- Email: [email protected]
02315 Influence of polystyrene addition to cellulose on chemical structure and properties of bio-oil obtained during pyrolysis
13 Alternative energy supplies (biofuels and bioconversion energy) Lack of B875 complex following in-frame deletion of pufBA (mutant PUF1) not only slowed photoheterotrophic growth but also decreased H2 production, indicative of the essential requirement of the complex for LH process. However, the pucBA-deleted mutant, PUC1 lacking of B800 850 complex, increased H2 production in comparison with its parental cell by approximately twofold, given irradiated with light (10 W/m 2) saturating the growth of wild type. The H_~production of PUC1 did not increase in proportion to the light intensity, which is also observed with wild type. Thus, the authors suggest that light is not limited for the H2 production of the cells under the experimental conditions employed in this work, but the cellular energy to be used for the formation of B800-850 complex may flow into the metabolism leading to the H2 production in PUC1.
06/02310 Effect of temperature and iron concentration on the growth and hydrogen production of mixed bacteria Zhang, Y. and Shen, J. International Journal of I]vdrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (4), 441 446. Anaerobic mixed culture acclimated with sucrose was used as inoculum in batch experiments to investigate the effects of various parameters on biological hydrogen production from sucrose. In particular, the effect of the culture temperature has been investigated in detail. The optimum of the iron concentration in the external environment on hydrogen production was also studied at different temperatures. Experimental results show that the hydrogen production ability of the anaerobic bacteria was deeply affected by both culture temperature and iron concentration. Increasing the culture temperature favoured the production of hydrogen when it was in the range of 25-40°C, and high sucrose conversion efficiencies (ca. 98%) were consistently obtained with the mixed bacteria at the same time. While the temperature went on increasing to 45°C, the hydrogen production was almost inhibited. The optimum concentrations of iron for hydrogen production decreased obviously along with increasing the reactor's temperature. For 25, 35, and 40°C, the maximum production yield of hydrogen were 356.0, 371.7, and 351.1 ml obtained at the iron concentration of 800, 200, and 25 mg FeSO4 1-1, respectively.
06/02311 Energy-efficient pellet production in the forest industry - a study of obstacles and success factors Wolf, A. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (1), 38-45. With an expanding market for upgraded biofuel in many countries, it is important to develop efficient production methods for upgrading wet biomass. The possibilities for heat recovery can be improved if the upgrading process is integrated with other energy-intensive processes, as for example a pulp mill or a sawmill, in a biofuel combine. This work evaluates obstacles and success factors for forming such biofuel combines with the forest industry. Case studies and calculations on theoretical cases have been used together with literature references to evaluate how a biofuel combine can be realized and to compile obstacles and success factors for a combine. It could be seen from the case studies that an excess of by-products and waste heat, together with an existing need for investments are important driving forces for the formation of biofuel combines in the forest industry. The market was also identified as an important factor, which can be both an obstacle and a success factor depending on the situation. It was concluded that the existence of a small-scale pellet market near the plant is important for economic feasibility when sawdust is used as raw material. The conditions for the biofuel combine are different depending on the form of ownership. When a pulp mill or sawmill owns the pellet factory, it was concluded that minimizing the risk by using well-known technologies can be an important factor for the realization of the combine.
06•02312 Experimental and numerical analysis of sodiumcarbonate salt gradient solar-pond performance under simulated solar-radiation Kurt, H. et al. Applied Energy, 2006, 83, (4), 324-342. This study investigated experimentally and theoretically whether sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) salt was suitable to establish a salinity gradient in a salt-gradient solar-pond (SGSP). For this purpose, a small-scale prismatic solar-pond was constructed. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory under the incident radiation from two halogen-lamps acting as a solar simulator. Furthermore, a onedimensional transient mathematical model that describes the heat and mass transfer behaviour of the SGSP was developed. The differential equations obtained were solved numerically using a finite-difference method. It was found from the experiments that the density gradient, achieved using sodium carbonate salt, can suppress convection from the bottom to the surface of the pond.
