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1119 HISTORY OF ANDROGENS AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS: USE, ABUSE, AND IDENTIFICATION
Vol. 183, No. 4, Supplement, Monday, May 31, 2010
THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY姞
reaction and response to these unethical experiments today form much of the basis for modern day guidelines in conducting clinical trials involving human subjects.
History of Urology History Forum Monday, May 31, 2010
e433
Source of Funding: None 1:00 PM-5:30 PM
1119 1117 LET THERE BE LIGHT.
HISTORY OF ANDROGENS AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS: USE, ABUSE, AND IDENTIFICATION
Michael Moran*, Tucson, AZ
Jean Fourcroy*, Bethesda, MD
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Electricity and the generation of light itself have fascinated mankind for untold eons. Electrons produce photons which are detectable by photosensitive cells at the rear of our retina that in turn send signals to our visual cortex and sight is achieved. Bioluminescence is the generation of photons of light by animals or plants and was first utilized to aid Pliny the Elder on his evening walks around Pompeii. This represents an investigation into the historical aspects of luminescence and the modern wonders that it now offers to urology with F.I.S.H. evaluation of urine. METHODS: A review of published articles upon the electrophysiology and history of bioluminescence was utilized to develop the data for this report. Modern methods of fluorescent in-situ hybridization literature were used to place the historical precedents into modern perspective. RESULTS: Aniximenes first described bioluminescence in 500 B.C. when noting that the sea when struck with an oar glowed. Pliny the Elder in about 50 B.C. utilized a “luminous slime” from the jellyfish, Pulmo marinus to coat his walking stick so that he could move about safely at night. He went on to describe the glowworm, luminous moluscs (Pholas), and the lantern fish. Enlightenment philosophers interested in the luciferous properties of matter included Bacon, Descartes, Rohault, Boyle, Hooke, Newton, and Franklin. The 19-20th century saw the complex enzymatic interactions necessary for the bioluminescence solved. Raphael Dubois discovered the two key components, luciferene and the heat sensitive luciferase. Harvey, Green and Shimomura actually isolated the key enzymes bringing us to the modern era. CONCLUSIONS: Modern biological manipulation of these complex molecules allows for almost every color of bioluminescence to be available. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a technology that can noninvasively study live biologic activity. Small animal imaging began in 2005 and is rapidly producing phenomenal findings in aging, tissue fabrication, immunology studies, brain neurophysiology, cancer metrics and treatment design, as well as markers which are the hallmark of F.I.S.H.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This is a review of current and past contributions in the identification and measurement of androgens and androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). METHODS: Current, past and personal historical collections are utilized. RESULTS: The magical healing powers of male gonadal organs is recorded from ancient Egyptians to 800 AD when Johannes Mesue the Elder called testicular extract an aphrodisiac. The rationale for this magical power is not well understood. Was it a sexual myth? Neither are the circumstances whereby neolithic farmers discovered that castration of animals improved domestication. John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon, conducted some of the first testicular rooster transplants in 1786. Rightly or wrongly the experiments of Arnold Berthold in1849 suggested a blood substance from roosters that affected appearance and behavior. Oskar Zoth in 1896 published a description of how the use of an extract improved muscular strength and athletic prowess. Charles Kochakian, a pioneer in synthetic hormone research, reported in 1935 that androgens stimulated the protein anabolic processes, offering the possibility that androgen therapy might restore protein tissue and stimulate growth in patients suffering from a spectrum of disorders. The search was now on for a synthetic chemical messenger. By 1937 clinical trials in humans were under way, employing injections of testosterone propionate, a slow-release derivative of testosterone, as well as oral doses of methyltestosterone. Bodybuilders began experimenting with testosterone preparations in the late 1940s and news spread early to other strength-intensive sports athletes, Many of these products came on the market before 1962 when safety and efficacy standards were adopted by the Food and Drug Administration. A myriad of androgenic products were marketed for a variety of unproven conditions. The use of these products preceded the ability to measure the urine or blood levels of androgens. Radioimmunoassays were first used in 1960 replacing the mesurement of urinary 17 ketosteroids. For the past 40 years mass spectrometry has played a decisive role in doping analysis and control in human sport. Today world-wide anabolic steroid use is documented among athletes of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: The use of androgenic steroids for primary hypogonadism, enhancement or athletic improvement became a large and profitable business.
