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01137 Study of Ni catalysts on different supports to obtain synthesis gas
03 Gaseous fuels (hydrogen generation and storage) ranged from 10.0 to 12.1. If samples are incubated under 'closed' (i.e. incomplete recarbonation with atmospheric CO2) and alkaline weathering conditions, gypsum and portlandite are initially formed followed by the conversion of the gypsum to ettringite. Closed, alkaline conditions typically can occur when FGD products are placed in confined settings such as a road embankment or buried as a discrete layer as occurs in some surface mine reclamation projects.
06•01137 Study of Ni catalysts on different supports to obtain synthesis gas Pompeo, F. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (13 14), 1399 1405. Ni catalysts supported on a-A1203, ZrO2 and a-A1203 ZrO2 were studied in the synthesis gas reactions (partial oxidation, dry reforming and mixed reforming). The Ni/a-Al203 ZrO2 catalyst showed a very good performance in relation to the initial activity and selectivity, comparable to that of the Ni/a-Al203 catalyst. Concerning the deactivation, the modification of the a-Al203 supported with ZrO 2 leads to a higher stability, due to the strong inhibition of the carbon formation during the reaction. These results suggest that ZrO2 promotes the gasification of adsorbed intermediates, which are precursors of carbon formation. Temperature programmed oxidation, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy experiments showed that on Ni/a-Al203 catalyst high amounts of graphitic carbon (whisker-like) are deposited during CO2 reforming reaction, while on Ni/a-Al203 ZrO2 lesser amounts of deposited carbon were observed (about one order lower); a fraction of this carbon is of the same nature as that observed on Ni/a-Al203 catalyst, while the other fraction is composed of carbon nanotubes, both of single wall and multi wall.
06•01138 Volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the gasification of a Victorian brown coal in CO2 Quyn, D. M. et al. FuelProcessing Technology, 2005, 86, (12 13), 1241 1251. A Victorian brown coal was gasified in a bench-scale quartz fluidizedbed/fixed-bed reactor in order to study the volatilization of Na, Ca, and Mg during devolatilization and gasification and their roles in the reactivity of chars. It was found that the majority of Na was volatilized at 900°C under all conditions and that a Na retention limit was achieved in the char with the progress of CO2 gasification. In some cases, the presence of CO2 during devolatilization enhanced the Na retention in the char. In contrast, the retention of Ca (and Mg) was unaffected by CO2 during devolatilization at 900°C but decreased drastically upon nascent char gasification. The fundamental differences in volatilization between the alkali and alkaline earth metallic species are discussed in this paper.
LNG 06•01139
FRP handles cold in LNG heat exchangers
van Bussel, J. Reinforced Plastics, 2005, 49, (10), 4. Heat exchangers at Shell Oil Company's liquid natural gas (LNG) plant in Brunei, Malaysia, require a material that can operate at -160°C. This is provided by fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) insulation protection for four of the 10 m diameter and 34 m high components. Nearly 12 tonnes of DSM Composite Resins' UV-curable Palapreg P 15 01 isophthalic polyester resin was used in FiberTec sheet material for the insulation protection in the cryogenic environment. Fiber-Tec is formed by sandwiching low-styrene polyester and glass reinforcement and fillers between two nylon films, which minimize emissions and facilitate handling and shaping. This is the first LNG contract to use UV-curable polyester resin to this extent. Due to the cryogenic operating temperature, the vessels, valves, flanges, expansion joints, and steel piping have to be insulated with 100% vapour proof barriers to resist thermal shock. FiberTec provides the necessary watertight protection system, and was supplied onsite in refrigerated containers. All segments and pieces were precut out of 10 m-long rolls, each 0.95 mm wide and 2 mm thick. Over the two layers of 20 cm-thick polyisocyanate foam atop the steel components, the corrosion-free, glass fibre-reinforced surface layer is placed, consisting of chopped glass and polyester resin. This is followed by a top coat reinforced with a glass veil, the glass/resin ratio in this veil is 22/25%.
