- Email: [email protected]
1514. Vacuum evaporation apparatus
Classified abstracts 1513-1526 35. Impregnation
and potting
35 :44 1513. In cell vacuum impregnation of metallography specimens. (USA) The problem of preparing porous, damaged or badly cracked irradiated specimens for metallographic analysis was solved by vacuum impregnation of the specimens prior to preparation. It was found that the most desirable impregnating material was a mixture of Epon 815, Epon 812 and ally1 glycidyl ether, using Dmp 10 as the hardening catalyst. The extremely low viscosity and long curing time of the epoxy compound resulted in complete impregnation at vacuum levels from 1 to 30 microns. The impregnation apparatus was designed to accommodate a modified vacuum desiccator, which permitted impregnation and simultaneous mounting of from one to ten specimens during a single impregnation cycle. Direct radiation fields of from 5009 to 10000 r/hr did not embrittle the epoxy compound. F L Cochran and H E Shoemaker, Technical Papers of the 18th Metallographic Group Meeting, NMI-5052, Pt I, I73 (Nuclear Metals Znc Concord, Mass). 36. Drying,
degassing
and concentration
36 : 28 General design of evaporators-heat transfer to nucleate boiling liquids. See abstract number 1339. 36 1514. Vacuum evaporation apparatus. (Great Britain) Vacuum evaporation apparatus for depositing group VIII metals or alloys. The support is a sintered body of a metal or carbide compounded with a refractory metal oxide of low volatility. Anon, Edwards High Vacuum Ltd, Manor Royal, Crawley, England, British Patent 995,609, Appl23 Sept 1965. 36 1515. Regulation of hot-air drying plants. (Germany) P Schuch, Silikat Technik, 17 (4), Apr 1966, 104-109, (in German). 36 1516. New developments in freeze-drying techniques. (Germany) Developments have occurred in three directions (1) large installations in chambers working continuously, and equipped with lowtemperature heating units to supply the heat of sublimation, (2) large-scale adsorption refrigeration installations, (3) special pretreatment of materials and direct protective packaging of frozen materials. In the pharmaceutical industry, direct packaging under vacuum, in protective gas, or in sterilized gas, is gaining importance. U Hackenherg, Kaette (Hamburg) 17(6), Z965,327-330, (in German). 36 1517. Evaporator vessel. (USA) Continuous vacuum evaporation apparatus for depositing Al, incorporating a heated evaporator vessel consisting of 30-70 per cent boron nitride, the balance of Zr or Ti boride, Ti carbide or mixtures. The vessel is rendered conductive before contact with Al. J Mandorf, Union Carbide Corp, New York, US Patent 3,181,968, Appl4 May 1965. 36 1518. Vacuum evaporation coating apparatus. (USSR) The continuous coating apparatus, in which wire heaters are used, is provided with reels of the heater wire, means for drawing the heater wire into the operating position and means for reeling the “spent” heater wire. B A Bochkarev, (Predpriyatie Gosudarst-vennogo Komitata po Elektronney Technik SSSR, Russian Patent 172,169, Appl 23 Dee 1965. 36 1519. Heat transfer in vacuum evaporators with forced circulation in the concentration of industrial solutions of sodium sulphide to 50-73 per cent. (USA) A process for the continuous production of sodium sulphide provides for the evaporation of industrial solutions to a concentration of 50 per cent Na,S in vacuum evaporators with forced circulation. Yu S Shemelev, et al, Intern Chem Eng, Amer Znst Chem Eng, 6 (2), 1966, 308-311. 36 1520. Rates of evaporation from single crystals of alumina and magnesia. (Israel)
A vacuum apparatus was designed that enabled the measurement of vapour pressures by a torsion technique to be carried out up to temperatures of 2600°K. M Peleg and C B Alcock, Israel J Chem, 3 (4a), Feb 1966,X 36 1521. Drying of granulated and paste-like materials in cyclone dryers. (USSR) A wide variety of chemical products and intermediates (azo dyes, talcum powder, benzoic acid, polystyrene etc) were successfully dried in a cyclone dryer by using air or nitrogen, up to 280”, as the drying agent. The temperature of the substance to be dried rarely exceeded 40-45”, and the moisture content was reduced from 20-70 to 0.5-3 per cent. B S Saxhm, et al, Khim Prom, 41 (II), 1965, 846-849, (in Russian). 37. Metallurgy,
inorganic
chemistry,
analytical
