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generator of hybrid electric vehicle
11 Engines (hybrid engine systems) Basic concepts of six-phase ac motor drives have been in existence for a n u m b e r of years and were considered extensively in the eighties for safety-critical and/or high power applications. There has been an upsurge in the interest in these drives in recent times, initiated by various application areas, such as 'more-electric' aircraft, electric ship propulsion and EV/HVs. All the existing work considers an asymmetrical six-phase ac machine, with two sets of three-phase windings shifted in space by 30: (dual three-phase, split-phase, double star). In contrast to this general trend, a symmetrical six-phase induction machine, with spatial d i s p l a c e m e n t between any two consecutive phases equal to 60:, is discussed in this paper. A vector control algorithm, based on indirect rotor flux orientation, is at first briefly described. Special attention is paid next to the current control issue, from the point of view of the m i n i m u m n u m b e r of current controllers. A n overview of the e x p e r i m e n t a l test bench that utilizes phase current control in the stationary reference frame is further given. A t t a i n a b l e performance is analysed experimentally and the results are p r e s e n t e d for a n u m b e r of operating regimes, including acceleration, deceleration, reversing and step loading/unloading transients. It is demonstrated that the achievable quality of high performance is excellent, while the standard benefits of the m u l t i p h a s e motor drives are retained.
06/00811 Structure and steady-state spray performance of an effervescent diesel injector Sovani, S. D. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1503 1514. The authors describe, for the first time, the structure and steady-state performance of an effervescent diesel injector ( E D I ) having a needle and sac and being entirely contained in a conventional diesel injector body. E x p e r i m e n t a l results help address key questions, including the single influences of needle lift, exit orifice diameter, aerator pore size, atomizing gas liquid ratio, and injection pressure on injector performance (mean drop size, drop size distribution, and cone half-angle), as well as any coupling that results when these quantity are varied in tandem. D32 data demonstrate that there is a small, but experimentally significant, influence of needle lifi on performance when it increases from 0.025 to 0.076 ram, but no effect with a further increase to 0.318 ram. There is no significant effect of either a t o m i z i n g gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR), exit orifice diameter, or aerator pore size, but injection pressure does play a key role. N o coupling between the effects of needle lifi and any other parameter on D32 was observed. Drop size distribution data show that the distribution width increases at smaller needle lifts and with an increase in injection pressure-there is a small effect of exit orifice diameter at the largest G L R s . Neither G L R nor aerator pore size has any effect, nor is there any coupling between the effects of needle lifi and any other parameter. Finally, spray cone angle data show that increasing needle lift from 0.025 to 0.318 m m reduces cone half-angle from 11 to 7:. Other p a r a m e t e r s have no effect, nor is there any coupling between needle lifi changes and variations in other parameters. The effects of needle lifi, when they occur, are ascribed to corresponding changes in atomizer exit velocity.
06•00812 The effect of converter configurations of HVDC links on sub- and super-synchronous disturbances to turbine units Lin, C.-H. Electric Power S y s t e m s Research, 2005, 74, (3), 427 433. In this paper, the rotor torque disturbances to turbine g e n e r a t o r units arising from harmonic interactions between converters of a H V D C system are studied. It is shown that a distinct-pulse converter configuration will be a better choice for avoiding sub- or supersynchronous resonance. For an asynchronous H V D C link, the risk of electromechanical resonance could be completely got rid of on either side of the link, no m a t t e r what directions the powers flow, if an 18pulse converter were used on the 60 Hz side and a 12-pulse converter on the 50 Hz side. Such a configuration could still perform well even under the large frequency deviations. F u r t h e r m o r e , it shows that power system type plays a significant role on the possible excitation of resonance and on the probably d a m a g i n g sections of a turbine generator unit. G o o d match of the converter configuration and power system type is significant for a H V D C link to exempt from sub- and super-synchronous resonance.
frequency spectrum of the m e a n pixel image intensity of seeded flame is in good a g r e e m e n t with the acoustic spectrum. To recover the loss in depth information present in conventional imaging technique, both the optical and digital stereo imaging techniques have been applied. The i m p o r t a n t flame position relative to the combustion chamber could be resolved.
