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1. Freeze-drying of bacteria
CRYOIIIOLOGY
Vol. 2, No. 6, 19fl6
Symposium t Freeze-Drying 1. Freeze.Drying GrmAw~s.
of
Bacteria.
RONALD L N.
MARCUS KAREL.
2. Freeze-drying of Viruses. WILLIAM RIGHTSEL.
3. Stability
of
4. Title not Available at Time of Publication.
Dr~'ing Biological
5. Freeze-Drying in Model Systems. ALLE~¢ P. M.~cK~'zIz.
Materials.
DONALD GREIFF AND WILTON RIGHTSF&.
Cryomedieai and Hypothermia 6. In sltu Localized Destruction of Bone Using Cryosurgieal Techniques. BERTRAM G. KWASMAN AND SI-IELDO.~ W. £~OLtNE (State University of New York at Buffalo, Public Health Research Institute for Chronic Disease, Buffalo, and the Union Carbide Corporation, Linde Di~'ision, Cryogenic Equipment Design Department, Tonawanda, New York). The effect of extreme cold on living })one in situ has not been well studied. Other organ systems have been investigated with respect to changes due to localized freezing. We decided to cool a segment of the rabbit femur to cryogenic temperatures anti follow the microscopic as well as the clinical changes resulting from this treatment. A CE-2 cryos~urgical probe ~ was introduced into the shaft of tim femur of white New Zealand strain rabbits via a knee arthrotomy approach. A small drill hole was made in the intraeondylar notch area of the femur and the probe was inserted 3.5 em into the medullary cavity. Temperalure was maintained at --120°C for 20 min followed by slow warming. Animals were sacrificed at~ periodic intervals over the following year. Early microscopic observation revealed complete necrosis of marrow elem.~nts as well as cancellous and cortical bone in the zone of low temperature. The amount of bone destruction was determined by the Nze of the crvosurgieal probe and by the period of time low temperatures were maintained. With time, slow, gradual replacement, of necroiic bone by the process of "creeping substitution" was observed. A very sharp line of demarcation, between the viable and the nonviable bone was always seen. Cryosurgical techniques may be very useful in the treatment of certain kinds of benign as well as malignmnt bone tumors. Certain lesions not easily acces, il)Ie to the regular surgical knife might be dealt with and otherwise unsalvagable limbs could be saved. We are able to destroy all
'Manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation, I.inde Division.
295
the viable elements of bone, leaving the nonviable portion behind as an in situ autogenous graft.
7. Cryosurgery of Uterine Cervix. FRANK PO~LUSECK (Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, New York). During the past year we have u ~ d co'osurgery in ~h? treatment of chronic cervicitis in 50 patients. The instrumcv.z used was developed by the Linde Corporation. Two separate procedures were employed. In the first 25 cases the cervix yeas frozen to a temperature of -160°C for 2 rain, thawed, and then rcfrozen for 1 min. In the second group of 25 cases the cervix was frozen at --160°C for I rain, allowed to thaw, and then refroz.'-n for an additional minute. Four to six thermocotq)les were used to measure temperatures at various distances from the cervix. Postoperatively the patients in this series appeared to follow a similar course. For 2 weeks following cryosurgery the cervix presented an amorphous, necrotic appearance, and the patients had a very severe, clear mucous discharge. In most instances complete healing occurred within 3 to 5 weeks. No serious c;omplications were noted except for 1 case th,tt developed only modest vaginal bleeding 3 weeks after cryomlrgery. Photographs of the cervix have been taken of all cases prior to clTosurgery and in its healing stage. Preand postsurgical histological material is also available on all cases. This procedure would appear to be a most useful one in the tre'dment of diseases of the uterine cervix, particularly if a method can be developed to allow its use on an out-patient basis. 8. Experimental Cryosurgery and Temperature Measurement. R. V. JAGODZINSKI,MauRICE J. GENDER, S. SHULMAN, AI~:D WARD A. SO.A~ES (Millard Fillmore Research Institute, Buffalo, New York). Iovestigations concerned with fhe effect of low temperatures on immunological respon~ had generated a need for equipment, and methods which would allow small organs, such as the coag-
Vol. 2, No. 6, 19fl6
Symposium t Freeze-Drying 1. Freeze.Drying GrmAw~s.
of
Bacteria.
