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14. Kinetic theory of gases
Classified abstracts 9154116 Classified
abstracts 916-926 on this page
Editor’s Note The label immediately following the title of each item denotes country or origin of publication, and thaf at the end of each abstract indicates country of origin of work (where known).
I. General vacuum 10. Vacuum science
science and engineering and technology 10
915. Vacuum tecbaiques in industry. (France) Review article. Aaoa, Automation Fr, 80,1965.127-140. (in French). 12. Measurement
of low pressures
12 (Japan) 916. Partial pressure measuring lnstrumtnts. A review of partial pressure detectors is given with relative emphasis on the mass filter and the high frequency type detector. The author has for years been engaged in the development of a Bennett type detector. With the application of a square wave high frequency voltage the resolution can be expressed as approximately 4N, where N means the number of cycles which an ion experiences while it travels between the first stage and the last stage. F Raaematsu, Oyo Buturi, 34,1965, 837-842, (in Japanese). 14. Kinetic theory of gases
14 : 15
Supersonic jet of hydrogen in rac~u). 8ee abstract number 922. 14 917. Probablllty aad molecular tlow in vacuum systems. (USA) The use of probability approaches to solve problems ranging from simple gas flow through tubes to complex trap or space simulator arrangements is illustrated. The flow of gas through cylindrical tubes is considered as an introduction to the application of probability. The more complex problem of traps and bafaes is then illustrated. It was noted that the diffuse reflection of electromagnetic radiation behaves in a fashion similar to the reflection of molecules. Hence, the analysis of heat loads reflected to cryogenic panels may be solved by (USA) the method of probability. (A R) D J Santeler, 5th Ann Symp on Space Environment Simulation, 1964, AR0 Inc Arnold Air Force Station, Rep AD-441312. 14 918. Measuring the mutuald&sion coefficients of gases by the baroetfect method. (USSR) The’ baroeffect (ie, the pressure difference arising during the mutual diffusion of gases in a closed system under isothermal conditions) may conveniently be used in place of the standard optical method of measuring mutual-diffusion coefficients in cases where the latter is insensitive (eg, when the diffusing gases are very similar in refractive index). This principle was studied experimentally and its limitations determined. The main requirement was the elimination of “stray” pressure differences which could vitiate the diffusion measurements. The basic theory underlying the baroeffect was confirmed by the experiments, a computing formula for the mutual diffusion of gases through a capillary derived, and the applicability of the method ov& a wide range of temperatures and pressures verified. P V Volobuev et al, Atomnaya i Molekuiyarnaya Fizika, 1965, 82, (in Russian). 15. Fluid dynamics 15 919. Expaasioo of a Boite mass of gas into vacuum. (USA) A summary is presented of research on the problem of the expansion into vacuum of a finite mass of gas initially at rest and in a uniform
State. SSmhg a perfect gas. The cases of plane, cylindrical and spherical flow t&e considered. C Greltlaaer and J D Cole. Ren P-3067. AD-611204. Feb 1965. . RAND Co;p, Santa Monica, Calif. 15 928. Two phase flow tlueagh a nozzle. (USA) J A H&berg aad S L Soo, Astronautica Acta, 11(3), 1965,207-216. 15 921. EXfect of temperature oo carrier-gas tlow rates ia packed aad capillary columns. (USA) The temperature dependence of carrier-gas flow rate under conditions of constant inlet and outlet pressures was measured for packed and capillary columns of metal and glass using He, HI, and N as carrier gases. G Horllck, Anal Chem, 38 (l), Jan 1966,7-g 15 : 14 922. Supersonlc jet of hydrogesr in vacm (USSR) Problems involved in the creation of a supersonic jet of hydrogen in vacua were studied experimentally. A leading ditllculty was the liquidhelium cooling of the surface on which the hydrogen was condensed; the heat-transfer taking place between the liquid helium and the walls of the vessel was studied under a wide range of conditions. Experimental relations were obtained between the optimum target thickness and the gas flow, and between the latter and the pressure in the charge-exchange chamber. These differed considerably from the corresponding relationships earlier found for CO, and Ar jets. The reasons for this are discussed together with their practical significance. V B Yuferev et al, Collection on “Magnetic traps”, Academy of Sciences, Ukr SSR section 3 (High-Vacuum Technique), 1965. 113. (in Russian). 15 923. Dynamics of multipbase flow systems. (USA) General motion of non-reactive gas-solid systems in potential fields with distribution in size of solid particles and including interactions among particles was formulated through the introduction of ‘multiphase” generaliition, applicable to mean interparticle spacing greater than two diameters. Cases of adiabatic potential flow, laminar boundary layer motion and electro-hydrodynamics slug flow are illustrated, and physical significance of results is discussed. S L Soo, ZndEng Chem, 4 (4). Nov 1965,426433. 15 : 18 924. Some effects of lambmr and turbuleat tlow 011breakdown ia gases. ( UsA) The conservation equation for electrons in a laminar or turbulent flow has been used to determine a criterion for breakdown. The results can be used to define a characteristic length, Ls and time, ts which determine the effects of the flow on the power required to break down the gases. The theory has been compared to the experimental results of Buchsbaum and Cottingham in H, with reasonable agreement in the laminar region. D S Bugaolo, Bell System Tech J, 44 (10) , Dee 1965,2393-2408.
16. Gases and solids
16 92!I. Measaremeat of weak surfaces by the BET adserptIoa metbed. (Belgium) P Cb&wbault, Euratom Report. EUR-2012f. 1965, (in French). 16 926. Caplllary-orhlce model for bigb speed fiow tbroqb porous media. (US4 The capillary-orifice model is proposed to predict the flow behaviour in porous media. This model assumes porous media to be. made up 847
abstracts 916-926 on this page
Editor’s Note The label immediately following the title of each item denotes country or origin of publication, and thaf at the end of each abstract indicates country of origin of work (where known).