06•01140 Simulation and economic evaluation of natural gas hydrates (NGH) as an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Abdalla, B. K. and Abdullatef, N. A. Catalysis Today, 2005, 106, (1 4), 256 258.
Despite the fact that relatively little is known about the ultimate resource potential of natural gas hydrates (NGH), it is certain that gas hydrates are a vast storehouse of natural gas and significant technical challenges need to be met before this enormous resource can be considered an economically producible reserve. In this theoretical study, a simulation scheme was suggested to produce NGH in an industrial scale using pure water as a carrier and seawater as a cooling source. Parametric study was carried out and rigorous design calculations for different operating parameters were investigated. Further more and economical evaluation was done taken data of locally produced liquefied natural gas as a comparison. Production rates, storage and transportation from production region to consumer's ends were investigated. Results obtained suggested that NGH with little consideration can be a good alternative for fuel gas carrier.
06•01141 The struggle between states and the federal government on the siting of LNG import terminals: has a red tide washed ashore in the blue states? Desautels, D. and Ray, P. The Electricity Journal, 2005, 18, (8), 81 100. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 transfers, in some circumstances, implementation of the public trust doctrine from the state to the federal government. Implicit in the public trust doctrine is the issue of public safety and environmental concerns. Proponents of such facilities are challenged with weighing such factors to make a successful proposal to federal and state agencies.
Hydrogen generation and storage 06•01142 A novel approach for CO-free H2 production via catalytic decomposition of hydrazine Zheng, M. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1081 1089. Supported group VIII (8, 9, and 10) metal catalysts, such as Fe/SiO2, Ru/SiO2, Co/SiO2, Rh/SiO2, Ir/SiO2, Ni/SiO2, Pd/SiO2, and Pt/SiO2 have been prepared for use in the producing of CO-free H2 via catalytic decomposition of hydrazine. Evaluation of the catalysts was conducted in a fixed-bed continuous-flow microreactor. All of the catalysts could catalyse the decomposition of hydrazine to form H2 and N2 at temperatures higher than 300°C. Differing from the other catalysts, the Ni, Pd, and Pt catalysts were also able to produce hydrogen with very high selectivities under rather mild conditions. Ni/SiO2 was the best catalyst owing to its high activity and excellent H2 selectivity of higher than 90% at an initial temperature of ~30°C. The selectivity was sensitive to the reaction temperature. Low temperatures (30 60°C) were favourable for producing H2 with high selectivity. The preparation method and the support have remarkable influence on the catalytic activity and selectivity of the nickel catalysts. The reasons for such dependences are discussed according to the TPR and H2-TPD results of the nickel catalysts.
06•01143 Effect of rapid quenching on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of Co-free ABs-type hydrogen storage alloys Zhang, Y. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1091 1098. In order to compare the effects of the preparation techniques on the electrochemical performances of Co-free ABs-type hydrogen storage alloys, the Co-free AB5-type LaxMml x(NiMnSiA1Fe)4.9 (x = 0, 0.45, 0.75, 1.0) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by casting and rapid quenching. The phase structures and microstructures of the as-cast and quenched alloys were analyzed by XRD, SEM and TEM. The effects of the rapid quenching on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the specimen alloys were investigated in detail. The obtained results show that, when the amount of the La substitution x = 0.75, the discharge capacity of the as-quenched alloy with quenching rate of 10 m/s is 292 mA h/g with charge-discharge current density of 60 mA/g, the capacity retaining rate (RiO is 61.2% after 300 charge-discharge cycles with current density of 300 mA/g. When the amount of the La substitution x = 1, the discharge capacities of the asquenched alloy with quenching rate of 10 and 16 m/s are 300 and 292 mA h/g, and the capacity retaining rates (RiO are 62.3% and 65.0%, respectively.
