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01043 Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia
16 Energy (energy conservation) p r e s e n t e d in which the a n n u a l energy c o n s u m p t i o n of an office building is minimized for lighting, cooling and heating. In these examples, our precision control algorithm reduces the c o m p u t a t i o n time up to a factor of four.
06•01040 Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in residential sector Mahlia, T. M. I. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 573 578. This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is d e t e r m i n e d as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75%, of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant a m o u n t of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness a m o n g consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia.
06/01041 Diversification and localization of energy systems for sustainable development and energy security Li, X. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (17), 2237 2243. The d o m i n a n c e of a single-energy system inevitably leads to excessive b u r d e n on, and eventually weakening, a particular aspect of the environment, and can cause e n v i r o n m e n t a l fatigue and failure ( p e r m a n e n t d a m a g e ) or even catastrophe if d o m i n a t e d for too long; thus it inevitably poses the health and e n v i r o n m e n t a l risk. This is the case for the currently fossil-fuel-based energy systems. In fact, each energy system, including renewables and alternative fuels, has its own unique adverse i m p a c t on the environment, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. A truly sustainable d e v e l o p m e n t may be achieved with the diversification and localization of energy sources and systems if the adverse impact of each energy system is sufficiently small and well within the tolerance limit of the environment. Energy diversification and localization would also provide a security for the energy supply and distribution as well for the energy consumers-a specifically i m p o r t a n t issue in the wake of blackout (electric power failure) in the N o r t h - e a s t e r n states to the Midwest of the U n i t e d States and part of C a n a d a on A u g u s t 14, 2003. The idea of diversified energy systems for the good of h u m a n i t y and e n v i r o n m e n t is similar to many analogies in other fields, such as bio-diversity is the best means to prevent the spread and d a m a g e of diseases and pests, and diversified i n v e s t m e n t is the best strategy to g u a r a n t e e the overall best i n v e s t m e n t return. It is concluded that the diversification and localization of energy systems is the best future energy systems that would be environmentally compatible, and allow for sustainable d e v e l o p m e n t as well as energy security for both supply and distribution to the energy consumers.
06•01042 Effect of electricity tariff on the optimum insulation-thickness in building walls as determined by a dynamic heat-transfer model Al-Sanea, S. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2005, 82, (4), 313 330. T h e r m a l insulation is one of the most effective energy-conservation measures in buildings. Despite the w i d e s p r e a d use of insulation materials in recent years, little is known regarding their o p t i m u m thickness under dynamic t h e r m a l conditions. I n s u l a t e d concrete blocks are a m o n g the units most commonly used in the construction of building walls in Saudi Arabia. Typically, the insulation layer thickness is fixed at a value in the range 2.5 7.5 cm, regardless of the climatic conditions, type and cost of insulation material, and other economic parameters. In the present study, a n u m e r i c a l m o d e l based on a finitevolume, t i m e - d e p e n d e n t implicit procedure, which has been previously validated, is used to compute the yearly cooling and heating transmission loads under steady periodic conditions through a typical building wall, for different insulation thicknesses. The transmission loads, calculated by using the climatic conditions of Riyadh for a westfacing wall, are fed into an economic model in order to d e t e r m i n e the o p t i m u m thickness of insulation (Lopt). The latter corresponds to the m i n i m u m total cost, which includes the cost of insulation material and its installation plus the present value of energy c o n s u m p t i o n cost over the lifetime of the building. The o p t i m u m insulation thickness depends on the electricity t a r i f f a s well as the cost of insulation material, lifetime of the building, inflation and discount rates, and coefficient of performance of the air-conditioning equipment. In the present study, the effect of electricity tariff on the computed o p t i m u m insulation thickness is investigated. Different average electricity tariffs are considered: namely, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 S R / k W h (designated as Cases 1 5, respectively: 1 US$ = 3.75 Saudi Riyals). Results using moulded polystyrene as an insulating material show that the values of Lop t are: 4.8, 7.2, 10.9, 13.7 and 16.0 cm for Cases 1 5. U n d e r the conditions of o p t i m a l insulation thickness for each electricity tariff, Case 1 gives the lowest total cost of 17.4 SR/m 2, while Case 5 gives the
150
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2006
highest total cost of 53.1 S R / m 2. C o r r e s p o n d i n g thermal performance characteristics in terms of yearly total and p e a k transmission loads, Rvalue, time lag and decrement factor are presented.