I. General vacuum 10. Vacuum science
science and engineering and technology 10
915. Vacuum tecbaiques in industry. (France) Review article. Aaoa, Automation Fr, 80,1965.127-140. (in French). 12. Measurement
of low pressures
12 (Japan) 916. Partial pressure measuring lnstrumtnts. A review of partial pressure detectors is given with relative emphasis on the mass filter and the high frequency type detector. The author has for years been engaged in the development of a Bennett type detector. With the application of a square wave high frequency voltage the resolution can be expressed as approximately 4N, where N means the number of cycles which an ion experiences while it travels between the first stage and the last stage. F Raaematsu, Oyo Buturi, 34,1965, 837-842, (in Japanese). 14. Kinetic theory of gases
14 : 15
Supersonic jet of hydrogen in rac~u). 8ee abstract number 922. 14 917. Probablllty aad molecular tlow in vacuum systems. (USA) The use of probability approaches to solve problems ranging from simple gas flow through tubes to complex trap or space simulator arrangements is illustrated. The flow of gas through cylindrical tubes is considered as an introduction to the application of probability. The more complex problem of traps and bafaes is then illustrated. It was noted that the diffuse reflection of electromagnetic radiation behaves in a fashion similar to the reflection of molecules. Hence, the analysis of heat loads reflected to cryogenic panels may be solved by (USA) the method of probability. (A R) D J Santeler, 5th Ann Symp on Space Environment Simulation, 1964, AR0 Inc Arnold Air Force Station, Rep AD-441312. 14 918. Measuring the mutuald&sion coefficients of gases by the baroetfect method. (USSR) The’ baroeffect (ie, the pressure difference arising during the mutual diffusion of gases in a closed system under isothermal conditions) may conveniently be used in place of the standard optical method of measuring mutual-diffusion coefficients in cases where the latter is insensitive (eg, when the diffusing gases are very similar in refractive index). This principle was studied experimentally and its limitations determined. The main requirement was the elimination of “stray” pressure differences which could vitiate the diffusion measurements. The basic theory underlying the baroeffect was confirmed by the experiments, a computing formula for the mutual diffusion of gases through a capillary derived, and the applicability of the method ov& a wide range of temperatures and pressures verified. P V Volobuev et al, Atomnaya i Molekuiyarnaya Fizika, 1965, 82, (in Russian). 15. Fluid dynamics 15 919. Expaasioo of a Boite mass of gas into vacuum. (USA) A summary is presented of research on the problem of the expansion into vacuum of a finite mass of gas initially at rest and in a uniform
State. SSmhg a perfect gas. The cases of plane, cylindrical and spherical flow t&e considered. C Greltlaaer and J D Cole. Ren P-3067. AD-611204. Feb 1965. . RAND Co;p, Santa Monica, Calif. 15 928. Two phase flow tlueagh a nozzle. (USA) J A H&berg aad S L Soo, Astronautica Acta, 11(3), 1965,207-216. 15 921. EXfect of temperature oo carrier-gas tlow rates ia packed aad capillary columns. (USA) The temperature dependence of carrier-gas flow rate under conditions of constant inlet and outlet pressures was measured for packed and capillary columns of metal and glass using He, HI, and N as carrier gases. G Horllck, Anal Chem, 38 (l), Jan 1966,7-g 15 : 14 922. Supersonlc jet of hydrogesr in vacm (USSR) Problems involved in the creation of a supersonic jet of hydrogen in vacua were studied experimentally. A leading ditllculty was the liquidhelium cooling of the surface on which the hydrogen was condensed; the heat-transfer taking place between the liquid helium and the walls of the vessel was studied under a wide range of conditions. Experimental relations were obtained between the optimum target thickness and the gas flow, and between the latter and the pressure in the charge-exchange chamber. These differed considerably from the corresponding relationships earlier found for CO, and Ar jets. The reasons for this are discussed together with their practical significance. V B Yuferev et al, Collection on “Magnetic traps”, Academy of Sciences, Ukr SSR section 3 (High-Vacuum Technique), 1965. 113. (in Russian). 15 923. Dynamics of multipbase flow systems. (USA) General motion of non-reactive gas-solid systems in potential fields with distribution in size of solid particles and including interactions among particles was formulated through the introduction of ‘multiphase” generaliition, applicable to mean interparticle spacing greater than two diameters. Cases of adiabatic potential flow, laminar boundary layer motion and electro-hydrodynamics slug flow are illustrated, and physical significance of results is discussed. S L Soo, ZndEng Chem, 4 (4). Nov 1965,426433. 15 : 18 924. Some effects of lambmr and turbuleat tlow 011breakdown ia gases. ( UsA) The conservation equation for electrons in a laminar or turbulent flow has been used to determine a criterion for breakdown. The results can be used to define a characteristic length, Ls and time, ts which determine the effects of the flow on the power required to break down the gases. The theory has been compared to the experimental results of Buchsbaum and Cottingham in H, with reasonable agreement in the laminar region. D S Bugaolo, Bell System Tech J, 44 (10) , Dee 1965,2393-2408.
16. Gases and solids
16 92!I. Measaremeat of weak surfaces by the BET adserptIoa metbed. (Belgium) P Cb&wbault, Euratom Report. EUR-2012f. 1965, (in French). 16 926. Caplllary-orhlce model for bigb speed fiow tbroqb porous media. (US4 The capillary-orifice model is proposed to predict the flow behaviour in porous media. This model assumes porous media to be. made up 847