06/01144 Effect of TixAly catalysts on hydrogen storage properties of LiAIH4 and NaAIH4 Resan, M. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (13 14), 1417 1421. The high catalytic activities of TIC14 and TIC13 on the hydrogen storage properties of alkali metal aluminium hydrides have been attributed to intermetallic TiA13. Therefore, in this work, the hydrogen storage properties of LiA1H4 and NaA1H4 doped with titanium aluminium
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2006
173
06•01137 Study of Ni catalysts on different supports to obtain synthesis gas Pompeo, F. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (13 14), 1399 1405. Ni catalysts supported on a-A1203, ZrO2 and a-A1203 ZrO2 were studied in the synthesis gas reactions (partial oxidation, dry reforming and mixed reforming). The Ni/a-Al203 ZrO2 catalyst showed a very good performance in relation to the initial activity and selectivity, comparable to that of the Ni/a-Al203 catalyst. Concerning the deactivation, the modification of the a-Al203 supported with ZrO 2 leads to a higher stability, due to the strong inhibition of the carbon formation during the reaction. These results suggest that ZrO2 promotes the gasification of adsorbed intermediates, which are precursors of carbon formation. Temperature programmed oxidation, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy experiments showed that on Ni/a-Al203 catalyst high amounts of graphitic carbon (whisker-like) are deposited during CO2 reforming reaction, while on Ni/a-Al203 ZrO2 lesser amounts of deposited carbon were observed (about one order lower); a fraction of this carbon is of the same nature as that observed on Ni/a-Al203 catalyst, while the other fraction is composed of carbon nanotubes, both of single wall and multi wall.
06•01138 Volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the gasification of a Victorian brown coal in CO2 Quyn, D. M. et al. FuelProcessing Technology, 2005, 86, (12 13), 1241 1251. A Victorian brown coal was gasified in a bench-scale quartz fluidizedbed/fixed-bed reactor in order to study the volatilization of Na, Ca, and Mg during devolatilization and gasification and their roles in the reactivity of chars. It was found that the majority of Na was volatilized at 900°C under all conditions and that a Na retention limit was achieved in the char with the progress of CO2 gasification. In some cases, the presence of CO2 during devolatilization enhanced the Na retention in the char. In contrast, the retention of Ca (and Mg) was unaffected by CO2 during devolatilization at 900°C but decreased drastically upon nascent char gasification. The fundamental differences in volatilization between the alkali and alkaline earth metallic species are discussed in this paper.
LNG 06•01139
FRP handles cold in LNG heat exchangers
van Bussel, J. Reinforced Plastics, 2005, 49, (10), 4. Heat exchangers at Shell Oil Company's liquid natural gas (LNG) plant in Brunei, Malaysia, require a material that can operate at -160°C. This is provided by fibre reinforced plastic (FRP) insulation protection for four of the 10 m diameter and 34 m high components. Nearly 12 tonnes of DSM Composite Resins' UV-curable Palapreg P 15 01 isophthalic polyester resin was used in FiberTec sheet material for the insulation protection in the cryogenic environment. Fiber-Tec is formed by sandwiching low-styrene polyester and glass reinforcement and fillers between two nylon films, which minimize emissions and facilitate handling and shaping. This is the first LNG contract to use UV-curable polyester resin to this extent. Due to the cryogenic operating temperature, the vessels, valves, flanges, expansion joints, and steel piping have to be insulated with 100% vapour proof barriers to resist thermal shock. FiberTec provides the necessary watertight protection system, and was supplied onsite in refrigerated containers. All segments and pieces were precut out of 10 m-long rolls, each 0.95 mm wide and 2 mm thick. Over the two layers of 20 cm-thick polyisocyanate foam atop the steel components, the corrosion-free, glass fibre-reinforced surface layer is placed, consisting of chopped glass and polyester resin. This is followed by a top coat reinforced with a glass veil, the glass/resin ratio in this veil is 22/25%.
06•01140 Simulation and economic evaluation of natural gas hydrates (NGH) as an alternative to liquefied natural gas (LNG) Abdalla, B. K. and Abdullatef, N. A. Catalysis Today, 2005, 106, (1 4), 256 258.