37 : 28 Chromizingsteel with vacuum induction furnace. See abstract number 1353. 37 : 30 Preparation of atomically clean surfaces of Si and Ge by heating in vacuum. See abstract number 1358. 37 : 31 Some intensity measurements in the vacuum ultra-violet. See abstract number 1461. 37 : 32 Gas analysis in the MI-1305. See abstract number 1471. 37 : 33 : 45 A 30-kV electron&earn-welding installation with an indirectly heated tungsten cathode. See abstract number 1482. 37 : 33 El&on beam in modem vacuum metallurgy. See abstract number 1483. 37 : 33 High vacuum electron heam furnace for the production of very pure metals. Set abstract number 1488. 37 : 33 Some notes on ultrasoft X-ray fluorescence analysis, 10 to 1OO”A region. See abstract number 1499. 37 : 33 Investigation of recrystallixation of vacuum-deposited Nb,Sn in the high temperature microscope. See abstract number 1502. 37 1522. Vacuum spectrometric analysis of high-alloy steels. (Germany) J Bruch, Z Anal Chem, 215 (5), 1966, 332-343, (in German). 37 1523. Preparation of gas-free metals for contacts in vacuum interrupters. (Japan) Cu, Ni, Ag and 6 contact-metal alloys were refined in a conventional vacuum induction furnace by using C or S to eliminate oxygen from the melt. The C-treated samples performed well when made into contacts. S-treated samples did not perform as well. Y Nakajima, Mitsubishi Denki Lab Rept, 6 (I), 1965, 119-124, (in 1524. Vacuum technique applications in extractive metalhrrgy. (Belgium) A review of vacuum techniques for phase separation, reduction of metallic compounds, fractional distillation of metals, and metal degassing. The rapid development of vacuum techniques in extractive metallurgy is the result of the availability of robust, large, capacity pumps and ionization manometers for measuring vacuums down to 1O-1s torr J Krueger’et al, Metallurgic, 5 (6), 1965, 185-201, (in French). 37 1525. The application of vacuum degassing to bearing steel. (Great Britain) A description is given of a new unit designed for carbon deoxidation and vacuum degassing of bearing steel. The performance characteristics, the chemical composition and the quality evaluation testing of the improved steel are discussed. C P Church et al, J Metals, 18 (I), 1966, 62-68. 37 1526. Effect of variations in vacuum deoxidation technique on nonmetallic inclusions. (Great Britain) A study was made of the distribution and composition of non-
and potting
35 :44 1513. In cell vacuum impregnation of metallography specimens. (USA) The problem of preparing porous, damaged or badly cracked irradiated specimens for metallographic analysis was solved by vacuum impregnation of the specimens prior to preparation. It was found that the most desirable impregnating material was a mixture of Epon 815, Epon 812 and ally1 glycidyl ether, using Dmp 10 as the hardening catalyst. The extremely low viscosity and long curing time of the epoxy compound resulted in complete impregnation at vacuum levels from 1 to 30 microns. The impregnation apparatus was designed to accommodate a modified vacuum desiccator, which permitted impregnation and simultaneous mounting of from one to ten specimens during a single impregnation cycle. Direct radiation fields of from 5009 to 10000 r/hr did not embrittle the epoxy compound. F L Cochran and H E Shoemaker, Technical Papers of the 18th Metallographic Group Meeting, NMI-5052, Pt I, I73 (Nuclear Metals Znc Concord, Mass). 36. Drying,
degassing
and concentration
36 : 28 General design of evaporators-heat transfer to nucleate boiling liquids. See abstract number 1339. 36 1514. Vacuum evaporation apparatus. (Great Britain) Vacuum evaporation apparatus for depositing group VIII metals or alloys. The support is a sintered body of a metal or carbide compounded with a refractory metal oxide of low volatility. Anon, Edwards High Vacuum Ltd, Manor Royal, Crawley, England, British Patent 995,609, Appl23 Sept 1965. 36 1515. Regulation of hot-air drying plants. (Germany) P Schuch, Silikat Technik, 17 (4), Apr 1966, 104-109, (in German). 36 1516. New developments in freeze-drying techniques. (Germany) Developments have occurred in three directions (1) large installations in chambers working continuously, and equipped with lowtemperature heating units to supply the heat of sublimation, (2) large-scale adsorption refrigeration installations, (3) special pretreatment of materials and direct protective packaging of frozen materials. In the pharmaceutical industry, direct packaging under vacuum, in protective gas, or in sterilized gas, is gaining importance. U Hackenherg, Kaette (Hamburg) 17(6), Z965,327-330, (in German). 