%) and the existence of facilities (27.9%). The various bodies responsible for
commercialization of research results were the research institutes (83.3%), entrepreneurs (6.7%), the financial institutions, cooperative farmers and the National Seed Service (3.3%). Only two scientists possessed intellectual property rights and received royalties regularly, However, the majority did not patent their research results because of the lack of inerest (45.4%), ignorance (32.0%) and the rigours of the procedure (32.3%).
06•00232 An integrated system framework for fuel cellbased distributed green energy applications Wu, S. H. et al. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1525 1540. The environmental pollution and diminishing conventional fuel sources and global warming problems make it more attractive for considering renewables as alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind and micro hydro, etc. Recent advances in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies further facilitate these energy options to supply electrical power to various communities. Hydrogen fuel cell systems coupled with renewable energy sources stand out as a promising solution. This paper presents an integrated system framework for fuel cell-based distributed energy applications. Five components are included in this framework: a physical energy system application, a virtual simulation model, a distributed coordination and control, a human system interface and a database. The integrated system framework provides a means to optimize system design, evaluate its performance and balance supplies and demands in a hydrogen assisted renewable energy application. It can either be applied to a distributed energy node that fulfils a local energy demand or to an energy-network that coordinates distributed energy nodes in a region, such as a hydrogen highway. The proposed system framework has been applied in the first phase of the multiphases project to investigate and analyse the feasibility and suitability of hydrogen fuel assisted renewable power for a remote community. Through integration with an available renewable energy profile database, the developed system efficiently assists in selecting, integrating, and evaluating different system configurations and various operational scenarios at the application site. The simulation results provide a solid basis for the next phase of the demonstration projects.
06/00233 Analytical model of carbon dioxide emission with energy payback effect Utamura, M. Enel~)', 2005, 30, (11 12), 2073 2088. An analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behaviour during replacement of power source from fossil fuel to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Logistic function of time is assumed for producing renewable power sources. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during, as well as after, the replacement. A nuclear plant, small hydropower plant, wind power plant and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as options to replace fossil power until toward the end of this century. Nuclear or small hydropower plants are promising candidates but the photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT and avoid energy expense after the replacement.
06•00234 Collaborative housing and environmental efficiency: the case of food preparation and consumption Carlsson-Kanyama, A. Int. J Sustainable Developmen/, 2004, 7, (4), 341 352. In theory, food handling in collaborative housing systems could have a number of environmental advantages compared with households and food service institutions. This paper explores to what extent some of these theoretical advantages are realized in two collaborative housing units in a major Swedish city. Food-related energy use and waste flows were measured and compared with results from food service institutions and some data relevant for households. Results show that energy use for cooking decreases in collaborative houses compared with households but energy use for food storage increases. Plate and food preparation wastes are low in the studied collaborative houses but food leftovers may be abundant. The latter result depends on how the dining system is organized. A bottleneck for improving the environmental efficiency in collaborative housing is the static view of apartment design held by many architects and real estate owners. Another bottleneck may be the unwillingness of households to make advance commitments to daily dining.
06•00235 Development of new generation cooperatives in agriculture for renewable energy research, development, and demonstration projects Downing, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 28, (5), 425 434. Any of several business structures may be used to operate a farm enterprise. Models have been developed showing advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations when applied as farm enterprises. In recent years, the farm cooperative business structure has taken on a different complexion, especially when faced with new crops and uses, mixed, multiple, and international
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
33
Others, including development, economics 06•00229 A comparison of two meshing schemes for CFD analysis of the impulse turbine for wave energy applications Thakker, A. and Hourigan, F. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (9), 1401 1410. The results of two three-dimensional CFD models of the 0.6 m diameter, 0.6 hub-to-tip ratio Impulse Turbine are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental data for a geometrically similar turbine under similar conditions. One model uses hexahedral cells exclusively to discretize the computational domain, the other uses a hybrid meshing scheme, utilizing hexahedral cells at the rotor blade and the guide vanes, tetrahedral cells in the bulk of the remaining computational domain and pyramidal cells to mediate the interface between these two types of cell. Quantitatively, there is a visible difference in the predicted non-dimensional pressure drop across the turbine. The main qualitative difference between the results of the two models is a large region of separated flow extending from the tip of the rotor blade, on the pressure side, to roughly the 50% radial station. This is predicted using the hybrid scheme and that is essentially absent in the hexahedral model. Simple design calculations are used to illuminate the flow regime presented to the rotor by the guide vanes and conclusions are drawn as to the performance of each grid in predicting performance and providing insight into the fluid flow. Both Models produced results in reasonable agreement with experiment. The unstructured, hybrid grid predicted a pressure drop that was greater than the structured hexahedral grid and both grids underpredicted pressure drop to some extent. The hybrid, unstructured grid quality was higher than that of the structured all hexahedral grid. The hybrid, unstructured grid was somewhat easier to create than the structured, all hexahedral grid.