06•01043 Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia Varman, M. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 685 689. The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, V C D and D V D in Malaysia are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the country. With the increasing of overall TV energy consumption, energy efficiency standards are one of highly effective policies for decreasing electricity c o n s u m p t i o n in the residential sector. Energy efficiency standards are also capable of reducing consumer's electricity bill and contribute towards positive e n v i r o n m e n t a l impacts. This p a p e r attempts to predict the a m o u n t of energy that can be saved in the residential sector by i m p l e m e n t i n g m i n i m u m energy efficiency standard for television sets in Malaysia. Over the past 30 years, television ownership in Malaysian residents has increased from 186,036 units in 1970 to 2,741,640 units in 1991. This figure is expected to reach 6,201,316 units in the year 2010. Hence, efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t for this appliance will have a significant impact on the future of electricity consumption in this country.
06•01044 Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: a co-integrated panel analysis Lee, C.-L. Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 415 427. In this paper the authors re-investigate the co-movement and the causality relationship between energy c o n s u m p t i o n and G D P in 18 developing countries, using data for the period 1975 to 2001. Recently developed tests for the panel unit root, h e t e r o g e n e o u s panel cointegration, and panel-based error correction models are employed. The empirical results provide clear support of a long-run co-integration relationship after allowing for the h e t e r o g e n e o u s country effect. The long-run relationship is estimated using a full-modified OLS. The evidence shows that long-run and short-run causalities run from energy consumption to GDP, but not vice versa. This result indicates that energy conservation may h a r m economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent.
06•01045 Energy efficiency and energy savings in Japanese residential buildings - research methodology and surveyed results Lopes, L. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (7), 698 706. W o r l d w i d e energy c o n s u m p t i o n has risen 30%, in the last 25 years. Fossil fuels exploitation is causing depletion of resources and serious e n v i r o n m e n t a l problems. Energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t and energy savings are i m p o r t a n t targets to be achieved on every society as a whole and in residential buildings in particular. In this article, results of a survey and questionnaire on energy consumption and t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t held in Kansai area, J a p a n are reported. E n e r g y savings potential was analysed for the surveyed 13 houses focusing on certain electrical appliances e.g. TV, rice cooker and refrigerator. R e s i d e n t s ' e n v i r o n m e n t a l awareness towards energy consumption was clarified through questionnaire. A n energy information session towards residents was held, and the resulting changes in lifestyle and their implications on energy consumption were evaluated.
06•01046 Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production-perspectives and uncertainties Rafiqul, I. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (13), 2487 2504. The p a p e r discusses the energy consumption and energy saving potential for a major energy-intensive product in the chemical industry-ammonia, based on technologies currently in use and possible process improvements. The paper consists of four parts. In the first part, mainly references to various a m m o n i a p r o d u c t i o n technologies are given. E n e r g y consumption, emissions and saving potentials are discussed in the second part. Thereby, the situation in Europe, the US and India is highlighted and various data sources are compared. In the third part of the paper, a novel approach for modelling energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t s is described that accounts for uncertainties and unobserved h e t e r o g e n e i t y in the production processes. Besides new investments, revamping investments are also included in the modelling and the d e v e l o p m e n t of the p r o d u c t i o n stock is accounted for. Finally, in the fourth part, this approach is applied to the m o d e l l i n g of energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t s and CO2 emission reductions in a m m o n i a production. Thereby, considerable i m p r o v e m e n t s in specific energy use and CO2 emissions are found in the reference scenario, yet under the assumption of high oil and gas prices, a partial switch to coal based technologies is expected which lowers notably the CO2 efficiency. Introduction of a CO2 penalty under a certificate trading or other regime is on contrary found to foster energy efficiency and the use of low carbon technologies.
06•01040 Cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in residential sector Mahlia, T. M. I. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 573 578. This study projects electricity savings, cost-benefit analysis and emission reduction of lighting retrofits in Malaysia residential sector. The cost-benefit is d e t e r m i n e d as a function of energy savings due to retrofit of more efficient lighting system. The energy savings were calculated based on 25, 50 and 75%, of potential retrofits of inefficient lighting in residential sector. The study found that, this strategy save a significant a m o u n t of energy and consumers money. However, an effort to create energy efficiency awareness a m o n g consumers and subsidies efficient lighting should be identified, because this efficient lighting is quite expensive in Malaysia.