36 1517. Evaporator vessel. (USA) Continuous vacuum evaporation apparatus for depositing Al, incorporating a heated evaporator vessel consisting of 30-70 per cent boron nitride, the balance of Zr or Ti boride, Ti carbide or mixtures. The vessel is rendered conductive before contact with Al. J Mandorf, Union Carbide Corp, New York, US Patent 3,181,968, Appl4 May 1965. 36 1518. Vacuum evaporation coating apparatus. (USSR) The continuous coating apparatus, in which wire heaters are used, is provided with reels of the heater wire, means for drawing the heater wire into the operating position and means for reeling the “spent” heater wire. B A Bochkarev, (Predpriyatie Gosudarst-vennogo Komitata po Elektronney Technik SSSR, Russian Patent 172,169, Appl 23 Dee 1965. 36 1519. Heat transfer in vacuum evaporators with forced circulation in the concentration of industrial solutions of sodium sulphide to 50-73 per cent. (USA) A process for the continuous production of sodium sulphide provides for the evaporation of industrial solutions to a concentration of 50 per cent Na,S in vacuum evaporators with forced circulation. Yu S Shemelev, et al, Intern Chem Eng, Amer Znst Chem Eng, 6 (2), 1966, 308-311. 36 1520. Rates of evaporation from single crystals of alumina and magnesia. (Israel)
A vacuum apparatus was designed that enabled the measurement of vapour pressures by a torsion technique to be carried out up to temperatures of 2600°K. M Peleg and C B Alcock, Israel J Chem, 3 (4a), Feb 1966,X 36 1521. Drying of granulated and paste-like materials in cyclone dryers. (USSR) A wide variety of chemical products and intermediates (azo dyes, talcum powder, benzoic acid, polystyrene etc) were successfully dried in a cyclone dryer by using air or nitrogen, up to 280”, as the drying agent. The temperature of the substance to be dried rarely exceeded 40-45”, and the moisture content was reduced from 20-70 to 0.5-3 per cent. B S Saxhm, et al, Khim Prom, 41 (II), 1965, 846-849, (in Russian). 37. Metallurgy,
inorganic
chemistry,
analytical
37 : 28 Chromizingsteel with vacuum induction furnace. See abstract number 1353. 37 : 30 Preparation of atomically clean surfaces of Si and Ge by heating in vacuum. See abstract number 1358. 37 : 31 Some intensity measurements in the vacuum ultra-violet. See abstract number 1461. 37 : 32 Gas analysis in the MI-1305. See abstract number 1471. 37 : 33 : 45 A 30-kV electron&earn-welding installation with an indirectly heated tungsten cathode. See abstract number 1482. 37 : 33 El&on beam in modem vacuum metallurgy. See abstract number 1483. 37 : 33 High vacuum electron heam furnace for the production of very pure metals. Set abstract number 1488. 37 : 33 Some notes on ultrasoft X-ray fluorescence analysis, 10 to 1OO”A region. See abstract number 1499. 37 : 33 Investigation of recrystallixation of vacuum-deposited Nb,Sn in the high temperature microscope. See abstract number 1502. 37 1522. Vacuum spectrometric analysis of high-alloy steels. (Germany) J Bruch, Z Anal Chem, 215 (5), 1966, 332-343, (in German). 37 1523. Preparation of gas-free metals for contacts in vacuum interrupters. (Japan) Cu, Ni, Ag and 6 contact-metal alloys were refined in a conventional vacuum induction furnace by using C or S to eliminate oxygen from the melt. The C-treated samples performed well when made into contacts. S-treated samples did not perform as well. Y Nakajima, Mitsubishi Denki Lab Rept, 6 (I), 1965, 119-124, (in 1524. Vacuum technique applications in extractive metalhrrgy. (Belgium) A review of vacuum techniques for phase separation, reduction of metallic compounds, fractional distillation of metals, and metal degassing. The rapid development of vacuum techniques in extractive metallurgy is the result of the availability of robust, large, capacity pumps and ionization manometers for measuring vacuums down to 1O-1s torr J Krueger’et al, Metallurgic, 5 (6), 1965, 185-201, (in French). 37 1525. The application of vacuum degassing to bearing steel. (Great Britain) A description is given of a new unit designed for carbon deoxidation and vacuum degassing of bearing steel. The performance characteristics, the chemical composition and the quality evaluation testing of the improved steel are discussed. C P Church et al, J Metals, 18 (I), 1966, 62-68. 37 1526. Effect of variations in vacuum deoxidation technique on nonmetallic inclusions. (Great Britain) A study was made of the distribution and composition of non-