Hybrid engine systems 06•00814 A computational study of combustion in compression ignition natural gas engine with separated chamber Zheng, Q. P. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1515 1523. The combustion process and fluid flow in a compression ignition natural gas engine with separated chamber are studied by coupling m u l t i - d i m e n s i o n a l c o m p u t a t i o n a l fluid dynamic (CFD) code F I R E with detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. The calculated data are first validated by e x p e r i m e n t a l data. Subsequently, M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l simulations at a baseline condition are carried out to investigate combustion process, fluid flow, mixture formation and NO emission distribution in the chamber. Ultimately, p a r a m e t r i c studies are conducted to illustrate the effect of some p a r a m e t e r s on engine performance. The results show that calculated data are in good a g r e e m e n t with the e x p e r i m e n t a l data. It is revealed that auto-ignition of natural gas occurs in separated c h a m b e r when the local mixture t e m p e r a t u r e reaches a r o u n d 1300 K and engine performance has a strong d e p e n d e n c y on some parameters, such as injection timing, composition of natural gas and initial temperature.
06/00815 A grand design of future electric vehicle to reduce urban warming and CO2 emissions in urban area Saitoh, T. S. et al. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (12), 1847 1860. In the present study, the new environmentally-compatible vehicle was designed to mitigate urban warming, air pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the urban area. Principal specifications for its optimal design will be clarified and it will be shown that urban e n v i r o n m e n t is improved with dissemination of such vehicles. First, we evaluate optimal specifications of the new conceptual hybrid E V (Electric Vehicle) e q u i p p e d with the flywheel and photovoltaic (PV) cell and also r e p o r t the results of the driving simulation of the proposed vehicles. The energy density of the flywheel m a d e of C a r b o n Fiber R e i n f o r c e d Plastics ( C F R P ) is three times higher than Pb battery, which has been used for the EVs. The most noticeable feature of the flywheel is that it has very high charging rate. By employing the flywheel and P V cell as energy regeneration, the electric power consumption rate of the vehicle can be 188 km/1 in the communitydriving schedule, and over 50 km/1 in the long-driving schedules (the electric power consumption rate is converted to the fuel c o n s u m p t i o n rate of gasoline). F u r t h e r m o r e , t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l computer simulation of urban a t m o s p h e r e is conducted and it is shown that the dissemination of the proposed vehicle reduce the concentration of CO2 in the urban area and mitigate urban warming.
06•00816 Design of switched reluctance machine for starter/generator of hybrid electric vehicle Faiz, J. and M o a y e d - Z a d e h , K. Electric Power S y s t e m s Research, 2005, 75, (2 3), 153 160. Simple and robust structure, high power density, high efficiency and fault tolerability of switched reluctance machine (SRM) are good reasons for its selection as starter/generator of hybrid electric vehicles ( H E V ) . Different r e q u i r e m e n t s in generating and motoring modes require special design of SRM. The design is based on pre-defined equations with the objective functions as high torque over low speed and high efficiency over high speed. E x p e r i m e n t a l results of a typical S R M confirmed the finite e l e m e n t (FE) results, and static analytical model is confirmed by F E computations on the designed motor. Simulation results show that the S R M is capable for starting the vehicle and charging the battery.