06/01041 Diversification and localization of energy systems for sustainable development and energy security Li, X. Energy Policy, 2005, 33, (17), 2237 2243. The d o m i n a n c e of a single-energy system inevitably leads to excessive b u r d e n on, and eventually weakening, a particular aspect of the environment, and can cause e n v i r o n m e n t a l fatigue and failure ( p e r m a n e n t d a m a g e ) or even catastrophe if d o m i n a t e d for too long; thus it inevitably poses the health and e n v i r o n m e n t a l risk. This is the case for the currently fossil-fuel-based energy systems. In fact, each energy system, including renewables and alternative fuels, has its own unique adverse i m p a c t on the environment, as dictated by the second law of thermodynamics. A truly sustainable d e v e l o p m e n t may be achieved with the diversification and localization of energy sources and systems if the adverse impact of each energy system is sufficiently small and well within the tolerance limit of the environment. Energy diversification and localization would also provide a security for the energy supply and distribution as well for the energy consumers-a specifically i m p o r t a n t issue in the wake of blackout (electric power failure) in the N o r t h - e a s t e r n states to the Midwest of the U n i t e d States and part of C a n a d a on A u g u s t 14, 2003. The idea of diversified energy systems for the good of h u m a n i t y and e n v i r o n m e n t is similar to many analogies in other fields, such as bio-diversity is the best means to prevent the spread and d a m a g e of diseases and pests, and diversified i n v e s t m e n t is the best strategy to g u a r a n t e e the overall best i n v e s t m e n t return. It is concluded that the diversification and localization of energy systems is the best future energy systems that would be environmentally compatible, and allow for sustainable d e v e l o p m e n t as well as energy security for both supply and distribution to the energy consumers.
06•01042 Effect of electricity tariff on the optimum insulation-thickness in building walls as determined by a dynamic heat-transfer model Al-Sanea, S. A. et al. Applied Energy, 2005, 82, (4), 313 330. T h e r m a l insulation is one of the most effective energy-conservation measures in buildings. Despite the w i d e s p r e a d use of insulation materials in recent years, little is known regarding their o p t i m u m thickness under dynamic t h e r m a l conditions. I n s u l a t e d concrete blocks are a m o n g the units most commonly used in the construction of building walls in Saudi Arabia. Typically, the insulation layer thickness is fixed at a value in the range 2.5 7.5 cm, regardless of the climatic conditions, type and cost of insulation material, and other economic parameters. In the present study, a n u m e r i c a l m o d e l based on a finitevolume, t i m e - d e p e n d e n t implicit procedure, which has been previously validated, is used to compute the yearly cooling and heating transmission loads under steady periodic conditions through a typical building wall, for different insulation thicknesses. The transmission loads, calculated by using the climatic conditions of Riyadh for a westfacing wall, are fed into an economic model in order to d e t e r m i n e the o p t i m u m thickness of insulation (Lopt). The latter corresponds to the m i n i m u m total cost, which includes the cost of insulation material and its installation plus the present value of energy c o n s u m p t i o n cost over the lifetime of the building. The o p t i m u m insulation thickness depends on the electricity t a r i f f a s well as the cost of insulation material, lifetime of the building, inflation and discount rates, and coefficient of performance of the air-conditioning equipment. In the present study, the effect of electricity tariff on the computed o p t i m u m insulation thickness is investigated. Different average electricity tariffs are considered: namely, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 S R / k W h (designated as Cases 1 5, respectively: 1 US$ = 3.75 Saudi Riyals). Results using moulded polystyrene as an insulating material show that the values of Lop t are: 4.8, 7.2, 10.9, 13.7 and 16.0 cm for Cases 1 5. U n d e r the conditions of o p t i m a l insulation thickness for each electricity tariff, Case 1 gives the lowest total cost of 17.4 SR/m 2, while Case 5 gives the
150
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
March 2006
highest total cost of 53.1 S R / m 2. C o r r e s p o n d i n g thermal performance characteristics in terms of yearly total and p e a k transmission loads, Rvalue, time lag and decrement factor are presented.