06/02313 Experimental investigation on combustion and heat transfer characteristics in a furnace fueled with unconventional biomass fuels (date stones and palm stalks) Al-Omari, S.-A. B. Energy Conversion and ~Ianagement, 2006, 47, (6), 778-790.
352
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2006
The combustion of date stones and palm stalks in a small-scale furnace with a conical solid fuel bed is investigated experimentally. This investigation (to the best of the knowledge of the author) is the first addressing date stones as a new renewable energy source. Different experimental conditions are investigated where different fuel feed conditions and different combustion air flow rates are considered. The major results are given in terms of the fuel reduction rates and the heat transferred to the cooling water flowing in a water jacket around the furnace as functions of time. Combustion of the biomass fuels considered here in the investigated furnace is initiated by using LPG fuel as a starter. The hot products of LPG combustion, which is taking place in a burner built prior to the investigated solid fuel furnace, are allowed to penetrate the conical fuel bed for 2-3 rain from its bottom base in the upward direction, causing effective heating and gasification and pyrolysis of the solid fuel in the bed to take place. The resulting combustible gases mix with the combustion air and subsequently are ignited by an external ignition source. The results of the present study highlight date stones as a renewable energy source with a good potential.
06•02314
Hydrogen production from biogas using hot slag
Purwanto, H. and Akiyama, T. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (4), 491-495. Possibility of hydrogen production from biogas using hot slag has been studied, in which decomposition rate of COz-CH4 in a packed bed of granulated slag was measured at constant flow-rate and pressure. The molten slag, discharged at high temperature over 1700 K from smelting industries such as steelmaking or municipal waste incineration. It has enough potential for replacing energy required for hydrogen production due to the catalytic steam reforming or carbon decomposition of hydrocarbon. However, heat recovery of hot slag has never been established. Therefore, the objective of this work is to generate hydrogen from methane using heated slag particles as catalyst, in which the effect of temperature on the hydrogen generation was mainly investigated at range from 973 to 1273 K. In the experiments a mixed gas of CH4 and CO2 was continuously introduced into the packed bed of hot slag at constant flow-rate and atmospheric pressure and then the outlet gas was monitored by gas chromatography. The results indicate that slag acted as not only thermal media but also good catalyst, for promoting decomposition. The product gases were mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide with/without solid carbon deposition on the surface of slag, depending on the reaction temperature. Increasing temperature led to large hydrogen generation with decreasing unreacted methane in the outlet gas, at when the largest methane conversion was about 96%. The results suggested a new energy-saving process of hydrogen production, in which the waste heat from molten slag can replace the energy required for hydrogen production, reducing carbon dioxide emission.
06•02315 Influence of polystyrene addition to cellulose on chemical structure and properties of bio-oil obtained during pyrolysis Rutkowski, P. and Kubacki, A. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47, (6), 716-731. The cellulose (C), polystyrene (PS) and cellulose/polystyrene (C-PS) mixtures (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 w/w) were subjected to a pyrolysis process to produce bio-oil. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 45.5-94.8 wt% depending on the composition of the sample. Pyrolysis of polystyrene gives the highest oil yield, whereas for cellulose, the yield of liquid products was the lowest. The basic physicochemical properties of oils are strongly influenced by the original material and do not change additively. The polystyrene addition to cellulose clearly improves the quality of the bio-oil, resulting in decreases in acid number, pour point and density. The change of colour is not so distinct. The FT-IR analysis of the oils showed that the oxygen functionalities and hydrocarbons contents highly depend on the composition of the cellulose/polystyrene mixture. The fractionation of bio-oils by column chromatography using hexane and benzene was followed by GC-MS analyses. Different classes of organic compounds were identified, i.e. carboxylic acids, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers and unsaturated linear and cyclic hydrocarbons. The proportion of hydrocarbons increases with a decrease of the cellulose/polystyrene ratio. The obtained results indicate that during pyrolysis, not only does decomposition of cellulose and polystyrene occur, but also, reactions between products from C and PS take place. That was proved by the presence of compounds identified only in the bio-oils obtained from C PS compositions.