RONALD L N.
MARCUS KAREL.
2. Freeze-drying of Viruses. WILLIAM RIGHTSEL.
3. Stability
of
4. Title not Available at Time of Publication.
Dr~'ing Biological
5. Freeze-Drying in Model Systems. ALLE~¢ P. M.~cK~'zIz.
Materials.
DONALD GREIFF AND WILTON RIGHTSF&.
Cryomedieai and Hypothermia 6. In sltu Localized Destruction of Bone Using Cryosurgieal Techniques. BERTRAM G. KWASMAN AND SI-IELDO.~ W. £~OLtNE (State University of New York at Buffalo, Public Health Research Institute for Chronic Disease, Buffalo, and the Union Carbide Corporation, Linde Di~'ision, Cryogenic Equipment Design Department, Tonawanda, New York). The effect of extreme cold on living })one in situ has not been well studied. Other organ systems have been investigated with respect to changes due to localized freezing. We decided to cool a segment of the rabbit femur to cryogenic temperatures anti follow the microscopic as well as the clinical changes resulting from this treatment. A CE-2 cryos~urgical probe ~ was introduced into the shaft of tim femur of white New Zealand strain rabbits via a knee arthrotomy approach. A small drill hole was made in the intraeondylar notch area of the femur and the probe was inserted 3.5 em into the medullary cavity. Temperalure was maintained at --120°C for 20 min followed by slow warming. Animals were sacrificed at~ periodic intervals over the following year. Early microscopic observation revealed complete necrosis of marrow elem.~nts as well as cancellous and cortical bone in the zone of low temperature. The amount of bone destruction was determined by the Nze of the crvosurgieal probe and by the period of time low temperatures were maintained. With time, slow, gradual replacement, of necroiic bone by the process of "creeping substitution" was observed. A very sharp line of demarcation, between the viable and the nonviable bone was always seen. Cryosurgical techniques may be very useful in the treatment of certain kinds of benign as well as malignmnt bone tumors. Certain lesions not easily acces, il)Ie to the regular surgical knife might be dealt with and otherwise unsalvagable limbs could be saved. We are able to destroy all
'Manufactured by Union Carbide Corporation, I.inde Division.
295
the viable elements of bone, leaving the nonviable portion behind as an in situ autogenous graft.
7. Cryosurgery of Uterine Cervix. FRANK PO~LUSECK (Millard Fillmore Hospital, Buffalo, New York). During the past year we have u ~ d co'osurgery in ~h? treatment of chronic cervicitis in 50 patients. The instrumcv.z used was developed by the Linde Corporation. Two separate procedures were employed. In the first 25 cases the cervix yeas frozen to a temperature of -160°C for 2 rain, thawed, and then rcfrozen for 1 min. In the second group of 25 cases the cervix was frozen at --160°C for I rain, allowed to thaw, and then refroz.'-n for an additional minute. Four to six thermocotq)les were used to measure temperatures at various distances from the cervix. Postoperatively the patients in this series appeared to follow a similar course. For 2 weeks following cryosurgery the cervix presented an amorphous, necrotic appearance, and the patients had a very severe, clear mucous discharge. In most instances complete healing occurred within 3 to 5 weeks. No serious c;omplications were noted except for 1 case th,tt developed only modest vaginal bleeding 3 weeks after cryomlrgery. Photographs of the cervix have been taken of all cases prior to clTosurgery and in its healing stage. Preand postsurgical histological material is also available on all cases. This procedure would appear to be a most useful one in the tre'dment of diseases of the uterine cervix, particularly if a method can be developed to allow its use on an out-patient basis. 8. Experimental Cryosurgery and Temperature Measurement. R. V. JAGODZINSKI,MauRICE J. GENDER, S. SHULMAN, AI~:D WARD A. SO.A~ES (Millard Fillmore Research Institute, Buffalo, New York). Iovestigations concerned with fhe effect of low temperatures on immunological respon~ had generated a need for equipment, and methods which would allow small organs, such as the coag-