06•00813 The study of flame dynamics and structures in an industrial-scale gas turbine combustor using digital data processing and computer vision techniques
06/00817 Emission characteristics using methyl soyateethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine
Ng, W. B. et al. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2005, 29, (6), 715 723. In this paper, a combined effort has been m a d e to study the flame dynamics and structures in a gas turbine combustor using a range of imaging and digital data processing techniques. The acoustic characteristics of the combustor have been investigated extensively. It is found that there is no straightforward way to alter the p e a k frequency of one of the peculiar combustion m o d e s of the rig. High speed imaging is applied to investigate the flame dynamics and quantitative analysis of the image database has been demonstrated. The results show that the
Shi, X. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1543 1549. A blend of 20%, (v/v) ethanol/methyl soyate was p r e p a r e d and added to diesel fuel as an oxygenated additive at volume percent levels of 15 and 20%, (denoted as BE15 and BE20). The authors also p r e p a r e d a blend containing 20%, methyl soyate in diesel fuel (denoted as B20). The fuel blends that did not have any other additive were stable for up to 3 months. Engine performance and emission characteristics of the three different fuels in a diesel engine were investigated and c o m p a r e d with the base diesel fuel. Observations showed that particulate matter (PM) emission decreased with increasing oxygenate content in the fuels but
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2006
06/00811 Structure and steady-state spray performance of an effervescent diesel injector Sovani, S. D. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1503 1514. The authors describe, for the first time, the structure and steady-state performance of an effervescent diesel injector ( E D I ) having a needle and sac and being entirely contained in a conventional diesel injector body. E x p e r i m e n t a l results help address key questions, including the single influences of needle lift, exit orifice diameter, aerator pore size, atomizing gas liquid ratio, and injection pressure on injector performance (mean drop size, drop size distribution, and cone half-angle), as well as any coupling that results when these quantity are varied in tandem. D32 data demonstrate that there is a small, but experimentally significant, influence of needle lifi on performance when it increases from 0.025 to 0.076 ram, but no effect with a further increase to 0.318 ram. There is no significant effect of either a t o m i z i n g gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR), exit orifice diameter, or aerator pore size, but injection pressure does play a key role. N o coupling between the effects of needle lifi and any other parameter on D32 was observed. Drop size distribution data show that the distribution width increases at smaller needle lifts and with an increase in injection pressure-there is a small effect of exit orifice diameter at the largest G L R s . Neither G L R nor aerator pore size has any effect, nor is there any coupling between the effects of needle lifi and any other parameter. Finally, spray cone angle data show that increasing needle lift from 0.025 to 0.318 m m reduces cone half-angle from 11 to 7:. Other p a r a m e t e r s have no effect, nor is there any coupling between needle lifi changes and variations in other parameters. The effects of needle lifi, when they occur, are ascribed to corresponding changes in atomizer exit velocity.
06•00812 The effect of converter configurations of HVDC links on sub- and super-synchronous disturbances to turbine units Lin, C.-H. Electric Power S y s t e m s Research, 2005, 74, (3), 427 433. In this paper, the rotor torque disturbances to turbine g e n e r a t o r units arising from harmonic interactions between converters of a H V D C system are studied. It is shown that a distinct-pulse converter configuration will be a better choice for avoiding sub- or supersynchronous resonance. For an asynchronous H V D C link, the risk of electromechanical resonance could be completely got rid of on either side of the link, no m a t t e r what directions the powers flow, if an 18pulse converter were used on the 60 Hz side and a 12-pulse converter on the 50 Hz side. Such a configuration could still perform well even under the large frequency deviations. F u r t h e r m o r e , it shows that power system type plays a significant role on the possible excitation of resonance and on the probably d a m a g i n g sections of a turbine generator unit. G o o d match of the converter configuration and power system type is significant for a H V D C link to exempt from sub- and super-synchronous resonance.
frequency spectrum of the m e a n pixel image intensity of seeded flame is in good a g r e e m e n t with the acoustic spectrum. To recover the loss in depth information present in conventional imaging technique, both the optical and digital stereo imaging techniques have been applied. The i m p o r t a n t flame position relative to the combustion chamber could be resolved.
Hybrid engine systems 06•00814 A computational study of combustion in compression ignition natural gas engine with separated chamber Zheng, Q. P. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1515 1523. The combustion process and fluid flow in a compression ignition natural gas engine with separated chamber are studied by coupling m u l t i - d i m e n s i o n a l c o m p u t a t i o n a l fluid dynamic (CFD) code F I R E with detailed chemical kinetic mechanism. The calculated data are first validated by e x p e r i m e n t a l data. Subsequently, M u l t i d i m e n s i o n a l simulations at a baseline condition are carried out to investigate combustion process, fluid flow, mixture formation and NO emission distribution in the chamber. Ultimately, p a r a m e t r i c studies are conducted to illustrate the effect of some p a r a m e t e r s on engine performance. The results show that calculated data are in good a g r e e m e n t with the e x p e r i m e n t a l data. It is revealed that auto-ignition of natural gas occurs in separated c h a m b e r when the local mixture t e m p e r a t u r e reaches a r o u n d 1300 K and engine performance has a strong d e p e n d e n c y on some parameters, such as injection timing, composition of natural gas and initial temperature.