06•01043 Electricity savings from implementation of minimum energy efficiency standard for TVs in Malaysia Varman, M. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (6), 685 689. The popularization of 24 h pay-TV, interactive video games, web-TV, V C D and D V D in Malaysia are poised to have a large impact on overall TV electricity consumption in the country. With the increasing of overall TV energy consumption, energy efficiency standards are one of highly effective policies for decreasing electricity c o n s u m p t i o n in the residential sector. Energy efficiency standards are also capable of reducing consumer's electricity bill and contribute towards positive e n v i r o n m e n t a l impacts. This p a p e r attempts to predict the a m o u n t of energy that can be saved in the residential sector by i m p l e m e n t i n g m i n i m u m energy efficiency standard for television sets in Malaysia. Over the past 30 years, television ownership in Malaysian residents has increased from 186,036 units in 1970 to 2,741,640 units in 1991. This figure is expected to reach 6,201,316 units in the year 2010. Hence, efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t for this appliance will have a significant impact on the future of electricity consumption in this country.
06•01044 Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: a co-integrated panel analysis Lee, C.-L. Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 415 427. In this paper the authors re-investigate the co-movement and the causality relationship between energy c o n s u m p t i o n and G D P in 18 developing countries, using data for the period 1975 to 2001. Recently developed tests for the panel unit root, h e t e r o g e n e o u s panel cointegration, and panel-based error correction models are employed. The empirical results provide clear support of a long-run co-integration relationship after allowing for the h e t e r o g e n e o u s country effect. The long-run relationship is estimated using a full-modified OLS. The evidence shows that long-run and short-run causalities run from energy consumption to GDP, but not vice versa. This result indicates that energy conservation may h a r m economic growth in developing countries regardless of being transitory or permanent.
06•01045 Energy efficiency and energy savings in Japanese residential buildings - research methodology and surveyed results Lopes, L. et al. Energy and Buildings, 2005, 37, (7), 698 706. W o r l d w i d e energy c o n s u m p t i o n has risen 30%, in the last 25 years. Fossil fuels exploitation is causing depletion of resources and serious e n v i r o n m e n t a l problems. Energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t and energy savings are i m p o r t a n t targets to be achieved on every society as a whole and in residential buildings in particular. In this article, results of a survey and questionnaire on energy consumption and t h e r m a l e n v i r o n m e n t held in Kansai area, J a p a n are reported. E n e r g y savings potential was analysed for the surveyed 13 houses focusing on certain electrical appliances e.g. TV, rice cooker and refrigerator. R e s i d e n t s ' e n v i r o n m e n t a l awareness towards energy consumption was clarified through questionnaire. A n energy information session towards residents was held, and the resulting changes in lifestyle and their implications on energy consumption were evaluated.
06•01046 Energy efficiency improvements in ammonia production-perspectives and uncertainties Rafiqul, I. et al. Energy, 2005, 30, (13), 2487 2504. The p a p e r discusses the energy consumption and energy saving potential for a major energy-intensive product in the chemical industry-ammonia, based on technologies currently in use and possible process improvements. The paper consists of four parts. In the first part, mainly references to various a m m o n i a p r o d u c t i o n technologies are given. E n e r g y consumption, emissions and saving potentials are discussed in the second part. Thereby, the situation in Europe, the US and India is highlighted and various data sources are compared. In the third part of the paper, a novel approach for modelling energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t s is described that accounts for uncertainties and unobserved h e t e r o g e n e i t y in the production processes. Besides new investments, revamping investments are also included in the modelling and the d e v e l o p m e n t of the p r o d u c t i o n stock is accounted for. Finally, in the fourth part, this approach is applied to the m o d e l l i n g of energy efficiency i m p r o v e m e n t s and CO2 emission reductions in a m m o n i a production. Thereby, considerable i m p r o v e m e n t s in specific energy use and CO2 emissions are found in the reference scenario, yet under the assumption of high oil and gas prices, a partial switch to coal based technologies is expected which lowers notably the CO2 efficiency. Introduction of a CO2 penalty under a certificate trading or other regime is on contrary found to foster energy efficiency and the use of low carbon technologies.