06/02316
Integration of biomass gasification with MCFC
Iaquaniello, G. and Mangiapane, A. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (3), 399-404. Biomass gasification, integrated with molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) represents an alternative to the direct use of fossil fuel energy. Integration of both technologies has been under investigation for quite long time. Fuel cell technology is one of the most interesting
06/02310 Effect of temperature and iron concentration on the growth and hydrogen production of mixed bacteria Zhang, Y. and Shen, J. International Journal of I]vdrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (4), 441 446. Anaerobic mixed culture acclimated with sucrose was used as inoculum in batch experiments to investigate the effects of various parameters on biological hydrogen production from sucrose. In particular, the effect of the culture temperature has been investigated in detail. The optimum of the iron concentration in the external environment on hydrogen production was also studied at different temperatures. Experimental results show that the hydrogen production ability of the anaerobic bacteria was deeply affected by both culture temperature and iron concentration. Increasing the culture temperature favoured the production of hydrogen when it was in the range of 25-40°C, and high sucrose conversion efficiencies (ca. 98%) were consistently obtained with the mixed bacteria at the same time. While the temperature went on increasing to 45°C, the hydrogen production was almost inhibited. The optimum concentrations of iron for hydrogen production decreased obviously along with increasing the reactor's temperature. For 25, 35, and 40°C, the maximum production yield of hydrogen were 356.0, 371.7, and 351.1 ml obtained at the iron concentration of 800, 200, and 25 mg FeSO4 1-1, respectively.
06/02311 Energy-efficient pellet production in the forest industry - a study of obstacles and success factors Wolf, A. et al. Biomass and Bioenergy, 2006, 30, (1), 38-45. With an expanding market for upgraded biofuel in many countries, it is important to develop efficient production methods for upgrading wet biomass. The possibilities for heat recovery can be improved if the upgrading process is integrated with other energy-intensive processes, as for example a pulp mill or a sawmill, in a biofuel combine. This work evaluates obstacles and success factors for forming such biofuel combines with the forest industry. Case studies and calculations on theoretical cases have been used together with literature references to evaluate how a biofuel combine can be realized and to compile obstacles and success factors for a combine. It could be seen from the case studies that an excess of by-products and waste heat, together with an existing need for investments are important driving forces for the formation of biofuel combines in the forest industry. The market was also identified as an important factor, which can be both an obstacle and a success factor depending on the situation. It was concluded that the existence of a small-scale pellet market near the plant is important for economic feasibility when sawdust is used as raw material. The conditions for the biofuel combine are different depending on the form of ownership. When a pulp mill or sawmill owns the pellet factory, it was concluded that minimizing the risk by using well-known technologies can be an important factor for the realization of the combine.
06•02312 Experimental and numerical analysis of sodiumcarbonate salt gradient solar-pond performance under simulated solar-radiation Kurt, H. et al. Applied Energy, 2006, 83, (4), 324-342. This study investigated experimentally and theoretically whether sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) salt was suitable to establish a salinity gradient in a salt-gradient solar-pond (SGSP). For this purpose, a small-scale prismatic solar-pond was constructed. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory under the incident radiation from two halogen-lamps acting as a solar simulator. Furthermore, a onedimensional transient mathematical model that describes the heat and mass transfer behaviour of the SGSP was developed. The differential equations obtained were solved numerically using a finite-difference method. It was found from the experiments that the density gradient, achieved using sodium carbonate salt, can suppress convection from the bottom to the surface of the pond.
06/02313 Experimental investigation on combustion and heat transfer characteristics in a furnace fueled with unconventional biomass fuels (date stones and palm stalks) Al-Omari, S.-A. B. Energy Conversion and ~Ianagement, 2006, 47, (6), 778-790.
