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02004 Design, simulation and performance of a waste heat driven adsorption ice maker for fishing boat
17 Energy conversion and recycling value of externalities have a significant impact on the relative cost effectiveness of these measures. However, in general, current investment decision-making based on normal market energy prices and today's climate is likely to deliver solutions that remain effective under significant levels of uncertainty.
06/01997 The impact of environmental policy instruments on the timing of adoption of energy-saving technologies van Soest, D, P. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 235-247. One of the main considerations in designing environmental policy is the impact of policy instruments on the timing of firms' investment decisions with respect to energy-saving technologies. This paper analyses the impact of environmental taxes and quotas on the timing of adoption when (i) the rate at which new, improved energy-efficient technologies become available, is uncertain, and (ii) the investment decision is (at least partially) irreversible. Neither policy instrument is unambiguously preferred to the other when it comes to stimulating early adoption of new technologies.
It is posited that the information society is not sustainable because information alone is meaningless. Information requires a context to convert it to knowledge - only the context adds the meaning. A knowledge society can be sustainable, but this depends on the context: in a normative neoliberal framework, the knowledge society represents a concept of individualization and of dismantling social structures. However, in the context of a (just as normative) sustainability strategy, the meaning of 'knowledge society' is different, focused on supporting active citizenship. For this reason, criteria for a sustainable knowledge society cannot be restricted to access to information, but must also cover the kind of information, the provision of content as much as the infrastructure. Whereas a plethora of sustainability indicators has been developed in the last decade, the work on integrated systems of indicators is rather new, particularly for the sustainable knowledge society, so that no more than first suggestions for indicators can be presented. A positive evaluation demonstrates that the current trend towards a knowledge economy is not yet sustainable.
06•01998 The politics and policy of energy system transformation - explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology Jacobsson, S. and Lauber, V. Energy Policy, 2006, 34, (3), 256-276. To halt climate change, a transition to a low-carbon economy must take place quite rapidly, within a century at most. Thus, the rate of diffusion of new technologies such as those for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources becomes a central issue. This article explores the reasons for the particularly rapid spread of two such technologies in Germany, wind turbines and solar cells. This paper considers the nature of the policy instruments employed and to the political process that led to the adoption of these instruments. The analysis demonstrates how the regulatory framework is formed in a 'battle over institutions" where the German parliament, informed and supported by an advocacy coalition of growing strength, backed support policies for renewables sourced electricity against often reluctant governments and the opposition from nuclear and coal interests. It also demonstrates that this major political and environmental achievement carries a modest price if we consider total costs to society, i.e. including both subsidies to coal and the negative external economies of coal.
06•01999 Tourism, poaching and wildlife conservation: what can integrated conservation and development projects accomplish? Johannesen, A. B. and Skonhoft, A. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 208-226. Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) have frequently been established in Africa to improve wildlife conservation and the welfare of local communities. However, their effectiveness has been hampered by conflicts and illegal harvesting. This paper focuses on the strategic interaction between the manager of a protected area and a group of local people. The park manager benefits from wildlife through tourism and hunting. The local people benefit through hunting, but also bear the wildlife damage. ICDPs relying on money transfers to the local people from the park manager may or may not promote wildlife conservation. In addition, the welfare of the local people are ambiguous.
06102000 Vision for utilization of livestock residue as bioenergy resource in Japan Fujino, J. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 29, (5), 367-374. Utilization of livestock residue is important not only for energy recovery and material recycling but also for preventing environmental pollution. This paper focuses on the following options from the viewpoint of the Law on Promoting Proper Management and Use of Livestock Excreta and the Kyoto protocol: energy use from livestock residue, reductions in CO2 emissions resulting from substitution of fossil fuels, and reduction of other greenhouse gas emissions through appropriate treatment of livestock residue. Bioenergy potential of livestock residue in Japan was estimated to be 167 PJ in the year 2000. This is equivalent to about 0.7% of total primary energy supply. Biogas production with methane fermentation and burning poultry residue at power plants can produce 4.1 TWh of electricity and 46 PJ of heat. The amount of CO2 substitution for fossil fuels is 6.9 Mt-CO2. This corresponds to about 0.6% of total CO2 emissions in 1990. This also has an additional effect of reducing other greenhouse gas (CH4 and N20) emissions from conventional treatment of livestock residue. Development of biogas plants, promotion of biogas utilization, and effective use of fertilizer components extracted from livestock residue are expected to gain importance in the future.
06•02001 Will the information society be sustainable? Towards criteria and indicators for a sustainable knowledge society Spangenberg, J. H. hTternational Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 2005, 1, (1 2), 85 102.