Source of Funding: None
Source of Funding: None
1118 FERTILITY AND STERILIZATION EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS IN NAZI GERMANY Michael Lipsky, Bronx, NY; Israel Nosnik*, Harris Nagler, Basir Tareen, New York, NY INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: We study the urologic experiments that were conducted by the Nazis during World War II in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Specifically, the development, details, and implications of the sterilization experiments are analyzed. METHODS: Data are derived from relevant (historical and medical) texts and articles. RESULTS: A number of different human experiments were performed by the Nazis. The goal of the sterilization experiments was to perfect a method for mass sterilization of the enemies of the Nazis. This was accomplished by using high dose radiation and in-vivo injection of chemical compounds. Crude and often inhumane methods of assessing fertility were then pursued. CONCLUSIONS: Many ethical and legal implications resulted from the experiments performed by the Nazis during World War II. The
1120 REFLECTIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY INDWELLING URETERAL STENTS Robert Gibbons*, Mercer Island, WA INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The indwelling ureteral stent currently is widely used to treat ureteral obstruction. This paper will review the evolution of the first commercially available indwelling ureteral stent. METHODS: An examination of the circumstances that provided the impetus to develop an “internal” diversion for patients with ureteral obstruction. RESULTS: Paul Zimskind first described the clinical use of cystoscopically placing silicone rubber tubes into obstructed ureters in 1967. His initial report of this new “internal” diversion included thirteen patients with tubes indwelling up to 19 months. Silicone rubber was biologically inert, could be sterilized, was flexible & soft at body tem-
THE JOURNAL OF UROLOGY姞
reaction and response to these unethical experiments today form much of the basis for modern day guidelines in conducting clinical trials involving human subjects.
History of Urology History Forum Monday, May 31, 2010
e433
Source of Funding: None 1:00 PM-5:30 PM
1119 1117 LET THERE BE LIGHT.
HISTORY OF ANDROGENS AND ANABOLIC STEROIDS: USE, ABUSE, AND IDENTIFICATION
Michael Moran*, Tucson, AZ
Jean Fourcroy*, Bethesda, MD
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Electricity and the generation of light itself have fascinated mankind for untold eons. Electrons produce photons which are detectable by photosensitive cells at the rear of our retina that in turn send signals to our visual cortex and sight is achieved. Bioluminescence is the generation of photons of light by animals or plants and was first utilized to aid Pliny the Elder on his evening walks around Pompeii. This represents an investigation into the historical aspects of luminescence and the modern wonders that it now offers to urology with F.I.S.H. evaluation of urine. METHODS: A review of published articles upon the electrophysiology and history of bioluminescence was utilized to develop the data for this report. Modern methods of fluorescent in-situ hybridization literature were used to place the historical precedents into modern perspective. RESULTS: Aniximenes first described bioluminescence in 500 B.C. when noting that the sea when struck with an oar glowed. Pliny the Elder in about 50 B.C. utilized a “luminous slime” from the jellyfish, Pulmo marinus to coat his walking stick so that he could move about safely at night. He went on to describe the glowworm, luminous moluscs (Pholas), and the lantern fish. Enlightenment philosophers interested in the luciferous properties of matter included Bacon, Descartes, Rohault, Boyle, Hooke, Newton, and Franklin. The 19-20th century saw the complex enzymatic interactions necessary for the bioluminescence solved. Raphael Dubois discovered the two key components, luciferene and the heat sensitive luciferase. Harvey, Green and Shimomura actually isolated the key enzymes bringing us to the modern era. CONCLUSIONS: Modern biological manipulation of these complex molecules allows for almost every color of bioluminescence to be available. Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a technology that can noninvasively study live biologic activity. Small animal imaging began in 2005 and is rapidly producing phenomenal findings in aging, tissue fabrication, immunology studies, brain neurophysiology, cancer metrics and treatment design, as well as markers which are the hallmark of F.I.S.H.