Despite the fact that relatively little is known about the ultimate resource potential of natural gas hydrates (NGH), it is certain that gas hydrates are a vast storehouse of natural gas and significant technical challenges need to be met before this enormous resource can be considered an economically producible reserve. In this theoretical study, a simulation scheme was suggested to produce NGH in an industrial scale using pure water as a carrier and seawater as a cooling source. Parametric study was carried out and rigorous design calculations for different operating parameters were investigated. Further more and economical evaluation was done taken data of locally produced liquefied natural gas as a comparison. Production rates, storage and transportation from production region to consumer's ends were investigated. Results obtained suggested that NGH with little consideration can be a good alternative for fuel gas carrier.
06•01141 The struggle between states and the federal government on the siting of LNG import terminals: has a red tide washed ashore in the blue states? Desautels, D. and Ray, P. The Electricity Journal, 2005, 18, (8), 81 100. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 transfers, in some circumstances, implementation of the public trust doctrine from the state to the federal government. Implicit in the public trust doctrine is the issue of public safety and environmental concerns. Proponents of such facilities are challenged with weighing such factors to make a successful proposal to federal and state agencies.
Hydrogen generation and storage 06•01142 A novel approach for CO-free H2 production via catalytic decomposition of hydrazine Zheng, M. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1081 1089. Supported group VIII (8, 9, and 10) metal catalysts, such as Fe/SiO2, Ru/SiO2, Co/SiO2, Rh/SiO2, Ir/SiO2, Ni/SiO2, Pd/SiO2, and Pt/SiO2 have been prepared for use in the producing of CO-free H2 via catalytic decomposition of hydrazine. Evaluation of the catalysts was conducted in a fixed-bed continuous-flow microreactor. All of the catalysts could catalyse the decomposition of hydrazine to form H2 and N2 at temperatures higher than 300°C. Differing from the other catalysts, the Ni, Pd, and Pt catalysts were also able to produce hydrogen with very high selectivities under rather mild conditions. Ni/SiO2 was the best catalyst owing to its high activity and excellent H2 selectivity of higher than 90% at an initial temperature of ~30°C. The selectivity was sensitive to the reaction temperature. Low temperatures (30 60°C) were favourable for producing H2 with high selectivity. The preparation method and the support have remarkable influence on the catalytic activity and selectivity of the nickel catalysts. The reasons for such dependences are discussed according to the TPR and H2-TPD results of the nickel catalysts.
06•01143 Effect of rapid quenching on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of Co-free ABs-type hydrogen storage alloys Zhang, Y. et al. International Journal o/" Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (10), 1091 1098. In order to compare the effects of the preparation techniques on the electrochemical performances of Co-free ABs-type hydrogen storage alloys, the Co-free AB5-type LaxMml x(NiMnSiA1Fe)4.9 (x = 0, 0.45, 0.75, 1.0) hydrogen storage alloys were prepared by casting and rapid quenching. The phase structures and microstructures of the as-cast and quenched alloys were analyzed by XRD, SEM and TEM. The effects of the rapid quenching on the microstructures and electrochemical performances of the specimen alloys were investigated in detail. The obtained results show that, when the amount of the La substitution x = 0.75, the discharge capacity of the as-quenched alloy with quenching rate of 10 m/s is 292 mA h/g with charge-discharge current density of 60 mA/g, the capacity retaining rate (RiO is 61.2% after 300 charge-discharge cycles with current density of 300 mA/g. When the amount of the La substitution x = 1, the discharge capacities of the asquenched alloy with quenching rate of 10 and 16 m/s are 300 and 292 mA h/g, and the capacity retaining rates (RiO are 62.3% and 65.0%, respectively.
06/01144 Effect of TixAly catalysts on hydrogen storage properties of LiAIH4 and NaAIH4 Resan, M. et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2005, 30, (13 14), 1417 1421. The high catalytic activities of TIC14 and TIC13 on the hydrogen storage properties of alkali metal aluminium hydrides have been attributed to intermetallic TiA13. Therefore, in this work, the hydrogen storage properties of LiA1H4 and NaA1H4 doped with titanium aluminium
Fuel and Energy Abstracts
May 2006
173