06•00230 A server database system for remote monitoring and operational evaluation of renewable energy sources plants Papadakis, K. et al. Renewable Enet~),, 2005, 30, (11), 1649 1669. The development of a server database system for monitoring and operational evaluation of remote Renewable Energy Sources (RES) plants is presented. Meteorological and operational parameters of multiple RES systems are measured and transmitted in real-time to a database (DB) server. An integrated data management system, comprised of programs running on the DB server, displays the received data on screen, stores them on local disk and inserts them in the DB in real-time. Remote clients access the DB using the TCP/IP protocol in order to create charts, calculate statistical and operational parameters regarding each RES plant and perform DB administration actions. The proposed system can be used for the exploration of the available RES potential during the design of RES systems, the development of statistical models describing the spatial variability of RES resources and the remote monitoring and control of RES plants.
06•00231 Agricultural biotechnology R&D and innovations in Nigeria Irefin, I. A. el al. Int. J. Agricultural Resources. Governance and Ecology, 2005, 4, (1), 64 80. This study examined the nature and extent of the agricultural biotechnology R&D and innovations in Nigeria. Data were collected from the Directors, Heads of Crop Units and Research Scientists in the agricultural research institutes using structured and unstructured questionnaires and interview schedules. The data collected were analysed using frequencies, means and percentages. The study revealed that there were 48 researchers engaged in the various aspects of agricultural biotechnology R&D, in the research institutes considered. About 32.9% were females, 67.1% were males with mean ages of 38 and 39.5 years, respectively. The majority, 53.2% of the researchers, possessed MSc qualifications with 46.6% specializing in conventional biotechnology. A total of 308 research outputs were recorded in all the research institutes. The most important motivation for embarking on these research projects was the need of the market (72.1%) and the existence of facilities (27.9%). The various bodies responsible for
commercialization of research results were the research institutes (83.3%), entrepreneurs (6.7%), the financial institutions, cooperative farmers and the National Seed Service (3.3%). Only two scientists possessed intellectual property rights and received royalties regularly, However, the majority did not patent their research results because of the lack of inerest (45.4%), ignorance (32.0%) and the rigours of the procedure (32.3%).
06•00232 An integrated system framework for fuel cellbased distributed green energy applications Wu, S. H. et al. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1525 1540. The environmental pollution and diminishing conventional fuel sources and global warming problems make it more attractive for considering renewables as alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind and micro hydro, etc. Recent advances in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies further facilitate these energy options to supply electrical power to various communities. Hydrogen fuel cell systems coupled with renewable energy sources stand out as a promising solution. This paper presents an integrated system framework for fuel cell-based distributed energy applications. Five components are included in this framework: a physical energy system application, a virtual simulation model, a distributed coordination and control, a human system interface and a database. The integrated system framework provides a means to optimize system design, evaluate its performance and balance supplies and demands in a hydrogen assisted renewable energy application. It can either be applied to a distributed energy node that fulfils a local energy demand or to an energy-network that coordinates distributed energy nodes in a region, such as a hydrogen highway. The proposed system framework has been applied in the first phase of the multiphases project to investigate and analyse the feasibility and suitability of hydrogen fuel assisted renewable power for a remote community. Through integration with an available renewable energy profile database, the developed system efficiently assists in selecting, integrating, and evaluating different system configurations and various operational scenarios at the application site. The simulation results provide a solid basis for the next phase of the demonstration projects.
06/00233 Analytical model of carbon dioxide emission with energy payback effect Utamura, M. Enel~)', 2005, 30, (11 12), 2073 2088. An analytical model is proposed to account for carbon emission behaviour during replacement of power source from fossil fuel to renewable energy in which sustainability of energy supply is stressed. Logistic function of time is assumed for producing renewable power sources. Analyses show that energy payback time (EPT) should be much shorter than the doubling time of manufacturing cycle to secure adequate available energy during, as well as after, the replacement. A nuclear plant, small hydropower plant, wind power plant and photovoltaic cell are taken as representative candidates and investigated as options to replace fossil power until toward the end of this century. Nuclear or small hydropower plants are promising candidates but the photovoltaic cell needs further development efforts to reduce EPT and avoid energy expense after the replacement.
06•00234 Collaborative housing and environmental efficiency: the case of food preparation and consumption Carlsson-Kanyama, A. Int. J Sustainable Developmen/, 2004, 7, (4), 341 352. In theory, food handling in collaborative housing systems could have a number of environmental advantages compared with households and food service institutions. This paper explores to what extent some of these theoretical advantages are realized in two collaborative housing units in a major Swedish city. Food-related energy use and waste flows were measured and compared with results from food service institutions and some data relevant for households. Results show that energy use for cooking decreases in collaborative houses compared with households but energy use for food storage increases. Plate and food preparation wastes are low in the studied collaborative houses but food leftovers may be abundant. The latter result depends on how the dining system is organized. A bottleneck for improving the environmental efficiency in collaborative housing is the static view of apartment design held by many architects and real estate owners. Another bottleneck may be the unwillingness of households to make advance commitments to daily dining.
06•00235 Development of new generation cooperatives in agriculture for renewable energy research, development, and demonstration projects Downing, M. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 28, (5), 425 434. Any of several business structures may be used to operate a farm enterprise. Models have been developed showing advantages and disadvantages of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations when applied as farm enterprises. In recent years, the farm cooperative business structure has taken on a different complexion, especially when faced with new crops and uses, mixed, multiple, and international
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
January 2006
33