06/00815 A grand design of future electric vehicle to reduce urban warming and CO2 emissions in urban area Saitoh, T. S. et al. Renewable Energy, 2005, 30, (12), 1847 1860. In the present study, the new environmentally-compatible vehicle was designed to mitigate urban warming, air pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the urban area. Principal specifications for its optimal design will be clarified and it will be shown that urban e n v i r o n m e n t is improved with dissemination of such vehicles. First, we evaluate optimal specifications of the new conceptual hybrid E V (Electric Vehicle) e q u i p p e d with the flywheel and photovoltaic (PV) cell and also r e p o r t the results of the driving simulation of the proposed vehicles. The energy density of the flywheel m a d e of C a r b o n Fiber R e i n f o r c e d Plastics ( C F R P ) is three times higher than Pb battery, which has been used for the EVs. The most noticeable feature of the flywheel is that it has very high charging rate. By employing the flywheel and P V cell as energy regeneration, the electric power consumption rate of the vehicle can be 188 km/1 in the communitydriving schedule, and over 50 km/1 in the long-driving schedules (the electric power consumption rate is converted to the fuel c o n s u m p t i o n rate of gasoline). F u r t h e r m o r e , t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l computer simulation of urban a t m o s p h e r e is conducted and it is shown that the dissemination of the proposed vehicle reduce the concentration of CO2 in the urban area and mitigate urban warming.
06•00816 Design of switched reluctance machine for starter/generator of hybrid electric vehicle Faiz, J. and M o a y e d - Z a d e h , K. Electric Power S y s t e m s Research, 2005, 75, (2 3), 153 160. Simple and robust structure, high power density, high efficiency and fault tolerability of switched reluctance machine (SRM) are good reasons for its selection as starter/generator of hybrid electric vehicles ( H E V ) . Different r e q u i r e m e n t s in generating and motoring modes require special design of SRM. The design is based on pre-defined equations with the objective functions as high torque over low speed and high efficiency over high speed. E x p e r i m e n t a l results of a typical S R M confirmed the finite e l e m e n t (FE) results, and static analytical model is confirmed by F E computations on the designed motor. Simulation results show that the S R M is capable for starting the vehicle and charging the battery.
06•00813 The study of flame dynamics and structures in an industrial-scale gas turbine combustor using digital data processing and computer vision techniques
06/00817 Emission characteristics using methyl soyateethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine
Ng, W. B. et al. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 2005, 29, (6), 715 723. In this paper, a combined effort has been m a d e to study the flame dynamics and structures in a gas turbine combustor using a range of imaging and digital data processing techniques. The acoustic characteristics of the combustor have been investigated extensively. It is found that there is no straightforward way to alter the p e a k frequency of one of the peculiar combustion m o d e s of the rig. High speed imaging is applied to investigate the flame dynamics and quantitative analysis of the image database has been demonstrated. The results show that the
Shi, X. et al. Fuel, 2005, 84, (12 13), 1543 1549. A blend of 20%, (v/v) ethanol/methyl soyate was p r e p a r e d and added to diesel fuel as an oxygenated additive at volume percent levels of 15 and 20%, (denoted as BE15 and BE20). The authors also p r e p a r e d a blend containing 20%, methyl soyate in diesel fuel (denoted as B20). The fuel blends that did not have any other additive were stable for up to 3 months. Engine performance and emission characteristics of the three different fuels in a diesel engine were investigated and c o m p a r e d with the base diesel fuel. Observations showed that particulate matter (PM) emission decreased with increasing oxygenate content in the fuels but
120
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2006