300
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2006
17
ENERGY CONVERSION A N D RECYCLING
06•02002 An analysis of the environmental management elements related to the improvements of the drying kinetics of waste activated sludge by Fenton peroxidation Dewil, R. et al. International Journal of Environmental Technology and h~ranagement, 2005, 5, (4), 378-394. Advanced sludge treatment processes reduce the amount of sludge produced and improve dewaterability, thus probably also affecting the heat transfer properties and the drying characteristics of the sludge. This paper studies the influence of Fenton peroxidation on the thermal conductivity of the sludge. Results demonstrate that Fenton's peroxidation improves the sludge cake consistency and increases the thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, thus enhancing the drying characteristics of the dewatered sludge. The improved thermal characteristics and increased dewaterability reduce the required size of indirectly-heated sludge dryers.
06•02003 mixing
Anaerobic digestion of animal waste: effect of
Karim, K. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96, (14), 1607-1612. Six laboratory scale biogas mixed anaerobic digesters were operated to study the effect of biogas recycling rates and draft tube height on their performance. The digesters produced methane at 0.40-0.45 L per litre of digester volume per day. A higher methane production rate was observed in unmixed digesters, while increased biogas circulation rate reduced methane production. However, different draft tube heights caused no difference in the methane production rate. Air infiltration (up to 15% oxygen in the biogas) was observed in the digesters mixed by biogas re-circulation. Slight air permeability of tubing or leakage on the vacuum side of the air pump may have caused the observed air infiltration. The similar performance of the mixed and unmixed digesters might be the result of the low solids concentration (50 g dry solids per litre of slurry) in the fed animal slurry, which could be sufficiently mixed by the naturally produced biogas.
06•02004 Design, simulation and performance of a waste heat driven adsorption ice maker for fishing boat Wang, L. W. et al. Energy, 2006, 31, (2~3), 244 259. An activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system is tested, in which the performances of a granular bed and a solidified bed are compared. Results are presented and the effects of heat and mass transfer are analysed, It is proved that the coefficient of performance of refrigeration (COP) is increased by 60% if heat and mass recovery is used for a two-granular-bed system. It is also shown that the heat transfer in a solidified bed is much better than that in a granular bed, but the mass transfer in a solidified bed is critical. Two new adsorbers are designed after analysing the influence of mass transfer on the performance of the solidified bed, and the arrangement of mass transfer channels is fully taken into account. The simulation of this new designed ice maker shows that the optimal cycle time is about 35 rain, and the corresponding specific cooling power (SCP) is SCP = 35 W/kg at - 1 0 ° C evaporating temperature. The new designed system (two adsorbers, each containing 60 kg activated carbon) is set up and tested; its evaporating temperature is as low as about -15°C, and its optimal ice production is about 20 kg/h.
06/01997 The impact of environmental policy instruments on the timing of adoption of energy-saving technologies van Soest, D, P. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 235-247. One of the main considerations in designing environmental policy is the impact of policy instruments on the timing of firms' investment decisions with respect to energy-saving technologies. This paper analyses the impact of environmental taxes and quotas on the timing of adoption when (i) the rate at which new, improved energy-efficient technologies become available, is uncertain, and (ii) the investment decision is (at least partially) irreversible. Neither policy instrument is unambiguously preferred to the other when it comes to stimulating early adoption of new technologies.
It is posited that the information society is not sustainable because information alone is meaningless. Information requires a context to convert it to knowledge - only the context adds the meaning. A knowledge society can be sustainable, but this depends on the context: in a normative neoliberal framework, the knowledge society represents a concept of individualization and of dismantling social structures. However, in the context of a (just as normative) sustainability strategy, the meaning of 'knowledge society' is different, focused on supporting active citizenship. For this reason, criteria for a sustainable knowledge society cannot be restricted to access to information, but must also cover the kind of information, the provision of content as much as the infrastructure. Whereas a plethora of sustainability indicators has been developed in the last decade, the work on integrated systems of indicators is rather new, particularly for the sustainable knowledge society, so that no more than first suggestions for indicators can be presented. A positive evaluation demonstrates that the current trend towards a knowledge economy is not yet sustainable.
06•01998 The politics and policy of energy system transformation - explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology Jacobsson, S. and Lauber, V. Energy Policy, 2006, 34, (3), 256-276. To halt climate change, a transition to a low-carbon economy must take place quite rapidly, within a century at most. Thus, the rate of diffusion of new technologies such as those for the generation of electricity from renewable energy sources becomes a central issue. This article explores the reasons for the particularly rapid spread of two such technologies in Germany, wind turbines and solar cells. This paper considers the nature of the policy instruments employed and to the political process that led to the adoption of these instruments. The analysis demonstrates how the regulatory framework is formed in a 'battle over institutions" where the German parliament, informed and supported by an advocacy coalition of growing strength, backed support policies for renewables sourced electricity against often reluctant governments and the opposition from nuclear and coal interests. It also demonstrates that this major political and environmental achievement carries a modest price if we consider total costs to society, i.e. including both subsidies to coal and the negative external economies of coal.