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: This is a review of current and past contributions in the identification and measurement of androgens and androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). METHODS: Current, past and personal historical collections are utilized. RESULTS: The magical healing powers of male gonadal organs is recorded from ancient Egyptians to 800 AD when Johannes Mesue the Elder called testicular extract an aphrodisiac. The rationale for this magical power is not well understood. Was it a sexual myth? Neither are the circumstances whereby neolithic farmers discovered that castration of animals improved domestication. John Hunter, a Scottish surgeon, conducted some of the first testicular rooster transplants in 1786. Rightly or wrongly the experiments of Arnold Berthold in1849 suggested a blood substance from roosters that affected appearance and behavior. Oskar Zoth in 1896 published a description of how the use of an extract improved muscular strength and athletic prowess. Charles Kochakian, a pioneer in synthetic hormone research, reported in 1935 that androgens stimulated the protein anabolic processes, offering the possibility that androgen therapy might restore protein tissue and stimulate growth in patients suffering from a spectrum of disorders. The search was now on for a synthetic chemical messenger. By 1937 clinical trials in humans were under way, employing injections of testosterone propionate, a slow-release derivative of testosterone, as well as oral doses of methyltestosterone. Bodybuilders began experimenting with testosterone preparations in the late 1940s and news spread early to other strength-intensive sports athletes, Many of these products came on the market before 1962 when safety and efficacy standards were adopted by the Food and Drug Administration. A myriad of androgenic products were marketed for a variety of unproven conditions. The use of these products preceded the ability to measure the urine or blood levels of androgens. Radioimmunoassays were first used in 1960 replacing the mesurement of urinary 17 ketosteroids. For the past 40 years mass spectrometry has played a decisive role in doping analysis and control in human sport. Today world-wide anabolic steroid use is documented among athletes of all ages. CONCLUSIONS: The use of androgenic steroids for primary hypogonadism, enhancement or athletic improvement became a large and profitable business.
Source of Funding: None
Source of Funding: None
1118 FERTILITY AND STERILIZATION EXPERIMENTS ON HUMAN SUBJECTS IN NAZI GERMANY Michael Lipsky, Bronx, NY; Israel Nosnik*, Harris Nagler, Basir Tareen, New York, NY INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: We study the urologic experiments that were conducted by the Nazis during World War II in the Auschwitz concentration camp. Specifically, the development, details, and implications of the sterilization experiments are analyzed. METHODS: Data are derived from relevant (historical and medical) texts and articles. RESULTS: A number of different human experiments were performed by the Nazis. The goal of the sterilization experiments was to perfect a method for mass sterilization of the enemies of the Nazis. This was accomplished by using high dose radiation and in-vivo injection of chemical compounds. Crude and often inhumane methods of assessing fertility were then pursued. CONCLUSIONS: Many ethical and legal implications resulted from the experiments performed by the Nazis during World War II. The
1120 REFLECTIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EARLY INDWELLING URETERAL STENTS Robert Gibbons*, Mercer Island, WA INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The indwelling ureteral stent currently is widely used to treat ureteral obstruction. This paper will review the evolution of the first commercially available indwelling ureteral stent. METHODS: An examination of the circumstances that provided the impetus to develop an “internal” diversion for patients with ureteral obstruction. RESULTS: Paul Zimskind first described the clinical use of cystoscopically placing silicone rubber tubes into obstructed ureters in 1967. His initial report of this new “internal” diversion included thirteen patients with tubes indwelling up to 19 months. Silicone rubber was biologically inert, could be sterilized, was flexible & soft at body tem-