352
Fuel and Energy Abstracts September 2006
The combustion of date stones and palm stalks in a small-scale furnace with a conical solid fuel bed is investigated experimentally. This investigation (to the best of the knowledge of the author) is the first addressing date stones as a new renewable energy source. Different experimental conditions are investigated where different fuel feed conditions and different combustion air flow rates are considered. The major results are given in terms of the fuel reduction rates and the heat transferred to the cooling water flowing in a water jacket around the furnace as functions of time. Combustion of the biomass fuels considered here in the investigated furnace is initiated by using LPG fuel as a starter. The hot products of LPG combustion, which is taking place in a burner built prior to the investigated solid fuel furnace, are allowed to penetrate the conical fuel bed for 2-3 rain from its bottom base in the upward direction, causing effective heating and gasification and pyrolysis of the solid fuel in the bed to take place. The resulting combustible gases mix with the combustion air and subsequently are ignited by an external ignition source. The results of the present study highlight date stones as a renewable energy source with a good potential.
06•02314
Hydrogen production from biogas using hot slag
Purwanto, H. and Akiyama, T. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (4), 491-495. Possibility of hydrogen production from biogas using hot slag has been studied, in which decomposition rate of COz-CH4 in a packed bed of granulated slag was measured at constant flow-rate and pressure. The molten slag, discharged at high temperature over 1700 K from smelting industries such as steelmaking or municipal waste incineration. It has enough potential for replacing energy required for hydrogen production due to the catalytic steam reforming or carbon decomposition of hydrocarbon. However, heat recovery of hot slag has never been established. Therefore, the objective of this work is to generate hydrogen from methane using heated slag particles as catalyst, in which the effect of temperature on the hydrogen generation was mainly investigated at range from 973 to 1273 K. In the experiments a mixed gas of CH4 and CO2 was continuously introduced into the packed bed of hot slag at constant flow-rate and atmospheric pressure and then the outlet gas was monitored by gas chromatography. The results indicate that slag acted as not only thermal media but also good catalyst, for promoting decomposition. The product gases were mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide with/without solid carbon deposition on the surface of slag, depending on the reaction temperature. Increasing temperature led to large hydrogen generation with decreasing unreacted methane in the outlet gas, at when the largest methane conversion was about 96%. The results suggested a new energy-saving process of hydrogen production, in which the waste heat from molten slag can replace the energy required for hydrogen production, reducing carbon dioxide emission.
06•02315 Influence of polystyrene addition to cellulose on chemical structure and properties of bio-oil obtained during pyrolysis Rutkowski, P. and Kubacki, A. Energy Conversion and Management, 2006, 47, (6), 716-731. The cellulose (C), polystyrene (PS) and cellulose/polystyrene (C-PS) mixtures (3:1, 1:1, 1:3 w/w) were subjected to a pyrolysis process to produce bio-oil. The pyrolytic oil yield was in the range of 45.5-94.8 wt% depending on the composition of the sample. Pyrolysis of polystyrene gives the highest oil yield, whereas for cellulose, the yield of liquid products was the lowest. The basic physicochemical properties of oils are strongly influenced by the original material and do not change additively. The polystyrene addition to cellulose clearly improves the quality of the bio-oil, resulting in decreases in acid number, pour point and density. The change of colour is not so distinct. The FT-IR analysis of the oils showed that the oxygen functionalities and hydrocarbons contents highly depend on the composition of the cellulose/polystyrene mixture. The fractionation of bio-oils by column chromatography using hexane and benzene was followed by GC-MS analyses. Different classes of organic compounds were identified, i.e. carboxylic acids, phenols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, ethers and unsaturated linear and cyclic hydrocarbons. The proportion of hydrocarbons increases with a decrease of the cellulose/polystyrene ratio. The obtained results indicate that during pyrolysis, not only does decomposition of cellulose and polystyrene occur, but also, reactions between products from C and PS take place. That was proved by the presence of compounds identified only in the bio-oils obtained from C PS compositions.
06/02316
Integration of biomass gasification with MCFC
Iaquaniello, G. and Mangiapane, A. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2006, 31, (3), 399-404. Biomass gasification, integrated with molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) represents an alternative to the direct use of fossil fuel energy. Integration of both technologies has been under investigation for quite long time. Fuel cell technology is one of the most interesting