06•01999 Tourism, poaching and wildlife conservation: what can integrated conservation and development projects accomplish? Johannesen, A. B. and Skonhoft, A. Resource and Energy Economics, 2005, 27, (3), 208-226. Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) have frequently been established in Africa to improve wildlife conservation and the welfare of local communities. However, their effectiveness has been hampered by conflicts and illegal harvesting. This paper focuses on the strategic interaction between the manager of a protected area and a group of local people. The park manager benefits from wildlife through tourism and hunting. The local people benefit through hunting, but also bear the wildlife damage. ICDPs relying on money transfers to the local people from the park manager may or may not promote wildlife conservation. In addition, the welfare of the local people are ambiguous.
06102000 Vision for utilization of livestock residue as bioenergy resource in Japan Fujino, J. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2005, 29, (5), 367-374. Utilization of livestock residue is important not only for energy recovery and material recycling but also for preventing environmental pollution. This paper focuses on the following options from the viewpoint of the Law on Promoting Proper Management and Use of Livestock Excreta and the Kyoto protocol: energy use from livestock residue, reductions in CO2 emissions resulting from substitution of fossil fuels, and reduction of other greenhouse gas emissions through appropriate treatment of livestock residue. Bioenergy potential of livestock residue in Japan was estimated to be 167 PJ in the year 2000. This is equivalent to about 0.7% of total primary energy supply. Biogas production with methane fermentation and burning poultry residue at power plants can produce 4.1 TWh of electricity and 46 PJ of heat. The amount of CO2 substitution for fossil fuels is 6.9 Mt-CO2. This corresponds to about 0.6% of total CO2 emissions in 1990. This also has an additional effect of reducing other greenhouse gas (CH4 and N20) emissions from conventional treatment of livestock residue. Development of biogas plants, promotion of biogas utilization, and effective use of fertilizer components extracted from livestock residue are expected to gain importance in the future.
06•02001 Will the information society be sustainable? Towards criteria and indicators for a sustainable knowledge society Spangenberg, J. H. hTternational Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 2005, 1, (1 2), 85 102.
300
Fuel and Energy Abstracts July 2006
17
ENERGY CONVERSION A N D RECYCLING
06•02002 An analysis of the environmental management elements related to the improvements of the drying kinetics of waste activated sludge by Fenton peroxidation Dewil, R. et al. International Journal of Environmental Technology and h~ranagement, 2005, 5, (4), 378-394. Advanced sludge treatment processes reduce the amount of sludge produced and improve dewaterability, thus probably also affecting the heat transfer properties and the drying characteristics of the sludge. This paper studies the influence of Fenton peroxidation on the thermal conductivity of the sludge. Results demonstrate that Fenton's peroxidation improves the sludge cake consistency and increases the thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient, thus enhancing the drying characteristics of the dewatered sludge. The improved thermal characteristics and increased dewaterability reduce the required size of indirectly-heated sludge dryers.
06•02003 mixing
Anaerobic digestion of animal waste: effect of
Karim, K. et al. Bioresource Technology, 2005, 96, (14), 1607-1612. Six laboratory scale biogas mixed anaerobic digesters were operated to study the effect of biogas recycling rates and draft tube height on their performance. The digesters produced methane at 0.40-0.45 L per litre of digester volume per day. A higher methane production rate was observed in unmixed digesters, while increased biogas circulation rate reduced methane production. However, different draft tube heights caused no difference in the methane production rate. Air infiltration (up to 15% oxygen in the biogas) was observed in the digesters mixed by biogas re-circulation. Slight air permeability of tubing or leakage on the vacuum side of the air pump may have caused the observed air infiltration. The similar performance of the mixed and unmixed digesters might be the result of the low solids concentration (50 g dry solids per litre of slurry) in the fed animal slurry, which could be sufficiently mixed by the naturally produced biogas.
06•02004 Design, simulation and performance of a waste heat driven adsorption ice maker for fishing boat Wang, L. W. et al. Energy, 2006, 31, (2~3), 244 259. An activated carbon-methanol adsorption refrigeration system is tested, in which the performances of a granular bed and a solidified bed are compared. Results are presented and the effects of heat and mass transfer are analysed, It is proved that the coefficient of performance of refrigeration (COP) is increased by 60% if heat and mass recovery is used for a two-granular-bed system. It is also shown that the heat transfer in a solidified bed is much better than that in a granular bed, but the mass transfer in a solidified bed is critical. Two new adsorbers are designed after analysing the influence of mass transfer on the performance of the solidified bed, and the arrangement of mass transfer channels is fully taken into account. The simulation of this new designed ice maker shows that the optimal cycle time is about 35 rain, and the corresponding specific cooling power (SCP) is SCP = 35 W/kg at - 1 0 ° C evaporating temperature. The new designed system (two adsorbers, each containing 60 kg activated carbon) is set up and tested; its evaporating temperature is as low as about -15°C, and its optimal ice production is about 20 kg/h.